第十一章 语言学理论与语言学流派
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New info: to be transmitted to the reader or hearer. Sally stands on the table.
Theme Rheme
On the table stands Sally.
Theme
Rheme
19
The London School
Malinowski (1884-1942), professor of anthropology (1927). J. R. Firth (1890-1960), the first professor of linguistics in the UK (1944). M. A. K. Halliday (1925- ), student of Firth.
Saussure (5)
Arbitrariness as the primary feature of language
Relative arbitrariness Disputes
• arbitrariness and conventionality • arbitrariness vs. motivation • motivation and iconicity
Saussure (3)
Synchrony vs. Diachrony
Definition Differences Significance Recent disputes
Saussure (4)
Signifier vs. Signified (Signifiant vs. Signifié)
Definition;Differences; Significance
18
Therefore, the functional sentence perspective (FSP) aims to describe how information is distributed in sentences. It deals particularly with the effect of the distribution of known (given) info and new info in discourse.
Saussure (1)
Langue vs. Parole
Definition; Differences; Significance; Recent disputes
Saussure (2)
Syntagmatic vs. Paradigmatic (Associative) relations
Definition; Differences; Significance
chain & choices transitivity
Ideational function Interpersonal function Textual function
Functional grammar
4 basic assumptions:
1) Language use is functional. 2) The function of language is to create meaning. 3) These meanings are determined by the context in which they are exchanged. 4) Language use is a semiotic process that is based on choices.
All three stressed the importance of context of situation and the system aspect of L.
20
London School: context & system
Malinowski – Anthropological perspectives – Phatic Communion Firth – Context of situation Halliday – Funtional Systemic Grammar
Social norms
Subject formality
Conversation rules
Participant relationship
24
London School (3)
M.A.K. Halliday Studies language performance (use) Systemic grammar
Two Traditions of Modern Linguistics
Functionalism Formalism
10
The functional perspective
The Prague School
The London School
11
Prague School
General features
Suprasegmentals etc.
Context
Linguistic Knowledge Extra-linguistic Knowledge
language
what has been said before
Background
Situational
Mutual
Common sense
time place
Chapter Ⅺ
Theories and Schools of Linguistics
主讲：宋建勇
1
A brief history of modern linguistics
Saussure Prague school Phonology & Trubetzkoy, phoneme London school Malinowski > Firth > Halliday American structuralism Boas, Sapir > Bloomfield TG Grammar (Chomsky)
London School (2): J.R. Firth
Meaning is multi-level
Phonemic, Lexical, Morphological, Sentential, contextual
Situational context vs. linguistic context Prosodic phonology
Prague School (2)
Phoneme vs. Phone
Definition Differences Significance
• Phonemes are language-specific • Emic vs. Etic
Prague School (3)
Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) Mathesius’ （1882－1945）
London School (1): Malinowski
Malinowski Language as action Meaning derives from situational context Phatic communion (as a type of situation)
Major Contribution of the Prague School
Trubetzkoy ---- phonology 音位学 Jakobson ---- phonology universal 音 位的普遍现象 Mathesius ---- theme & rheme 主位和述 位 Jan Firbas ---- Communicative Dynamism (CD) 交际力 Halliday---- Systemic Functional 14 Grammar
Prague School (1)
Trubetzkoy (1890-1938)
Russian linguist Prague School of structural linguistics Founder of morphophonology Defined the phoneme as the smallest distinctive unit within the structure of a language, separating phonology from phonetics
Synchronic
Байду номын сангаас
study Systemic view, on which PHONEME is based Functional view
Three important points:
Stressed synchronic linguistics, but not rigidly separated from diachronic studies. L is systemic in that no element of L can be satisfactorily analyzed or evaluated in isolation and assessment can only be made if its relationship is established with the coexisting elements in the same language system. L is functional in that it is a tool for performing a number of essential functions or tasks for the community 13 using it.
Saussure: Father of modern linguistics
Saussure believed that language is a System of Signs. This sign is the union of a form and an idea, which he called the signifier and the signified. Saussure’s ideas: on the arbitrary nature of sign, on the relational nature of linguistic units, on the distinction of Langue and Parole and of Synchronic and Diachronic linguistics and paradigmatic/sytagmatic relation pushed linguistics into a brand new stage.
Movement from theme to rheme reveals the movement of the mind itself.
17
Theme — the known information to the reader or hearer. Rheme — information that is new to the reader or hearer. Transition — between the theme and rheme, such as verb and its tense carrier. E.g. John has fallen ill. Theme transition rheme
A sentence contains a point of departure and a goal of discourse. The point of departure, called the theme, is the ground on which the speaker and the hearer meet. The goal of discourse, called the rheme, presents the very information that is to be imparted to the hearer.
Saussure: Father of modern linguistics
A series of dichotomies
Langue
vs. Parole
Syntagmatic Synchronic
vs. Paradigmatic vs.
Diachronic
Signified
vs. Signifier
Theme Rheme
On the table stands Sally.
Theme
Rheme
19
The London School
Malinowski (1884-1942), professor of anthropology (1927). J. R. Firth (1890-1960), the first professor of linguistics in the UK (1944). M. A. K. Halliday (1925- ), student of Firth.
Saussure (5)
Arbitrariness as the primary feature of language
Relative arbitrariness Disputes
• arbitrariness and conventionality • arbitrariness vs. motivation • motivation and iconicity
Saussure (3)
Synchrony vs. Diachrony
Definition Differences Significance Recent disputes
Saussure (4)
Signifier vs. Signified (Signifiant vs. Signifié)
Definition;Differences; Significance
18
Therefore, the functional sentence perspective (FSP) aims to describe how information is distributed in sentences. It deals particularly with the effect of the distribution of known (given) info and new info in discourse.
Saussure (1)
Langue vs. Parole
Definition; Differences; Significance; Recent disputes
Saussure (2)
Syntagmatic vs. Paradigmatic (Associative) relations
Definition; Differences; Significance
chain & choices transitivity
Ideational function Interpersonal function Textual function
Functional grammar
4 basic assumptions:
1) Language use is functional. 2) The function of language is to create meaning. 3) These meanings are determined by the context in which they are exchanged. 4) Language use is a semiotic process that is based on choices.
All three stressed the importance of context of situation and the system aspect of L.
20
London School: context & system
Malinowski – Anthropological perspectives – Phatic Communion Firth – Context of situation Halliday – Funtional Systemic Grammar
Social norms
Subject formality
Conversation rules
Participant relationship
24
London School (3)
M.A.K. Halliday Studies language performance (use) Systemic grammar
Two Traditions of Modern Linguistics
Functionalism Formalism
10
The functional perspective
The Prague School
The London School
11
Prague School
General features
Suprasegmentals etc.
Context
Linguistic Knowledge Extra-linguistic Knowledge
language
what has been said before
Background
Situational
Mutual
Common sense
time place
Chapter Ⅺ
Theories and Schools of Linguistics
主讲：宋建勇
1
A brief history of modern linguistics
Saussure Prague school Phonology & Trubetzkoy, phoneme London school Malinowski > Firth > Halliday American structuralism Boas, Sapir > Bloomfield TG Grammar (Chomsky)
London School (2): J.R. Firth
Meaning is multi-level
Phonemic, Lexical, Morphological, Sentential, contextual
Situational context vs. linguistic context Prosodic phonology
Prague School (2)
Phoneme vs. Phone
Definition Differences Significance
• Phonemes are language-specific • Emic vs. Etic
Prague School (3)
Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) Mathesius’ （1882－1945）
London School (1): Malinowski
Malinowski Language as action Meaning derives from situational context Phatic communion (as a type of situation)
Major Contribution of the Prague School
Trubetzkoy ---- phonology 音位学 Jakobson ---- phonology universal 音 位的普遍现象 Mathesius ---- theme & rheme 主位和述 位 Jan Firbas ---- Communicative Dynamism (CD) 交际力 Halliday---- Systemic Functional 14 Grammar
Prague School (1)
Trubetzkoy (1890-1938)
Russian linguist Prague School of structural linguistics Founder of morphophonology Defined the phoneme as the smallest distinctive unit within the structure of a language, separating phonology from phonetics
Synchronic
Байду номын сангаас
study Systemic view, on which PHONEME is based Functional view
Three important points:
Stressed synchronic linguistics, but not rigidly separated from diachronic studies. L is systemic in that no element of L can be satisfactorily analyzed or evaluated in isolation and assessment can only be made if its relationship is established with the coexisting elements in the same language system. L is functional in that it is a tool for performing a number of essential functions or tasks for the community 13 using it.
Saussure: Father of modern linguistics
Saussure believed that language is a System of Signs. This sign is the union of a form and an idea, which he called the signifier and the signified. Saussure’s ideas: on the arbitrary nature of sign, on the relational nature of linguistic units, on the distinction of Langue and Parole and of Synchronic and Diachronic linguistics and paradigmatic/sytagmatic relation pushed linguistics into a brand new stage.
Movement from theme to rheme reveals the movement of the mind itself.
17
Theme — the known information to the reader or hearer. Rheme — information that is new to the reader or hearer. Transition — between the theme and rheme, such as verb and its tense carrier. E.g. John has fallen ill. Theme transition rheme
A sentence contains a point of departure and a goal of discourse. The point of departure, called the theme, is the ground on which the speaker and the hearer meet. The goal of discourse, called the rheme, presents the very information that is to be imparted to the hearer.
Saussure: Father of modern linguistics
A series of dichotomies
Langue
vs. Parole
Syntagmatic Synchronic
vs. Paradigmatic vs.
Diachronic
Signified
vs. Signifier