(完整版)模具毕业设计外文翻译
冲压模具外文翻译
机电与车辆工程学院毕业设计（外文翻译）题目：短连杆冲压模具设计专业：机械制造及其自动化班级：2010级2班*名：**学号：**********指导教师：***日期：2014.5.15Die historyAbstract: the mold is a tool for mass production with the form of a product, is the main process equipment in industrial production. Mold has become an importantmeans of modern industrial production and technology development direction. Thefoundation of the modern economy industry. Modern industrial development andthe improvement of technical level, to a large extent depends on the developmentlevel of mold industry, so die industry to national economy and social developmentwill play an more and more important role. In order to adapt to the user for mouldmanufacturing of high precision, short delivery time, low cost, the urgent request ofthe modern advanced manufacturing technology is widely used in die and mouldindustry to accelerate the technological progress of mold industry, satisfy all walksof life to mold the base and the urgent need of process equipmentKeywords: mold; A modern economy; The development trendDie position in industrial productionMold is a high-volume products with the shape tool, is the main process of industrial production equipment.With mold components, with high efficiency, good quality, low cost, saving energy and raw materials and a series of advantages, with the mold workpieces possess high accuracy, high complexity, high consistency, high productivity and low consumption , other manufacturing methods can not match. Have already become an important means of industrial production and technological development. The basis of the modern industrial economy.The development of modern industrial and technological level depends largely on the level of industrial development die, so die industry to national economic and social development will play an increasing role. March 1989 the State Council promulgated "on the current industrial policy decision points" in the mold as the machinery industry transformation sequence of the first, production and capital construction of the second sequence (after the large-scale power generation equipment and the corresponding power transmission equipment), establish tooling industry in an important position in the national economy. Since 1997, they have to mold and its processing technology and equipment included in the "current national focus on encouraging the development of industries, products and technologies catalog" and "to encourage foreign investment industry directory." Approved by the State Council, from 1997 to 2000, more than 80 professional moldfactory owned 70% VAT refund of preferential policies to support mold industry. All these have fully demonstrated the development of the State Council and state departments tooling industry attention and support. Mold around the world about the current annual output of 60 billion U.S. dollars, Japan, the United States and other industrialized countries die of industrial output value of more than machine tool industry, beginning in 1997, China's industrial output value has exceeded the mold machine tool industry output.According to statistics, home appliances, toys and other light industries, nearly 90% of the parts are integrated with production of chopsticks; in aircraft, automobiles, agricultural machinery and radio industries, the proportion exceeded 60%. Such as aircraft manufacturing, the use of a certain type of fighter dies more than 30,000 units, of which the host 8000 sets, 2000 sets of engines, auxiliary 20 000 sets. From the output of view, since the 80's, the United States, Japan and other industrialized countries die industry output value has exceeded the machine tool industry, and there are still rising. Production technology, according to the International Association predicts that in 2000, the product best pieces of rough 75%, 50% will be finished mold completed; metals, plastics, ceramics, rubber, building materials and other industrial products, most of the mold will be completed in more than 50% metal plates, more than 80% of all plastic products, especially through the mold intoDie trendmold CAD / CAE / CAM being integrated, three-dimensional, intelligent and network direction (1) mold software features integratedDie software features of integrated software modules required relatively complete, while the function module using the same data model, in order to achieve Syndicated news management and sharing of information to support the mold design, manufacture, assembly, inspection, testing and production management of the entire process to achieve optimal benefits. Series such as the UK Delcam's software will include a surface / solid geometric modeling, engineering drawing complex geometry, advanced rendering industrial design, plastic mold design expert system,complex physical CAM, artistic design and sculpture automatic programming system, reverse engineering and complex systems physical line measurement systems. A higher degree of integration of the software includes: Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA, etc.. Shanghai Jiaotong University, China with finite element analysis of metal plastic forming systems and Die CAD / CAM systems; Beijing Beihang Haier Software Ltd. CAXA Series software; Jilin Gold Grid Engineering Research Center of the stamping die mold CAD / CAE / CAM systems .(2) mold design, analysis and manufacture of three-dimensionalTwo-dimensional mold of traditional structural design can no longer meet modern technical requirements of production and integration. Mold design, analysis, manufacturing three-dimensional technology, paperless software required to mold a new generation of three-dimensional, intuitive sense to design the mold, using three-dimensional digital model can be easily used in the product structure of CAE analysis, tooling manufacturability evaluation and CNC machining, forming process simulation and information management and sharing. Such as Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA software such as with parametric, feature-based, all relevant characteristics, so that mold concurrent engineering possible. In addition, Cimatran company Moldexpert, Delcam's Ps-mold and Hitachi Shipbuilding of Space-E/mold are professional injection mold 3D design software, interactive 3D cavity, core design, mold base design configuration and typical structure . Australian company Moldflow realistic three-dimensional flow simulation software MoldflowAdvisers been widely praised by users and applications. China Huazhong University of Science have developed similar software HSC3D4.5F and Zhengzhou University, Z-mold software. For manufacturing, knowledge-based intelligent software function is a measure of die important sign of advanced and practical one. Such as injection molding experts Cimatron's software can automatically generate parting direction based parting line and parting surface, generate products corresponding to the core and cavity, implementation of all relevant parts mold, and for automatically generated BOM Form NC drilling process, and can intelligently process parameter setting, calibration and other processing results.(3) mold software applications, networking trendWith the mold in the enterprise competition, cooperation, production and management, globalization, internationalization, and the rapid development of computer hardware and softwaretechnology, the Internet has made in the mold industry, virtual design, agile manufacturing technology both necessary and possible. The United States in its "21st Century Manufacturing Enterprise Strategy" that the auto industry by 2006 to achieve agile manufacturing / virtual engineering solutions to automotive development cycle shortened from 40 months to 4 months.mold testing, processing equipment to the precise, efficient, and multi-direction(1) mold testing equipment more sophisticated, efficientSophisticated, complex, large-scale mold development, testing equipment have become increasingly demanding. Precision Mould precision now reached 2 ~ 3μm, more domestic manufacturers have to use Italy, the United States, Japan and other countries in the high-precision coordinate measuring machine, and with digital scanning. Such as Dongfeng Motor Mould Factory not only has the capacity 3250mm × 3250mm Italian coordinate measuring machine, also has a digital photography optical scanner, the first in the domestic use of digital photography, optical scanning as a means of spatial three-dimensional access to information, enabling the establishment from the measurement of physical → model output of engineering drawings → → the whole process of mold making, reverse engineering a successful technology development and applications. This equipment include: second-generation British Renishaw high-speed scanners (CYCLON SERIES2) can be realized and contact laser probe complementary probe, laser scanner accuracy of 0.05mm, scanning probe contact accuracy of 0.02 mm. Another German company GOM ATOS portable scanners, Japan Roland's PIX-30, PIX-4 desktop scanner and the United Kingdom Taylor Hopson's TALYSCAN150 multi-sensor, respectively Three-dimensional scanner with high speed, low-cost and functional composite and so on.(2) CNC EDMJapan Sodick linear motor servo drive using the company's AQ325L, AQ550LLS-WEDM have driven fast response, transmission and high positioning accuracy, the advantages of small thermal deformation. Switzerland Chanmier company NCEDM with P-E3 adaptive control, PCE energy control and automatic programming expert systems. Others also used the powder mixed EDM machining technology, micro-finishing pulse power and fuzzy control (FC) technologies.(3) high-speed milling machine (HSM)Milling is an important means of cavity mold. The low-temperature high-speed milling with the workpiece, cutting force is small, smooth processing, processing quality, processing efficiency (for the general milling process 5 to 10 times) and can process hard materials (<60HRC) and many other advantages. Thus in the mold processing more and more attention. Ruishikelang company UCP710-type five-axis machining center, machine tool positioning accuracy up to 8μm, home-made closed-loop vector control spindle with a maximum speed 42000r/min. Italy RAMBAUDI's high-speed milling, the processing range of up to 2500mm × 5000mm × 1800mm, speed up 20500r/min, cutting feed speed of 20m/min. HSM generally used large, medium-sized mold, such as motor cover mold, die casting mold, large plastic surface machining, the surface precision up to 0.01mm.rapid economic modeling techniquesShorten the product development cycle is an effective means of market competition to win one. Compared with the traditional mold process, fast economic modeling technology is a short molding cycle, the characteristics of low cost, precision, and life can meet the production needs, overall economic efficiency is more significant in the mold manufacturing technology, specifically the following main technology.(1) rapid prototyping and manufacturing (RPM). It consists of three-dimensional laser lithography (SLA); laminated profile manufacturing (LOM); laser powder sintering prototyping (SLS); Fused Deposition Molding (FDM) and three-dimensional printing forming technology (3D-P) and so on.(2) the surface forming tooling. It refers to the use of spray, chemical corrosion, electroforming and new method for the formation of the cavity surface and a fine pattern technology.(3) Casting forming tooling. There are bismuth tin alloy tooling, zinc alloy tooling, resin composite forming technology and silicon rubber mold molding technology.(4) cold extrusion mold technology and ultra-molded shapes.(5) multi-point forming technology.(6) KEVRON steel blanking blanking tooling.(7) mold blank rapid manufacturing technology. Mainly dry sand Mold Casting, Vacuum MoldCasting, Resin Sand Mold Casting Lost Wax Casting, and other technologies.(8) Other aspects of technology. Such as the use of nitrogen gas spring pressure side, discharge, quick die technology, stamping unit technology, and cutting edge technology and solid surfacing edge inserts die casting technology.mold materials and surface treatment technology developed rapidlyIndustry to the level of mold, material application is the key. Due to improper selection and use of materials, causing premature die failure, which accounts for more than 45% failure die. In the mold material, commonly used cold work tool steel with CrWMn, Cr12, Cr12MoV and W6Mo5Cr4V2, flame hardened steel (such as Japan, AUX2, SX105V (7CrSiMnMoV), etc.; used a new type of hot work die steel American H13, Sweden QRO80M, QRO90SUPREME, etc.; used a pre-hardened plastic mold steel (such as the U.S. P20), age-hardening steel (such as the U.S. P21, Japan NAK55, etc.), heat treatment hardened steel (such as the United States, D2, Japan, PD613, PD555, Sweden wins the White 136, etc.), powder die steel (such as Japan KAD18 and KAS440), etc.; panel drawing die used HT300, QT60-2, Mo-Cr, Mo-V cast iron, large-scale mold with HT250. more regular use of Precision Die Hard Steel Results YG20 and other alloys and carbide. in the mold surface treatment, the main trends are: the infiltration of a single element to the multi-element penetration, complex permeability (such as TD method) development; by the general diffusion to the CVD, PVD, PCVD, ion penetration , the direction of ion implantation, etc.; can use the coating are: TiC, TiN, TiCN, TiAlN, CrN, Cr7C3, W2C, etc., while heat from the air treatment means to the development of vacuum heat treatment. In addition, the current strengthening of the laser, glow plasma Nitriding and electroplating (plating) enhanced anti-corrosion technologies are also more and more attention.The 21st century, in the new situation of economic globalization, with capital, are increasingly used to provide the products from the mold industry. In order to meet the user's high-precision mold manufacturing, short delivery time, the urgent demand low-cost, mold industry is extensive application of modern advanced manufacturing technology to speed up the mold industry, technological progress, to meet the basic sectors of the mold process equipment urgent needs.模具的发展摘要：模具是大批量生产同形产品的工具，是工业生产的主要工艺装备。
机械设计毕业设计外文文献翻译中英文对照塑料模具CAD集成技术
机械设计毕业设计外文文献翻译中英文对照：塑料模具CAD集成技术毕业设计外文文献翻译毕业设计题目摇控器面板注塑模设计翻译题目The molding tool CAD gathers the technique专业机械设计制造及其自动化姓名班级机械A0731学号指导教师机械与材料工程学院二O一O年十一月[K.P. Rao and K. Sivaram: J. Mater. Proc. Technol., 1993, vol. 37, pp.295-318.]毕业论文(设计)外文翻译课题名称:塑料模具CAD集成技术内容提要:通过分析计算机辅助注射模设计和制造的各个环节中共享的技术和信息,本文揭示了注射模CAD的集成技术的根本内涵,并提出了它的研究热点和趋势。
引言模具CAD集成技术是一项重要的模具先进制造技术, 是一项用高技术改造模具传统技术的重要关键技术。
从六五计划开始,我国有许多模具企业采用CAD 技术, 特别是近年, CAD技术的应用越来越普遍和深入, 大大缩短了模具设计周期,提高了制模质量和复杂模具的制造能力。
然而, 由于许多企业对模具CAD集成技术认识不足, 投资带有盲目性, 不能很好地发挥作用,造成了很大的浪费。
本文就塑料模具CAD集成技术及其应用发表一些观点, 供大家参考。
1、塑料模具CAD集成技术塑料模具的制造, 包括塑料产品的造型设计、模具的结构设计及分析、模具的数控加工铣削、电加工、线切割等、抛光和配试模以及快速成形制造等。
各个环节所涉及的CAD单元技术有:造型和结构设计CAD、产品外形的快速反求RE、结构分析与优化设计CAE、辅助制造CAM、加工过程虚拟仿真SIMULATION、产品及模具的快速成形RP、辅助工艺过程CAPP和产品数据管理技术PDM等。
塑料模具CAD集成技术,? 就是把塑料模具制造过程所涉及的各项单元技术集成起来, 统一数据库和文件传输格式, 实现信息集成和数据资源共享, 从而大大缩短模具的设计制造周期, 提高制模质量。
模具制造中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文翻译英文原文：High-speed cutting processing in mold manufactureapplicationAbstractThe current mold application is widespread, also had the very big development with it related die making technology. At present, used the high-speed cutting production mold already to become the die making the general trend. In some mold Manufacturer, the high speed engine bed big area substitution electrical discharge machine, the high-speed cutting production mold already gradually became the die making the general trend. It can improve mold's size, the shape and the surface roughness, reduces even omits the manual sharpening, thus reduces production cost and the reduction manufacturing cycle. This article through to the traditional mold processing craft and the high speed mold processing craft's contrast, elaborated the high-speed cutting processing superiority. In the article also briefly introduced the high-speed cutting processing in the processing craft aspect key technologies.Keywords High-speed cutting Grinding tool Grinding tool processing Process technology1 Introduction1.1 IntroductionAlong with the advance in technology and the industry swift development, the mold already became in the industrial production to use the extremely widespread main craft to equip now. The mold takes the important craft equipment, in Industry sectors and so on consumable, electric appliance electron, automobile, airplane manufacture holds the pivotal status. The manufactured products components rough machining 75%, the precision work 50% and the plastic parts 90% will complete by the mold. At present the Chinese mold market demand has reached 50,000,000,000 Yuan scales, our country die making market potential is huge. The mold is one kind of special-purpose tool, uses in forming () each metal or the nonmetallic material needs the components the shape product, this kind of special-purpose tool general designation mold. The mold is in the industrial production the most foundation equipment, is realizes the few cuttings and the non-cutting essential tool. The mold has widely used in the industrial production each domain, like the automobile, the motorcycle, the domestic electric appliances, the instrument, the measuring appliance, the electron and so on, in them 60%~80% components need the mold to carry on the manufacture; The highly effective production in enormous quantities's, bolt, nut and gasket standard letters and so on plastic also need the mold to produce; The engineering plastics, the powder metallurgy, the rubber, the alloy compression casting, the glass formation and so on need to use the mold to take shape.1.2 High-speed cutting process technologyAs the name suggests, the high-speed cutting, first is the high speed, namely must have the high spindle speed, for instance 12000r/min, 18000r/min, 30000r/min, 40000r/min, even also had a higher rotational speed still in the experiment; On the other hand, should also have the bigger to feed quantity, like 30000mm/min, 40000mm/min, even 60000mm/min; Has is after again the rapid traverse, trades fast the knife, the main axle trade the knife, from the static state arrives its needs rotational speed rise time and so on, only then achieved the above standards to be able to call it high speed.Next is must aim at the different processing object, the different degree of hardness, thedifferent material quality, the different shape to choose the corresponding reasonable parameter, but cannot pursue constantly to be high speed and be high speed, regarding the die space processing, the shape is specially complex, but the cutting tool diameter is also small time, because cutting tool's path is not the simple translation, but is the curve, even has right angle corner time, technological parameter rational especially important, if because wants to maintain the identical feed rate carries on the orthogonal cutting, will not be able to do well will cause as a result of the engine bed moving part's huge inertia the cutting tool will make when the bend angle movement to break suddenly, but the variable motion can, becauseMovements and so on acceleration and deceleration create the thickness of cutting the instantaneous change, but causes the cutter change to enable the work piece surface to have cuts, from this causes the processing drop in quality, therefore, in view of the different processing object, needs the programmers to choose the reasonable cutting tool path, optimized cutting parameter; On the other hand, according to needs to choose the suitable cutting velocity, only then can display the high-speed cutting truly like the strong point.The high-speed cutting (HSC) is an advanced technique of manufacture which for the past ten years rapidly rises. Because the high-speed cutting technology has the cutting efficiency to be high, the processing quality high, can process the hard steel stock and the good efficiency directly, causes profession and so on aviation, mold, automobile, light industry and information production efficiencies and the manufacture quality obviously enhances, and causes the processing craft and the equipment corresponding renewal. Therefore is similar to the numerical control technology is the same, the high-speed cutting and the high speed processing have become in the 21st century a machine-building industry influence profound technological revolution. At present, adapts the HSC request high speed machining center and other high speed numerically-controlled machine tool has assumed the popularization tendency in the developed country, our country recently is also speeding up the development.The high-speed cutting processing is faces for the 21st century a high technology and new technology, it is one kind is different with the traditional processing processing way. Compares with it, the high-speed cutting processing main axle rotational speed high, cuts high for the speed, the cutting quantity is small, but in the unit time material excises the quantity to increase 3 ~ 6 times actually. It take the high efficiency, the high accuracy and the high surface quality as the basic characteristic, in profession and so on in automobile industry, aerospace, mold manufacture and instrument measuring appliance has obtained the increasingly widespread application, and has obtained the significant technology economic efficiency, is the contemporary advanced manufacture technology important constituent.When with traditional way processing mold, often uses the electric spark machining, but the electrode design and makes itself is the technological process which time-consuming takes the trouble. But after uses the high-speed cutting processing, because the narrow and small region processing realization and the high grade superficial result, let the electrode the utilization ratio reduce greatly. Moreover, makes the electrode with the high speed mill also to be possible to make the production efficiency to enhance to a new scale.The major part mold may use the high-speed cutting technology to process, like the forging die, the compression casting mold, cast with the blow molding mold and so on. Hammers the cavity body shallowly, the cutting tool life is long; Compression casting mold size moderate, the productivity is high; Casts with the blow molding mold general size small, quite is economical.2 the high-speed cutting processing mold relative traditionprocesses the mold the superiority2.1 Enhances the productivityIn the high-speed cutting the main axle rotational speed and enters for the speed enhancement, may enhance material removing rate. At the same time, theThe high-speed cutting processing permission use big to feed rate, enhances 5~10 times compared to the convention machining, the unit interval/unit time material excision rate may enhance 3~6 times, the process period may reduce greatly. This may use in processing needs to excise the metal massively the components, specially has the very vital significance regarding the aviation industry.2.2 Improvement processing precishon and surface qualhtyThe high rpeed engine bed must have high performance and so on rigidity and high accuracy, at the same time because cutting force low, the work piece thermal deformation reduces, the cutting tool distorts slightly, the high-speed cutting processing precision Is very high. Depth of cut small, but enters for the speed quickly, the processing surface roughness is very small, cuts when the aluminum alloy may reach Ra0.4 ~ 0.6, when cutting steel stock may reach Ra0.2 ~ 0.4.Compares with the conventional cutting, when high-speed cutting processing the cutting force may reduce 30% at least, this may reduce the processing regarding the processing rigidity bad components to distort, causes some thin wall class fine work piece the machining into possible. Because revolves high speed time the cutting tool cuts the excitation frequency is far away from the craft system's forced oscillation, has guaranteed the good processing condition. Because the cutting force is too small, cut the hot influence to be small, causes the cutting tool, the work piece distortion to be small, maintained the size accuracy, moreover also caused the friction between the cutting tool work piece changes is small, the cutting destruction level thinned, the residual stress was small, has realized the high accuracy, the low roughness processing.2.3 The reduced cutting produces quantity of heatBecause the high-speed cutting processing is the shallow cutting, simultaneously the feed rate is very quick, the knife edge and the work piece contact length and the contact duration were short,reduced the knife edge and the work piece heat conduction, has avoided when the traditional processing met everywhere in the cutting tool and the work piece to have the big calorimetry shortcoming, guaranteed that the cutting tool worked under the temperature not high condition, lengthened cutting tool's service life. As shown in Figure 1, A is time the high-speed cutting processing heat conduction process, B is the traditional processing heat conduction process.Fig.1 high speed processing and traditional processing heat conductionThe high-speed cutting processing process is extremely rapid, 95% above cutting quantity of heat are extremely few, components not because the temperature rise will cause the warp or the inflation distortion. The high-speed cutting is suitable specially for the processing easy thermal deformation components. Is low regarding the processing melting point the metal which, easy to oxidize (for example magnesium), the high-speed cutting has certain significance.2.4 advantageoued in the processing thin wall componentsTime high-speed cutting's cutting force is small, has the high stability, but the high quality processes the thin wall components. Uses as shown in Figure 2 the lamination down milling the processing method, but high-speed cutting wall thickness 0.2mm, wall high 20mm thin wall components. This time, the knife edge and the work piece contact duration was short, has avoided the sidewall distortion.Figure.2 high-speed cutting thin wall components2.5 change the part substitutes certain crafts, like electric spark machining, abrasive machining and so onHigh strength and the high degree of hardness's processing is also a high-speed cutting major characteristic, at present, the high-speed cutting has been possible the work hardness to reach HRC60 the components, therefore, the high-speed cutting can process after the heat treatment hardens the work piece. In the tradition processes in mold's craft, before the precision work, hardens the work piece after the heat treatment to carry on the electric spark machining, may omit in the die making craft with the high-speed cutting processing substitution tradition cutting's processing method the electric spark machining, simplified the processing craft and the cost of investment.the mold's size, the shape and the surface roughness are very important, if after processing the mold cannot meet the requirements the quality precision, needs the massive handworks to rub repairs the work, the handwork rubs repairs can obtain the good surface quality, but it will affect mold's size and the shape precision. Therefore must omit as far as possible in the mold processing rubs manually repairs, improves the mold quality, reduces the production cost and the manufacturing cycle.Figure 3 is the traditional mold processing process: The semifinished materials -> rough machining -> semi-finishing -> heat treatment hardens -> the electric spark machining -> precision work -> to rub manually repairs. Figure 4 is the high speed mold processing process: Hardened semifinished materials -> rough machining -> semi-finishing -> precision work.Figure.3 the traditional mold processes processFigure 4 the high speed mold processes processin Figure 4, in the high speed mold machining process reduced two technological processes,probably reduces the process period 30%~50%. In the traditional processing craft's electric spark machining forms the hardened level easily in the melting processing surface layer, degree of hardness may reach 1000Hv, brings the difficulty for the following machining and the abrasive machining. The electric spark machining also easy to cause the surface layer fatigue cracking and cutting tool's breakage.2.6 Economic efficiency remarkable enhancementSynthesis above all sorts of merits, namely: The comprehensive efficiency will improve, the quality enhances, the working procedure simplifies, the engine bed investment and the cutting tool investment as well as the maintenance cost increase and so on, will use the high-speed cutting craft to cause the synthesis economic efficiency remarkable enhancement.3 high-speed cutting processing craft essential technologyThe high speed engine bed and the high speed cutter are the realization high-speed cutting premise and the basic condition, has the strict request in the high-speed cutting processing to the high speed engine bed performance and the cutting tool material choice.In order to realize the high-speed cutting processing, uses the high flexible high speed numerical control engine bed, the processing center generally, also some use special-purpose high speed mills, drilling machine. At the same time the engine bed has the high speed main axle to be systematic and the high rapid advance or progress gives the system, the high main axle rigidity characteristic, the high accuracy localization function and the high accuracy insert makes up the function, specially the circular arc high accuracy inserts makes up the function.The high-speed cutting cutting tool and ordinary processes the cutting tool the material to have is very greatly different. The main use cutting tool material has the hard alloy, the crystal combination diamond (PCD), the crystal combination cube boron nitride (PCBN) and the ceramics and so on.The high-speed cutting craft technology also is carries on the high-speed cutting processing the key. The cutting method chooses is improper, can make the cutting tool to intensify the attrition, cannot achieve the high speed processing completely the goal. The practice proved, if only then the high speed engine bed and the cutting tool but do not have the good craft technology to make the instruction, the expensive high-speed cutting processing equipment cannot fully play the role. The high-speed cutting processing craft essential technology mainly includes the cutting method and the cutting parameter choice optimization.a. Cutting way choiseIn the high-speed cutting processing, should select the down milling processing as far as possible, because in down milling time, the cutting tool just cut into the thickness of chip which the work piece produces to a big way, afterward reduces gradually. When up milling, the cutting tool just cut into the thickness of chip which the work piece produces to be smallest, afterward the accumulation, increased the cutting tool and the work piece friction like this gradually, has the big calorimetry on the knife edge, therefore produces in the up milling quantity of heat when down milling are more than, the radial force also greatly increases. Meanwhile in the down milling, the knife edge main compression stress, but when the up milling the knife edge tension stress, the stressful condition is bad, reduced cutting tool's service life, the down milling and the up milling the cutting tool cuts into the work piece the process, as shown in Figure 5.Figure.5 the cutting tool cuts into the work piece the process hintb. Maintains constant metal removing rateThe high-speed cutting processing is shallowly suitable for shallowly to cut the depth, the depth of cut should not surpass 0.2/ 0.2mm (ae/Ap), this is for avoids the cutting tool the position deviation, guarantees processes the mold the geometry precision. Maintains constant metal removing rate, guaranteed adds on the work piece the cutting load is constant, by obtains following several good processing effect: (1) may maintain constant cutting load; (2) may maintain the scrap size constant; (3) has the good hot shift; (4) the cutting tool and the work piece maintain at the cold condition; (5) does not need skilled to operate for the quantity and the main axle rotational speed;(6) may lengthen the cutting tool the life; (7) can guarantee the good processing quality and so on.c.choice of the Feeds wayRegarding has opens the mouth die space the region, feeds as far as possible from material outside, by real-time analysis material cutting condition. But regarding does not have the die space enclosed area, selects the screw feed method, cuts into the local region.d. As far as possible reduced cutting tool's commutation rapidlyReduces the cutting tool as far as possible the rapidly commutation, because the zigzag pattern mainly applies in the traditional processing, mainly chooses the return route or the sole way cutting in the high-speed cutting processing. This is because in commutation time the NC engine bed must stop (urgently changing down) immediately then the again execution next step of operation. As a result of engine bed acceleration limitation, but is easy to create the time the waste, stops anxiously or whips then can destroy the surface roughness, also has the possibility because has cut but produces the broach or in the outside undercut. Chooses the sole way cutting pattern to carry on the down milling, does not sever the cutting process and the cutting tool way as far as possible, reduces the cutting tool to cut into as far as possible cuts the number of times, by obtains the relatively stable cutting process.For example, in the cutting mold corner processing, the traditional processing method is usesthe translation (G1), when the cutting tool cuts to the fillet place, the velocity of movement reduces speed, at the same time when enters for the commutation the cutting tool movement is not continuously, can have the massive friction and the quantity of heat in the intermittent process, if processes the aluminum alloy or other light metal alloys, produces the quantity of heat will damage the work piece surface quality.If uses the high-speed cutting processing the method, the use is smaller than the cutting mold corner radius cutting tool, the use high speed engine bed high accuracy circular arc inserts makes up the function (G2, G3) processes the mold corner, the high speed engine bed circular arc inserts makes up the movement is the continuous process, cannot have the cutting tool intermittent motion, thus reduced the cutting tool and the mold contact length and the time, avoids having the massive heat.e In Z direction cutting continual planeThe traditional processing die space's method uses the profile milling, this processing way increased the cutting tool to cut into, to cut the work piece the number of times, has affected the work piece surface quality, has limited the engine bed and the cutting tool formidable function display. In the high-speed cutting processing, often uses the Z direction cutting continual plane. Uses step pitch which is smaller than the convention, thus reduces each tooth cutting elimination quantity, the improvement processing surface's quality, reduced the process period.4 High-speed cutting process technology in die makingapplicationThe high-speed cutting process technology has a series of characteristics and the production benefit aspect's great potential, already becomes country competition research and so on Germany, US and Japan important areas of technology. Now, US, Germany, Japan, France, Switzerland, Italy produce the different specification's each kind of commercialization high speed engine bed already entered the market, applies in the airplane, the automobile and the die making.Along with the high-speed cutting process technology introduction mold industry, has had the very tremendous influence to the traditional mold processing craft, changed the mold processing technical process. Because the mold profile is the very complex free surface generally, and degree of hardness is very high, uses conventional the machining method to satisfy the precision and the shape request with difficulty. The conventional processing method is after the annealing carries on the milling processing, then carries on the heat treatment, the grinding or the electric spark machining, finally the manual polish, polishing, cause the processing cycle to be very long like this. Specially the manual process period, must account for the entire processing cycle to be very big a part. HSC may achieve the accuracy requirement which the mold processes, reduced has even cancelled the manual processing, because and new cutting tool material (for example PCD, PCBN, cermet and so on) the appearance, HSC may the work hardness achieve HRC60, even degree of hardness higher work piece material, after might process hard mold, substitution electric spark machining and abrasive machining.The high speed milling processing has the highly effective high accuracy in the die making as well as may process the high hard material the merit, already obtained the widespread application in the industrially advanced country. The high-speed cutting process technology introduction mold industry, mainly applies in the following several aspects:1) hard mold die space direct processing. After using the high-speed cutting to be possible to process the hard material the characteristic direct processing hard mold die space, improved the quality which and the efficiency the mold processes, may substitute for the electric spark machining.(2) EDM (electric spark) electrode processing. Applied the high-speed cutting technology processing electrode to raise the electric spark machining efficiency to play the very major role. The high-speed cutting electrode improved electrode's surface quality and the precision, reduced the following working process.3) fast sample workpiece manufacture. Uses the high-speed cutting processing efficiencyhigh characteristic, may use in processing the plastic and the aluminum alloy model. After the CAD design produces the 3D full-scale mockup fast, is higher than the fast prototype manufacture efficiency, the quality is good.(4) mold's fast repair. The mold often needs to repair in the use process, lengthens the service life, in the past was mainly completes depending on the electrical finishing, now uses the high speed processing to be possible to complete this work quickly, moreover might use the original NC procedure, did not need to establish.5 ConclusionThe high-speed cutting processing uses the high cutting velocity and the feed rate, the small radial direction and the axial depth of cut, the cutting force is small, the processing surface roughness is very small, cutting tool life enhancement; With the high-speed cutting processing way substitution tradition processing way processing mold, might omit the electric spark machining and rub manually repairs, raised the productivity which the mold processed, reduced the production cost, reduced the processing cycle; When research high-speed cutting processing, must unify closely with the high-speed cutting processing technology, realizes the high efficiency, the high accuracy truly and the redundant reliable goal.The high-speed cutting process technology is the advanced technique of manufacture, has the broad application prospect. Replaces EDM with the high-speed cutting processing (or majority of replaces) speeds up the mold development speed, realizes the craft update major step. The promoted application high-speed cutting process technology applies in the mold manufacturing industry, not only may enhance the machine-finishing large scale the efficiency, the quality, reduces the cost, moreover may lead a series of high technology and new technology industry the development. Therefore, current strengthens the high-speed cutting technology the basic research, establishes the high-speed cutting database, the high-speed cutting safety work standard, enhances the engine bed and tool profession development innovation ability, speeds up the high-speed cutting cutting tool system, the high-speed cutting engine bed system's research development and the industrial production, already was the urgent matter.References[1] A.C. Low, J.W. Kyle, Grinding tool technology recent development, The Mechanical Engineers Association, London, 1986. High-speed cutting and grinding tool manufacture[2] K.L. Johnson, High-speed cutting and grinding tool manufacture, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1985.[3] W.DMay, E.L. Morris, D. Atack, new using of Cutting technology, Applied Physics 30 (1959) 1713–1724.[4] S.C. Hunter, Grinding tool manufacture, Applied Mechanics 28 (1961) 611–617.[5] G. Lodewijks, Dynamics of Belt Systems, Thesis, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 1995.[6] A.N. Gent, High-speed cutting outline, Carl Hanser Verslag, 2001.中文翻译高速切削加工在模具制造中的新应用摘要当前模具应用广泛，与之相关的模具制造技术也有了很大的发展。
模具设计与制造大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
Although our country mold total quantity had at present achieved the suitable scale, the mold level also has the very big enhancement, after but design manufacture horizontal overall rise and fall industry developed country and so on Yu De, America, date, France, Italy many. The current existence question and the disparity mainly display in following several aspects:
模具设计专业毕设外文翻译译文(DOC)
本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译（附外文原文）学院：机械与控制工程学院课题名称：复杂阶梯形圆筒件拉深有限元分析专业(方向)：机械设计制造及其自动化（模具设计与制造）班级：学生：指导教师：日期：拉伸模设计中拉伸壁起皱的分析摘要本文研究带有斜度的方形盒和带有阶梯的方形盒的拉深中发生的起皱现象。
这两种类型的起皱现象有一个共同的特征：全都发生在相对无支撑、无压边的拉深壁处。
在带有斜度的方形盒的拉深中，常受到工序参数的影响，例如：模具的间隙值和压边力等，所以常用有限元模拟的方法来研究分析起皱的发生。
模拟的结果表明模具的间隙值越大，起皱现象就越严重，而且增加压边力也不能抑制和消除起皱现象的发生。
在带有阶梯的方形盒拉深的起皱现象分析中，常通过实际生产中一种近似的几何结构来研究、试验。
当凸模与阶梯边缘之间的金属板料在拉深时分布并不均衡，就会在侧壁发生起皱现象。
为了消除起皱现象的发生，一个最优的模具设计常采用有限元的方法进行分析。
模拟的结果和起皱试验论证了有限元分析的准确性，并且表明了在拉深模具设计中使用有限元方法分析的优越性。
关键词:侧壁起皱；拉深模；带有阶梯的方形盒；带有斜度的方形盒1 引言起皱是金属板料成形中常见的失效形式之一。
由于功能和视觉效果的原因，起皱通常是不能为零件制品所能接受的。
在金属板料成形加工中通常存在三种类型的起皱现象：法兰起皱；侧壁起皱和由于残余压应力在未变形区产生的弹性变形。
在冲压复杂形状的时候，拉深壁起皱就是在模具型腔中形成的褶皱。
由于金属板料在拉深壁区域内相对无支撑，因此，消除拉深壁起皱比抑制法兰起皱要难得多。
我们知道在不被支撑的拉深壁区域中材料的外力拉深可以防止起皱，这可以在实践中通过增加压边力而实现，但是运用过大的拉深力会引起破裂失效。
因此，压边力必须控制在一定的范围内，一方面可以抑制起皱，另一方面也可以防止破裂失效。
合适的压边力范围是很难确定的，因为起皱在拉深零件的中心区域以一个复杂的形状形成，甚至根本不存在一个合适的压边力范围。
机械毕业设计英文外文翻译471塑料模具CAD集成技术
附录1 英文原文The molding tool CAD gathers the techniqueContents brief summary: Pass to analyze the calculator the assistance inject the mold design with make in the each link commonly shared of technique with information, this text announces to public to inject the mold CAD gathers technical and basic content, and the research heat that put forward it orders with trend.0, prefaceThe molding tool CAD gathers the technique is an important molding tool forerunner manufacturing technique, is the item reforms with the high technique traditional technical and important key in molding tool technique. From 6 5 plan beginning,Our country contain many molding tools business enterprise adoption CAD technique, especially recent years, the technical application in CAD is more and more widespread with thorough, shortened consumedly molding tool design period, Increases to make the mold quantity with the manufacturing ability that complicated molding tool.However, gather to the molding tool CAD because of many business enterprises technique cognition shortage, investment take the blindness, can't produce result nicely,Result in very big and wasted.This text gathers for the plastics molding tool CAD technique and its applications announce some standpoint, provide everybody consults.1, the plastics molding tool CAD gathers techniqueThe manufacturing of the plastics molding tool comtains the construction design of the shape design, molding tool and the number of the analysis, molding tools that include the plastics products control to process( I I , electricity process, the line incises etc.), throw the light with go together with to try the mold and take shape manufacturing etc. quickly.The each link a CAD for involving unit technique has: The shape design( CAD) with the construction, fast anti of the product shapebeg( RE), construction analysis with excellent turn the design( CAE), lend support to the manufacturing( CAM) and process the process conjecture imitate true( SIMULATION), product and molding tools take shape( RP) quickly, assistance craft process( CAPP) with product data management technique( PDM) etc..The plastics molding tool CAD gathers technique,Is to gather plastics molding tool manufacturing process a various units for involving technique get up, unify the database to deliver the format with the document, realize the information gather share with the data resources, from but shorten the design manufacturing period of the molding tool consumedly,Increases to make the mold quantity.2, the CAD design of the plastics product begs with fast anti of the shapeThe plastics molding tool that proceed the square one designs the manufacturing is the design of the EU a product.The traditional product design method is a design to product of three is conceive outline to use two I plane chart papers expresses to come out, marking clearly the craft and starting construction the method on the diagram paper,This kind of met hod comes to a decision the simple of a design sketch and can''ts control to make the quantity directly.The modern design method is a design establish the product directly on the computer of three the model of I ,According to the product three I models proceed the molding tool construction the design and excellent turn the design,Design according to the molding tool construction again three I models proceed to process to weave the distance and establishment crafts plan.This kind of method makes product model design, molding tool construction design, process to weave distance and technological designs regard a data as the foundation, realizing the data share, Can not only increases to design the efficiency quickly, but also can guarantee the quantity, decline low cost.The source of the computer EU a product model has three kinds of:Making use of the CAD system software proceeds the product model the designand make use of the real object measures fast anti in proceeding beg to set up the mold and make use of the standard format document of the other the system of CAD.Source method that aim at these three kinds of products model,Have studied every kind of technique now to the design efficiency that increases product model with quantity.The underneath further analyzes every kind of technical content with the characteristics.Making use of the CAD system software proceeds the product model design,Its technique includes primarily two is are several why the sketch draws, two the parameter of is turn the design of the sketch, three i entity shape design, three icharacteristic shape design, three the parameter of is turn the entity shape the design, three i curved face shape design, free shape in space design, the external appearance of the product exaggerates, product of dynamic advertise to design the etc..These softwareses contain many typical representatives.Two the software of is have: ME10, CADKEY, AUTOCAD, DHCAD, Genis, etc. of Sigraph; three the software of is have:UGII, PRO/ E, IDEAS, CATIA, etc. of EUCLID; free shape in product and advertise the software of the design have:Alias, etc. of CDRS.Two is are several why the sketch draws is to make use of the flat surface CAD software draw the spare parts sketch, then replace the handicraft painting with the calculator; but two the parameter of is turn,Then the calculator realizes the sketch changes the deal designs, making modification more convenient; threeishape designs is a true shape that the product that the arithmetic figure turn design, it expressed completely product,Can be further to designs for the molding tool, analysis with processes the mathematics model of the necessity of offering; the free shape in space design is the art of the product shape to design, making product been not only is a function product, but also art article.It is every kind of need that the external appearance of the product exaggerate that product of the result designs, making product more beautiful, the color can attractpeople more; the dynamic advertisement design of the product is a result that design to make to promote the advertisement directly the product,Proceed the market expansion.Making use of the real object measures fast anti of proceeding beg to set up mold is current investigative a little bit hot of a,It is an important technique that product imitate the type foundation go forward a line of the product modification designs.Its basic principle is to passes three coordinateses measure the machine, laser measure machine or electronicses copy the few ÒÇ to proceed to scan the diagraph to the real object,The data of large quantity that arithmetic figure turn that gets to measures the acquisition orders anti that send into the high class CAD software beg mold piece or appropriative anti beg the software inside, anti beg the software can read directly a data cluster,Combining can proceed the editor, filter, tidy up, beg the ¾« to a data cluster, row preface, part modification and reorganization, then automatic born curved face, It is end to acquire together the real object precision is consistent of or computer EU a product model that pass through reforms.This way can increases biggest new product design velocity.Current mature curved face anti beg to set up the mold software has: Surfacer,Cimatronrenge, etc. of Strim100.Make use of the standard format document of the other the system of CAD to set up the mold, this way than convenience.Because the world of the market turns with the technical development in the network of INTERNET,The CAD technique exchanges of the molding tool business enterprise with cooperate to have many pass the CAD document method proceed.Because the CAD system category is more, therefore documentary format must follow the international standard,Such as the DXF, IGES, STEP, VDA, etc. of STL.Pass to read standard format document to establish directly or establish the product model after modifying, since canquickly, deepen the customer and the exchanges of the molding tool factory house, Also can shorten the product the design the period.3, the CAD design of the molding tool and analysisThe CAD design of the molding tool, analysis,Include to divide the type, certain type C» according to the product model molding tool of proceeding the design with the type D¾ , molding tool structural and detailed design, the plastics ³a fills process analysis etc. a few aspects.Make use of the advanced characteristic shape software,such as PRO/ E, etc. of UGII, the very easily certain dividing the type,Born top and bottom mold C» with mold D¾, then the proceeding flows a way, sprinkle a people and cool off the pipe line of arrange etc..Made sure these designses data hereafter, then make use of the molding tool analysis software,Proceed such as the MOLDFLOW, CFLOW the plastics take shape the process analysis.According to the software of MOLDFOLW with it of the material, craft database of plentifulness, pass the importation take shape the craft parameter,Can the development imitate the true analysis plastics to inject in note EU mold C» the process flows the circumstance( the plastics with sprinkle a people more inject remits to flow the analysis of ÎAE ), analyze the temperature pressure variety circumstance and analyze to note EU a ²D remaining should dint etc.,According to analyze the circumstance to the rationality that check the molding tool construction, flow quantity problem etc. of the rationality, product of the appearance.For example whether the esse sprinkles to note the system not reasonable, appear to flow way with sprinkle a position size not appropriate,Can''t equilibrium alive with type C» ; whether to exsit product construction absurdity or molding tool constructions or not is not reasonable, appearing the product A dissatisfied( namely short shoot the phenomenon); whether to cool off asymmetry or not, the influence produces the efficiency with product quantity;Whether the esse notes the craft of EU wrong, appear the song of CI of the product transform etc..The molding tool passes the CAD the design with analyze, can dissolvemistake at design the stage, increase to try once the mold the success the rate.At plastics molding tool design with analyze to apply many new computer.aideds technique this stage, if the parameter turns technique, characteristic shape technique, database technique etc..There is many standards piece in the plastics molding tool, Turn such as the standard mold a parameter for outing organization, sprinkling noting system, cooling system...etc. can adopting basing on database managing the characteristic shape design method proceed the design or establish the standard a a, like this since can realize the data share,Can satisfy the customer again to the at any time modifying of the design, make the design analysis of the molding tool fast, accurate, efficiently.The parameter turns the characteristic shape can not only describe the product completely then several why sketch information,And can acquire accuracy, material and assemble etc. informations of the product, its a product for establishing model is a kind of apting to handle and can reflect design intention with process the model of the characteristic.Therefore,The parameter turns the characteristic shape technique is an one of the most important technique in process in manufacturing in molding tools.4, the technical application in CAM of the molding tool, process to imitate true and ml;I processing, line incising to process, electricity spark processing to wait.The technique of CAM rises in the type C» , type D¾ of the complicated molding tool and the I I of the electrodes process particularly more important function.Its main technique characteristics includes:(1) the O , ¾« processes the knife have the track excellent to turn the programming with the instruction of NC creation,(2) the knife has the category, characteristic to establish with the material ,(3) slicing the Ï÷ process the craft parameter to really settle,(4)The commonness slices the Ï÷ to slice with the high speed the characteristic that I process controls,(5) over slice the check with process the superficial accuracy control,(6)processing the computer entity of the process imitate the realistic I ,(7) The computer control number controls the technique of DNC and clusters of the machine bed control the technical and applied etc..Need the CAD specially in technical application in CAM three I product model data.More profession computer plait distance software,such as MASTERCAM, UNIMOD, etc. of CIMATRON, when the plait distance of many curved faces processes have the higher request to the curved face model of the product,Intend with the high accuracy of the curved face to match such as the directional consistency, curved face in U, V of the close together curved face, inclined rate in curved face continuous variety etc..In high class CAD/ the integral whole of CAM turn system,( such as UGII, PRO/ E)Because making use of the parameter turns the characteristic shape design with same database technique, making the type C of the product model data, molding tool have the track data to have got the inside contact with the type D¾ model data, knife, The modification knife of the product model has the track to also modify automatically.The molding tool processes the entity imitates the true technique more and more mature, also is more and more valued by people.It is mimicry machine bed that processing the entity imitate process the process on the computer, can keep the result that view reflect process,Can takes the gauge of directly quantity that after processing spare parts, can check the mistake that process.At check quantity that after processing spare parts, can at the computer is last to process behind of the entity model proceeds the aleatoric EE slices, Measure its size directly with the accuracy.Therefore, it can dissolve mistake at process the stage of craft plait distance design, reduce to repair after processing with return the work, increases consumedly the manufacturing efficiency of the molding tool with quantity.5, plastics product and its molding tools take shape the manufacturing quicklyPlastics product and its molding tools use the computer CAD techniquewdesignafter completing, can pass the fleetness take shape the technique make.This is the manufacturing technique of a kind of all new concept,It abandoned the traditional machine processes the method.Its take shape principle is three I CAD entity models are long.lost set up a series of a layer data of the thickness, make use of the laser take shape machine or others take shape the equipments read these datas,Increase the method technique with the material, pile up the each layer to take shape one by one in order.This technique calls the fleetness to take shape the technique automatically.( Rapid Prototype)It is also a CAD to gather the technical importance constitutes the part.The first pedestal takes shape the equipments quickly to bear in the United States a company in 1987, because of its characteristics is to has nothing to do with the complicated degree of the product of the manufacturing, bringing the manufacturing industry the enormous vibration.Henceforth decade,Take shape quickly the technique be flown to develop soon, the category of the equipments also piles up one after another,Turn from the material I the method can is divided into the laser with not the laser burns the knot method( SLS), solid surface layer shape method( SGC), layer a manufacturing method( LOM) and melt to sink to accumulate the method( FDM), district constituency glues the knot method( DSPC), laser spirit to sink to accumulate method( SALD) etc. mutually.Every kind of method characteristics is:The method of SLA is applied at the earliest stage of took shape the technique quickly, the early market occupied the bigger cent sum, but is narrow because of the material scope, the cost is higher, taking shape the piece was heat.proof and bore the burthen with applied color the ability low,The recent years was gradually replaced by the other method.The method of FDM because of taking shape the speed quick, the cost is low, get the good application in plastics product profession, because the size of the spare parts is small, accuracy bad, Also suffer certainly of restrict.The method of LOM because of adoption paper or isoutline edge that thin slice plastics, the cost is low, and the laser projects light upon each layer only, as a result take shape the speed quick,But the product surface quantity is bad.The method of SLS proceeds to burn the knot with the laser, adoptive material than wide, if the plastics,A¯ anticipates, porcelain and ceramics, metals etc. all can take shape, taking shape the piece is heat.proof and bear the burthen with apply color the ability stronger,Have the extensive and applied foreground.The other method also gets the application in some special kinds process.According to above take shape the method characteristics, take shape the technical function quickly to consist in primarily:The manufacturing useds for the design with the on trial product model, make to used for the small the molding tool that batch quantity produce to process with the special spare parts in small batch quantity.Take shape the product model of the technique manufacturing quickly in the aspects of material the ratio tradition processes the product model of the method manufacturing has the difference,But in shape and sizes almost complete similar, and there is certain machine strength, can make the function experiment, handles through surface at the same time, looking similar to true product,Can advertise the propaganda material.Take shape the molding tool of the technique manufacturing quickly,Is a soft material to take shape the mold( the mold of A¯ , wreath oxygen resin mold, ¹è rubber mold, low EU orders the metal alloy casts mold etc.) primarily to synthesize the hard type in material C mold with porcelain and ceramics or metals »ùs now.Hard mold in manufacturing the hour can take shape with the fleetness the spare parts makes the female die,Create first the soft mold between wreath oxygen resin mold or other material, sprinkle to note porcelain and ceramics or gypsum molds in soft mold, then sprinkle the steel of Öý steel mold; or sprinkle the admixture that note in soft mold chemistry contain steel powder glue knot,Proceed to burn to become the steel mold.Take shape the steel mold of the technique manufacturing quickly to process after needing further did to throw light etc., make into the small batch quantity produce of note the mold of EU .Because the molding tool sprinkles to note or burn the knot with the steel powder but, Material and common molding tool steel contain certain margin, therefore, the life span is shorter, cans make to manufacture on a trial basis product or small batch quantities produce.Moreover, taking shape the technique quickly can also manufacture the special spare parts,If make with the metallurgy powder legal system the metals electrode, nicety cast the legal system makes the copper electrode, ND mold legal system makes graphite electrode etc..Take shape the technique creation molding tool quickly to model the equipments with the product, all is STL to read CAD system creation or CLI etc. document format datas,Different document format data to the product accuracy of the creation contain bigger margin, therefore, study the system of CAD to take shape quickly the document format of the equipments output to have the very important meaning.6, the molding tool CAD gathers technical development trendA calculator for saying, molding tool CAD gathering technique is applying in molding tool making each link assistance technique on the ×U with each link information that realizes the technique gathers.Obviously,The information gathers unify with data the management is a key.The information of the product is to pierces through in the design, analyze, process, examine, assemble a stage,Fluency, solution data format that realizes each link information standardizes and the data maintenance is a point with future CAD that share to gather technique development.The system of PDM emergence is to resolve this problem brought the first light of day.It is molding tool business enterprise application CAD that the system of PDM puts into practice gather technical and important lesson.Design in molding toolmanufacturing aspect,The intelligence that imply the research, high speed that abundant expert''s knowledge turn molding tool CAD/ the system of CAM slices theI÷ processes and its plait distance etc. is a trend that future study the development.2 中文翻译塑料模具CAD集成技术内容提要：通过分析计算机辅助注射模设计和制造的各个环节中共享的技术和信息，本文揭示了注射模CAD的集成技术的根本内涵，并提出了它的研究热点和趋势。
冲压模具设计毕业外文翻译 中英文翻译 外文文献翻译
冲压模具设计毕业外文翻译中英文翻译外文文献翻译毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系部:专业:姓名:学号:外文出处: The Pofessional English of DesignManufacture for Dies & Moulds附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文,2.外文原文。
指导教师评语:签名:年月日附件1:外文资料翻译译文冲压模具设计对于汽车行业与电子行业，各种各样的板料零件都是有各种不同的成型工艺所生产出来的，这些均可以列入一般种类“板料成形”的范畴。
板料成形(也称为冲压或压力成形)经常在厂区面积非常大的公司中进行。
如果自己没有去这些大公司访问，没有站在巨大的机器旁，没有感受到地面的震颤，没有看巨大型的机器人的手臂吧零件从一个机器移动到另一个机器，那么厂区的范围与价值真是难以想象的。
当然，一盘录像带或一部电视专题片不能反映出汽车冲压流水线的宏大规模。
站在这样的流水线旁观看的另一个因素是观看大量的汽车板类零件被进行不同类型的板料成形加工。
落料是简单的剪切完成的，然后进行不同类型的加工，诸如:弯曲、拉深、拉延、切断、剪切等，每一种情况均要求特殊的、专门的模具。
而且还有大量后续的加工工艺，在每一种情况下，均可以通过诸如拉深、拉延与弯曲等工艺不同的成形方法得到所希望的得到的形状。
根据板料平面的各种各样的受应力状态的小板单元体所可以考虑到的变形情形描述三种成形，原理图1描述的是一个简单的从圆坯料拉深成一个圆柱水杯的成形过程。
图1 板料成形一个简单的水杯拉深是从凸缘型坯料考虑的，即通过模具上冲头的向下作用使材料被水平拉深。
一个凸缘板料上的单元体在半径方向上被限定，而板厚保持几乎不变。
板料成形的原理如图2所示。
拉延通常是用来描述在板料平面上的两个互相垂直的方向被拉长的板料的单元体的变形原理的术语。
拉延的一种特殊形式，可以在大多数成形加工中遇到，即平面张力拉延。
在这种情况下，一个板料的单元体仅在一个方向上进行拉延，在拉长的方向上宽度没有发生变化，但是在厚度上有明确的变化，即变薄。
模具设计相关专业毕业论文(外文原文+翻译)之翻译[管理资料]
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可行成形图在汽车覆盖件冲压工艺高效设计的应用Dae-Cheol Ko a，Seung-Hoon Cha b，Sang-Kon Lee c，Chan-Joo Lee b，Byung-Min Kim d,*a ILIC, Pusan National University, 30 Jangjeon-Dong, Kumjeong-Gu, Busan609-735, South Koreab Precision Manufacturing Systems Division, Pusan National University, 30Jangjeon-Dong, Kumjeong-Gu, Busan 609-735, South Koreac PNU-IFAM, Joint Research Center, Pusan National University, 30Jangjeon-Dong, Kumjeong-Gu, Busan 609-735, South Koread School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, 30 Jangjeon-Dong, Kumjeong-Gu, Busan 609-735, South Korea摘要：本文提出使用可行的成形图来表示无断裂和起皱的安全区域，进而有效和快速地设计冲压工艺方法。
要确定可行的成形图，有限元分析对应于正交实验设计的过程变量组合。
随后，基于成形极限图的有限元分析，确定断裂和起皱的特征值。
所有组合的特征值在整个过程中，通过人工神经网络训练进行了一系列预测。
可行的成形图从所有组合的过程变量中最终确定。
以汽车覆盖件如转动架和车轮毂的冲压工艺作为实例来验证利用成形图的进行过程设计有效性。
有限元模拟结果与实验模拟结果比较表明，利用可行的成形图来进行冲压工艺的设计是有效的并适用于实际的过程。
【毕业设计】冲压模具毕业设计外文翻译
【关键字】毕业设计冲压模具毕业设计外文翻译篇一：模具外文文献及翻译The mold designing and manufacturingThe mold is the manufacturing industry important craft foundation, in our country,the mold manufacture belongs to the special purpose equipment manufacturingindustry. China although very already starts to make the mold and the use mold, but long-term has not formed the industry. Straight stabs 0 centuries 80's later periods, the Chinese mold industry only then drives into the development speedway. Recent years, not only the state-owned mold enterprise had the very big development, the threeinvestments enterprise, the villages and towns (individual) the mold enterprise'sdevelopment also rapid quietly.Although the Chinese mold industrial development rapid, but compares with thedemand, obviously falls short of demand, its main gap concentrates precisely to,large-scale, is complex, the long life mold domain. As a result of in aspect and so on mold precision, life, manufacture cycle and productivity, China and the international average horizontal and the developed country still had a bigger disparity, therefore, needed massively to import the mold every year .The Chinese mold industry must continue to sharpen the productivity, from now on will have emphatically to the profession internal structure adjustment and thestate-of-art enhancement. The structure adjustment aspect, mainly is the enterprise structure to the specialized adjustment, the product structure to center the upscale mold development, to the import and export structure improvement, center theupscale automobile cover mold forming analysis and the structure improvement, the multi-purpose compound mold and the compound processing and the laser technology in the mold design manufacture application, the high-speed cutting, the superfinishing and polished the technology, the information direction develops .The recent years, the mold profession structure adjustment and the organizationalreform step enlarges, mainly displayed in, large-scale, precise, was complex, the long life, center the upscale mold and the mold standard letter development speed is higher than the common mold product; The plastic mold and the compression casting mold proportion increases; Specialized mold factory quantity and its productivity increase;"The three investments" and the private enterprise develops rapidly; The joint stock system transformation step speeds up and so on. Distributes from the area looked,take Zhejiang Delta and Yangtze River delta as central southeast coastal areadevelopment quickly to mid-west area, south development quickly to north. Atpresent develops quickest, the mold produces the most centralized province isGuangdong and Zhejiang, places such as Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui and Shandong also has a bigger development in recent years.Although our country mold total quantity had at present achieved the suitable scale, the mold level also has the very big enhancement, after but design manufacture horizontal overall rise and fall industry developed country and so on Yu De, America, date, France, Italy many. The current existence question and the disparity mainly display in following several aspects:(1) The total quantity falls short of demandDomestic mold assembling one rate only, about 70%. Low-grade mold, centerupscale mold assembling oneself rate only has 50% about.(2) the enterprise organizational structure, the product structure, the technical structure and the import and export structure does not gatherin our country mold production factory to be most is from the labor mold workshop which produces assembles oneself (branch factory), from produces assembles oneself the proportion to reach as high as about 60%, but the overseas mold ultra 70% is the commodity mold. The specialized mold factory mostly is "large and complete","small and entire" organization form, but overseas mostly is "small but", "is specially small and fine". Domestic large-scale, precise, complex, the long life mold accountsfor the total quantity proportion to be insufficient 30%, but overseas in 50% aboveXX years, ratio of the mold import and export is 3.7:1, the import and exportbalances the after net import volume to amount to 1.32 billion US dollars, is world mold net import quantity biggest country .(3) The mold product level greatly is lower than the international standardThe production cycle actually is higher than the international water broad productlevel low mainly to display in the mold precision, cavity aspect and so on surface roughness, life and structure.(4) Develops the ability badly, economic efficiency unsatisfactory our countrymold enterprise technical personnel proportion lowThe level is lower, also does not take the product development, and is frequent inthe passive position in the market. Our country each mold staff average year creation output value approximately, ten thousand US dollars, overseas mold industry developed country mostly 15 to10, 000 US dollars, some reach as high as 25 to10,000 US dollars, relative is our country quite part of molds enterprises also continuesto use the workshop type management with it, truly realizes the enterprise which the modernized enterprise manages fewTo create the above disparity the reason to be very many, the mold long-term hasnot obtained the value besides the history in as the product which should have, as well as the most state-owned enterprises mechanism cannot adapt the market economy, butalso has the following several reasons: .(1) Country to mold industry policy support dynamics also insufficientlyAlthough the country already was clear about has promulgated the mold profession industrial policy, but necessary policy few, carried out dynamics to be weak. Atpresent enjoyed the mold product increment duty enterprise nation 185; the majority enterprise still the tax burden is only overweight. The mold enterprise carries on the technological transformations introduction equipment to have to pay the considerable amount the tax money, affects the technology advancement, moreover privately operated enterprise loan extremely difficult.(2) Talented person serious insufficient, the scientific research development and the technical attack investment too urinemold profession is the technology, the fund, the work crowded industry, along withthe time progress and the technical development, grasps the talented person which and skilled utilizes the new technology exceptionally short, the high-quality mold fitterand the enterprise management talent extremely is also anxious. Because the mold enterprise benefit unsatisfactory and takes insufficiently the scientific research development and the technical attack, the scientific research unit and the universities, colleges and institutes eye stares at is creating income, causes the mold profession invests too few in the scientific research development and the technical attack aspect, causes the mold technological development step doe not to be big, progresses does not be quick.(3) The craft equipment level is low, also is not good, the using factor is low.Recent years ,our country engine bed profession progressed quickly, has been able to provide the quite complete precision work equipment, but compared with the overseas equipment, still had a bigger disparity. Although the domestic many enterprises have introduced many overseas advanced equipment, but the overall equipment level low are very more than the overseas many enterprises. As a result of aspect the and so on system and fund reason, introduces the equipment not necessary, the equipment and the appendix not necessary phenomenon are extremely common, the equipment utilization rate low question cannot obtain the comparatively properly solution for a long time .(4) Specialization, standardization, commercialized degree low, the cooperationabilityBecause receives "large and complete" "small and entire" the influence since long ago, mold specialization level low, the specialized labor division is not careful, the commercialized degree is low. At present domestic every year produces mold, commodity mold minister 40% about, other for from produce uses for oneself. Between the molds enterprise cooperates impeded, completes the comparativelylarge-scale mold complete task with difficulty. Mold standardization level low, mold standard letter use cave rare is low also to the mold quality, the cost has a more tremendous influence, specially has very tremendous influence.(5) To the mold manufacture cycle) the mold material and the mold correlationtechnology fallThe mold material performance, the quality and the variety question often canaffect the mold quality, the life and the cost, the domestically produced molding toolsteel and overseas imports the steel products to compare has a bigger disparity. Plastic, plate, equipment energy balance, also direct influence mold level enhancement.At present, our country economy still was at the high speed development phase, onthe international economical globalization development tendency is day by dayobvious, this has provided the good condition and the opportunity for the our countrymold industry high speed development. On the one hand, the domestic mold marketwill continue high speed to develop, on the other hand, the mold manufacture also gradually will shift as well as the transnational group to our country carries on themold purchase trend to our country extremely to be also obvious. Therefore, will takea broad view the future, international, the domestic mold market overall development tendency prospect will favor, estimated the Chinese mold will obtain the high speed development under the good market environment, our country not only can becomethe mold great nation, moreover certainly gradually will make the powerful nation tothe mold the ranks to make great strides forward. "15" period, the Chinese moldindustry level not only has the very big enhancement in the quantity and the archerytarget aspect, moreover the profession structure, the product level, the development innovation ability, enterprise's system and the mechanism as well as the technology advancement aspect also can obtain a bigger development .The mold technology has gathered the machinery, the electron, chemistry, optics,the material, the computer, the precise monitor and the information network and so on many disciplines, is a comprehensive nature multi-disciplinary systems engineering.The mold technology development tendency mainly is the mold product tolarger-scale, precise, more complex and a more economical direction develops, themold product technical content unceasingly enhances, the mold manufacture cycle unceasingly reduces, the mold production faces the information, is not having thechart, is fine, the automated direction develops, the mold enterprise to the technical integration, the equipment excellent, is producing approves the brand, themanagement information, the management internationalization direction develops.Mold profession in "十15" period needs to solve the key essential technologyshould be the mold information, the digitized technology and precise, ultra fine, high speed, the highly effective manufacture technology aspect breakthroughAlong with thenational economy total quantity and the industry product technologyunceasing development, all the various trades and occupations to the mold demandquantity more and more big, the specification more and more is also high.Although mold type many, but its development should be with emphasis both canmeet the massive needs, and has the comparatively high-tech content, specially atpresent domestic still could not be self-sufficient, needs the massive imports the moldand can represent the development direction large-scale, precise, is complex, the long篇二：冲压模具设计毕业设计开题报告题目：院系：专业：学生：学号：指导老师：毕业设计开题报告冲压工艺分析与弯曲冲孔模具的设计三峡大学机械与材料学院机械设计制造及其自动化三峡大学机械与材料学院冲压工艺分析与弯曲冲孔模具的设计开题报告一、课题的来源课题来源于生产实际，探讨冲压加工中较常见零件的工艺方法和结构设计。
模具专业外文翻译
模具专业外文翻译IntroductionWith the rapid development of the global manufacturing industry, the demand for precision manufacturing and mass production is increasing day by day. In the field of manufacturing, molds play a vital role in mass production. A mold is a tool used to produce objects of a specific shape by pouring or injecting a material into it. The mold industry is a technology-intensive industry, and the development of the mold industry requires high-level technical knowledge and skills. In this article, we will discuss the foreign language translation in the field of mold technology.The Importance of Foreign Language Translation in Mold TechnologyMold technology involves complex processes, including design, manufacturing, and testing, which involves different professionals and companies from various countries. For example, a mold manufacturer in China may have clients in Japan, the United States, or Europe, and may receive orders for mold design, manufacturing, and testing, which involves cooperation with clients and technical personnel from different countries. Therefore, foreign language skills and translation are essential in the mold industry.In the mold technology industry, manufacturers have to deal with foreign technical documents, drawings, instructions, and other materials written in different languages. The accurate and effective translation of these documents is essential for the smooth progress of their business. The correct translation of technical documents is crucial for avoiding errors, misunderstandings, and miscommunications that can result in wasted resources, project delays, and unwanted costs.Foreign language translation is particularly important in the areas of mold materials, tooling, and machining. For example, some materials and tools used in molding, such as plastics, rubber, and metal alloys, have different names and technical specifications in different countries. Accurate translation of these materials is vital to ensure that the correct materials are used in the manufacturing process.Furthermore, mold design and manufacture require precision machining techniques. Technical documents from different countries may use different technical terms, symbols, abbreviations, and units of measurement. To ensure that these technical documents are understood and executed correctly, accurate translation of these technical terms is essential.Benefits of Quality Translation Services for Mold TechnologyAccurate translation of technical documents is essential for mold technology professionals to successfully complete their tasks and ensure high-quality production results. Qualitytranslation services can help mold manufacturers achieve their intended results by:1. Ensuring accuracy and clarity of technical documents. Technical documents translated by professional translation firms ensure that the content is accurate and clear, translating technical terms, acronyms, units of measurement, etc., to ensure that the intended meaning is conveyed to the reader.2. Saving time and money. Accurate and efficient translation of technical documents not only saves time but also reduces the likelihood of mistakes arising due to miscommunications.3. Facilitating the exchange of technical information. Effective translation services provide mold technology professionals with better access to valuable knowledge and techniques from different countries, which helps to improve the quality and efficiency of mold manufacturing.ConclusionIn conclusion, mold technology is a critical aspect of mass production and helps to meet the increasing demand for better manufactured products. Foreign language translation is crucial in the mold technology industry to ensure that all parties involved in the production process can communicate effectively, exchange information, and produce high-quality results. As such, quality translation services for technical documents can help moldmakers better meet the needs of their clients, increase efficiency, and ensure high-quality production.。
毕业设计外文文献翻译【范本模板】
毕业设计（论文)外文资料翻译系别：专业：班级:姓名：学号:外文出处:附件： 1. 原文; 2。
译文2013年03月附件一：A Rapidly Deployable Manipulator SystemChristiaan J。
J。
Paredis, H. Benjamin Brown，Pradeep K. KhoslaAbstract:A rapidly deployable manipulator system combines the flexibility of reconfigurable modular hardware with modular programming tools，allowing the user to rapidly create a manipulator which is custom-tailored for a given task. This article describes two main aspects of such a system，namely，the Reconfigurable Modular Manipulator System （RMMS)hardware and the corresponding control software。
1 IntroductionRobot manipulators can be easily reprogrammed to perform different tasks, yet the range of tasks that can be performed by a manipulator is limited by mechanicalstructure。
Forexample，a manipulator well-suited for precise movement across the top of a table would probably no be capable of lifting heavy objects in the vertical direction. Therefore，to perform a given task,one needs to choose a manipulator with an appropriate mechanical structure.We propose the concept of a rapidly deployable manipulator system to address the above mentioned shortcomings of fixed configuration manipulators。
模具设计与制造外文翻译
附录1 英文原文Mould Design and ManufacturingCAD and CAM are widely applied in mould design and mould making.CAD allows you to draw a model on screen ,then view it from every angle using 3-D animating and ,finally ,to test it by introducing various parameters into the digital simulation models (pressure ,temperature ,impact ,etc .)CAM ,on the other hand ,allows you to control the manufacturing quality .The advantages of these computer technologies are legion ;shorter design times (modifications can be made at the speed of the computer ).lower cost ,faster manufacturing ,etc .This new approach also allows shorter production runs ,and to make last-minute changes to the mould for a particular part.Finally ,also ,these new processes can be use to make complex parts .Computer-Aided Design (CAD) of MouldTraditionally, the creation of drawings of mould tools has been a time-consuming task that is not part of the creative process. Drawings are an organizational necessity rather than a desired part of the process .Computer-Aided Design (CAD) means using the computer and peripheral devices to simplify and enhance the design process .CAD systems offer an efficient means of design ,and can be use to create inspection equipment .CAD data also can play a critical role in selecting process sequence .A CAD system consists of three basic components ;hardware ,software,User ,The hardware components of a typical CAD system include a processor ,a system display,a keyboard, a digitizer, and a plotter. The software component of a CAD system consists of the programs which allow it to perform design and drafting functions.The user is the tool designer who uses the hardware and software to perform the design process.Based on he 3-D data of the product, the core and cavity have to be designedsrally the designer begins with a preliminary part design ,which means the work around the core and cavity could change .Modern CAD systems can support this with calculating a spot line for a defined draft direction ,splitting the part in the core and cavity side and generating the run-off or shut-off true faces .After the calculation of the optimal draft of the part, the position and direction of the cavity, slides and inserts have to be defined .Then,in the conceptual stage, the positions and the geometry of the mould –such as slides, ejection system, etc. –are roughly defined. With this information, the size and thickness of the plates can be defined and the corresponding standard mould that comes nearest to the requirements is chosen and changed accordingly –by adjusting the constraints and paramenter so that any number of plates with any size can be use in the mould. Detailing the functional components and adding the standard any size can be used in the mould. Detailing the functional compontnts and adding the standard components complete the mould.This all happens in 3D .Moreover ,the mould system provide functions for the checking, modifying and detailing of the part .Already in this early stage ,drawings and bill of materials can be created automatically.Through the use of 3D and the intelligence of the mould system, typical 2D mistakes –such as a collision between cooling and components/cavities or the wrong position of a hole –can be eliminated at the beginning. At any stage a bill of materials and drawings can be created-allowing the material to be ordered on time and always having an actual document to discuss with the customer or a bid for a mould base manufacturer .The use of a special 3D mould design system can shorten development cycles, improve mould quality ,enhance teamwork and free the designer from tedious routine work .The development cycles can be shortened only when organization and personnel measures are taken. The part design, mould design, electric design and mould manufacturing departments have to consistently work together in a tight relationship .Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM ) of MouldOne way to reduce the cost of manufacturing and reduce lead-time is by settingup a manufacturing system that uses equipment and personnel to their fullest potential .the foundation for this type of manufacturing system as the use of CAD data to help in madding key process decisions that ultimately improve machining precision and reduce non-productive time .This is called as computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).The objective of CAM is to produce, if possible ,sections of a mould without intermediate steps by initiating machining operations from the computer workstation .With a good CAM system, automation does not just occur within individual features. Atuomation of machining processes also occurs between all of the features make up a part, resulting in tool-path optimization. As you create features, the CAM system constructs a process plan for you .Operations are ordered based on a system analysis to reduce tool changes and the number of tools used .On the CAM sidethe trend is toward newer technologies and processes such as micro milling to support the manufacturing of high-precision injection moulds with complex 3D structures and high surface qualities. CAM software will continue to add to the depth and breadth of the machining intelligence inherent in the software until the CNC programming process becomes completely automatic. This is especially true for advanced multifunction machine tools becomes completely automatic This is especially true for advanced multifunction machine tools that require a more flexible combination of machining operations .CAM software will continue to automate more and more of manufacturing redundant work that can be handled faster and more accratrly by computers, while retaining the control that machinists need.With the emphasis in the mould making industry today on producing moulds in the most efficient manner while still maintaining quality, mold makers need to keep up with the latest software technologies-packages that will allow them to program and cut complex moulds quickly so that mould production time can be reduced .In a nutshell, the industry is moving toward improving the quality of data exchange between CAD and CAM as well as CAM to the CNC ,and CAM software is becoming more “intelligent” as it relates to machining processes-resulting in reduction in both cycle time and overall machining time .Five-axis machining also is emerging as a “must-have” on the shop floor-especially when dealing with deepcavities. And with the introduction of electronic date processing (EDP) into the mould making industry, new opportunities have arisen in mould-making to shorten production time, improve cost efficiencies and achieve higher quality.The Science of mold MakingThe traditional method of making large automotive sheet metal dies by model building and tracing has been replaced by CAD/CAM terminals that convert mathematical descriptions of body panel shapes into cutter paths.Teledyne Specialty Equipment’s Efficient Die and Mold facility is one of the companies on the leading edge of this transformation.Only a few years ago,the huge steel dies requited for stamping sheet metal auto body panels were built by starting with a detailed blueprint and an accurate full-scale master model of the part. The model was the source from which the tooling was designed and produced.The dies,machined from castings,were prepared from patterns made by the die manutacturers or something supplied by the car maker.Secondary scale models called”tracing aids” were made from the master model for use on duplicating machines with tracers.These machines traced the contour of the scale model with a stylus,and the information derived guided a milling cutter that carved away unwanted metal to duplicate the shape of the model in the steel casting.All that is changing.Now,companies such as Teledyne Specialty Equipment’s Efficient Die and Mold operation in Independence,OH,work from CAD data supplied by customers to generate cutter paths for milling machines,which then automatically cut the sheetmetal dies and SMC compression molds.Although the process is used to make both surfaces of the tool, the draw die still requires a tryout and “benching” process.Also, the CAD data typically encompasses just the orimary surface of the tool,and some machined surfaces, such as the hosts and wear pads, are typically part of the math surface.William Nordby,vice president and business manager of dies and molds at Teledyne,says that “although no one has taken CAD/CAM to the point of building theentire tool,it will eventually go in that direction because the “big thrdd”want to compress cycle times and are trying to cut the amount of time that it takes to build the tooling.Tryout, because of the lack of development on the design end,is still a very time-consuming art, and very much a trial-and-error process.”No More Models and Tracing AidsThe results to this new technology are impressive. For example, tolerances are tighter and hand finishing of the primary die surface with grinders has all but been eliminated. The big difference, says Gary Kral, Teledyne’s director of engineering, is that the dimensional control has radically improved. Conventional methods of making plaster molds just couldn’t hold tolerances because of day-to-day temperature and humidity variations.”For SMC molds the process is so accurate , and because there is no spring back like there is when stamping sheet metal, tryouts are not always required.SMC molds are approved by customers on a regulate basis without ever running a part .Such approvals are possible because of Teledyne’s ability to check the tool surface based on mathematical analysis and guarantee that it is made exactly to the original design data. Because manual trials and processes have been eliminated, Teledyne has been able to consider foreign markets.” The ability to get a tool approved based on the mathe gives us the opportunity to compete in places we wouldn’t have otherwise,” says Nordby. According to Jim Church, systems manager at Teledyne, the company used to have lots of pattern makers ,and still has one model maker.”But 99.9 percent of the company’s work now is from CAD data. Instead of model makers, engineers work in front of computer monitors.”He says that improvements in tool quality and reduction in manufacturing time are significant. Capabilities of the process were demonstrated by producing two identical tools. One was cut using conventional patterns and tracing mills, and the other tool was machined using computer generated cutting paths. Although machining time was 14 percent greater with the CAM-generated path, polishing hours were cut by 33 percent. In all ,manufacturing time decreased 16.5 percent and tool quality increased 12 percent.Teledyne’s CAD/CAM system uses state-of-the-art software that allows engineers to design dies and molds, develop CNC milling cutter paths and incorporate design changes easily. The system supports full-color, shaded three-dimensional modeling on its monitors to enhance its design and analysis capabilities. The CAD/CAM system also provides finite element analysis that can be used to improve the quality of castings , and to analyze the thermal properties of molds. Inputs virtually from any customer database can be used either directly or through translation.CMM Is CriticalTeledyne’s coordinate measuring machine(CMM),says’Church,”is what has made a difference in terms of being able to move from the traditional manual processes of mold and die making to the automated system that Teledyne uses today.”The CMM precisely locates any point in a volume of space measuring 128 in, by 80 in, by 54 in, to an accuracy of 0.0007 in. It can measure parts, dies and molds weighing up to 40 tons. For maximum accuracy,the machine is housed in an environmentally isolated room where temperature is maintained within 2 deg.F of optimum. To isolate the CMM from vibration, it is mounted on a 100-ton concrete block supported on art cushions.According to Nordby, the CMM is used not only as a quality tool, but also as a process checking tool. “ As a tool goes through the shop, it is checked several times to validate the previous operation that was performed.”For example, after the initial surface of a mold is machined and before any finish work is done, it is run through the CMM for a complete data check to determine how close the surface is to the required geometry.The mold is checked with a very dense pattern based on flow lines of the part. Each mold is checked twice, once before benching and again after benching. Measurements taken from both halves of the mold are used to calculate theoretical stock thickness at full closure of the mold to verify its accuracy with the CAD design data.Sheet Metal Dies Are Different“Sheet metal is a different ballgame,” says Nordby, “because you have the issue of material springback and the way the metal forms in the die. What happens in the sheet metal is that you do the same kinds of things for the male punch as you would with SMC molds and you ensure that it is 100 percent to math data. But due to machined surface tolerance variations, the female half becomes the working side of the tool. And there is still a lot of development required after the tool goes into the press. The math generated surfaces apply primarily to the part surface of the tool.”EMS Tracks the Manufacturing ProcessTeledyne’s business operations also are computerized and carried over a network consisting of a V AX server and PC terminals. IMS (Effective Management Systems) software tracks orders, jobs in progress, location of arts, purchasing, receiving, and is now being upgraded to include accounting functions.Overall capabilities of the EMS system include bill-of-material planning and control, inventory management, standard costing, material history, master production scheduling, material requirements planning, customer order processing, booking and sales history, accounts receivable, labor history, shop floor control, scheduling, estimating, standard routings, capacity requirements planning, job costing, purchasing and receiving, requisitions, purchasing and receiving, requisitions, purchasing history and accounts payable.According to Frank Zugaro, Teledyne’s scheduling manager, the EMS software was chosen because of its capabilities in scheduling time and resources in a job shop environment. All information about a job is entered into inventory management to generate a structured bill of material. Then routes are attached to it and work orders are generated.The system provides daily updates of data by operator hour as well as a material log by shop order and word order. Since the database is interactive, tracking of materials received and their flow through the build procedure can be documented and cost data sent to accounting and purchasing.Gary Kral, Teledyne’s director of engineering, says that EMS is really a tracking device, and one of the systems greatest benefits is that it provides a documentedrecord of everything involving a job and eliminates problems that could arise from verbal instructions and promises. Kral says that as the system is used more, they are finding that it pays to document more things to make it part of the permanent record. It helps keep them focused.2 中文翻译模具设计与制造CAD和CAM广泛用于模具的设计和制造中。
模具毕业设计外文翻译(英文+译文)
Injection MoldingThe basic concept of injection molding revolves around the ability of a thermoplastic material to be softened by heat and to harden when cooled .In most operations ,granular material (the plastic resin) is fed into one end of the cylinder (usually through a feeding device known as a hopper ),heated, and softened(plasticized or plasticized),forced out the other end of the cylinder, while it is still in the form of a melt, through a nozzle into a relatively cool mold held closed under pressure.Here,the melt cools and hardens until fully set-up. The mold is then opened, the piece ejected, and the sequence repeated.Thus, the significant elements of an injection molding machine become: 1) the way in which the melt is plasticized (softened) and forced into the mold (called the injection unit);2) the system for opening the mold and closing it under pressure (called the clamping unit);3) the type of mold used;4) the machine controls.The part of an injection-molding machine, which converts a plastic material from a sold phase to homogeneous seni-liguid phase by raising its temperature .This unit maintains the material at a present temperature and force it through the injection unit nozzle into a mold .The plunger is a combination of the injection and plasticizing device in which a heating chamber is mounted between the plunger and mold. This chamber heats the plastic material by conduction .The plunger, on each stroke; pushes unbelted plastic material into the chamber, which in turn forces plastic melt at the front of the chamber out through the nozzleThe part of an injection molding machine in which the mold is mounted, and which provides the motion and force to open and close the mold and to hold the mold close with force during injection .This unit can also provide other features necessary for the effective functioning of the molding operation .Movingplate is the member of the clamping unit, which is moved toward a stationary member. the moving section of the mold is bolted to this moving plate .This member usually includes the ejector holes and mold mounting pattern of blot holes or “T” slots .Stationary plate is the fixed member of the clamping unit on which the stationary section of the mold is bolted .This member usually includes a mold-mounting pattern of boles or “T” slots. Tie rods are member of the clamping force actuating mechanism that serve as the tension member of the clamp when it is holding the mold closed. They also serve as a gutted member for the movable plate .Ejector is a provision in the clamping unit that actuates a mechanism within the mold to eject the molded part(s) from the mold .The ejection actuating force may be applied hydraulically or pneumatically by a cylinder(s) attached to the moving plate, or mechanically by the opening stroke of the moving plate.Methods of melting and injecting the plastic differ from one machine to another and are constantly being implored .conventional machines use a cylinder and piston to do both jobs .This method simplifies machine construction but makes control of injection temperatures and pressures an inherently difficult problem .Other machines use a plasticizing extruder to melt the plastic and piston to inject it while some hare been designed to use a screw for both jobs :Nowadays, sixty percent of the machines use a reciprocating screw,35% a plunger (concentrated in the smaller machine size),and 5%a screw pot.Many of the problems connected with in ejection molding arise because the densities of polymers change so markedly with temperature and pressure. thigh temperatures, the density of a polymer is considerably cower than at room temperature, provided the pressure is the same.Therefore,if molds were filled at atmospheric pressure, “shrinkage” would make the molding deviate form the shape of the mold.To compensate for this poor effect, molds are filled at high pressure. The pressure compresses the polymer and allows more materials to flow into the mold, shrinkage is reduced and better quality moldings are produced.Cludes a mold-mounting pattern of bolt holes or “T” slots. Tie rods are members of the clamping force actuating mechanism that serve as the tension members of clamp when it is holding the mold closed. Ejector is a provision in the calming unit that actuates a mechanism within the mold to eject the molded part(s) form the mold. The ejection actuating force may be applied hydraulically or pneumatically by a cylinder(s) attached to the moving plate, or mechanically by the opening stroke of the moving plate.The function of a mold is twofold: imparting the desired shape to the plasticized polymer and cooling the injection molded part. It is basically made up of two sets of components: the cavities and cores and the base in which the cavities and cores are mounted. The mold ,which contains one or more cavities, consists of two basic parts :(1) a stationary molds half one the side where the plastic is injected,(2)Moving half on the closing or ejector side of the machine. The separation between the two mold halves is called the parting line. In some cases the cavity is partly in the stationary and partly in the moving section. The size and weight of the molded parts limit the number of cavities in the mold and also determine the machinery capacity required. The mold components and their functions are as following:(1)Mold Base-Hold cavity (cavities) in fixed, correctposition relative to machine nozzle.(2)Guide Pins-Maintain Proper alignment of entry into moldinterior.(3)Spree Bushing (spree)-Provide means of entry into moldinterior.(4)Runners-Conroy molten plastic from spree to cavities.(5)Gates-Control flow into cavities.(6)Cavity (female) and Force (male)-Control the size,shape and surface of mold article.(7)Water Channels-Control the temperature of mold surfacesto chill plastic to rigid state.(8)Side (actuated by came, gears or hydrauliccylinders)-Form side holes, slots, undercuts and threaded sections.(9)Vent-Allow the escape of trapped air and gas.(10)Ejector Mechanism (pins, blades, stripper plate)-Ejectrigid molded article form cavity or force.(11)Ejector Return Pins-Return ejector pins to retractedposition as mold closes for next cycle.The distance between the outer cavities and the primary spree must not be so long that the molten plastic loses too much heat in the runner to fill the outer cavities properly. The cavities should be so arranged around the primary spree that each receives its full and equal share of the total pressure available, through its own runner system (or the so-called balanced runner system).The requires the shortest possible distance between cavities and primary sprue, equal runner and gate dimension, and uniform culling.注射成型注射成型的基本概念是使热塑性材料在受热时熔融，冷却时硬化，在大部分加工中，粒状材料（即塑料树脂）从料筒的一端（通常通过一个叫做“料斗”的进料装置）送进，受热并熔融（即塑化或增塑），然后当材料还是溶体时，通过一个喷嘴从料筒的另一端挤到一个相对较冷的压和封闭的模子里。
塑料模具毕业设计英文文献翻译
在塑料注射模具的设计中使用田口方法减少翘曲马来西亚，雪兰莪州，43400沙登，马来西亚博特拉大学，机械及制造工程系2004年9月3日收到，在2006年7月27日收到修订的形式，2006年10月接受摘要在当今的塑料行业中塑料注射成型是最重要的聚合物加工业务之一。
然而，模具制造和注塑机控制技术的不足将会导致有缺陷的塑料产品。
翘曲是缺陷的种类之一，通常出现在产品厚度小于1毫米中。
这个项目是要制作一个模具的生产薄板，尺寸120毫米× 50毫米× 1毫米。
薄板将用于翘曲测试。
在模具制作中，购买的模架将会被加工和组装。
在此之后，模具会被固定在注塑机上。
本机的设置应该能够生产出产品。
然后，该产品将会用于通过采用田口方法的实验设计来测试翘曲问题的影响因素。
根据结果，它表明对翘曲变形最有效的因素是熔体温度。
灌装时间只轻微影响翘曲。
可以最大限度地减少翘曲缺陷的最佳参数是熔融温度（240摄氏度），充盈时间（0.5秒），保压压力（90％）和包装时间（0.6 秒）。
埃尔塞维尔B.V，2006年，保留所有权利。
关键词：注塑模具；田口方法；实验设计；翘曲1. 简介模具制造是一项重要的支柱产业，因为其相关产品代表：超过70％的产品是消费类产品的组成部分。
为缩短设计和制造周期，良好的维和整体素质，高需求快速设计变更，已成为模具行业的瓶颈[1]。
这是一个复杂的过程，需要技术和经验丰富的模具制造者。
一般来说，在当今的塑料行业中注射成型是最重要的聚合物加工业务之一。
在所有的塑料中大约有三分之一的塑料转换成零件采用注射成型[2]。
这是有很大的可能被制造业首选的工艺之一，因为它生产的复杂形状塑料部件具有良好的尺寸准确度和极短的周期时间[3]。
典型的例子是计算机显示器和移动电话产品的肠衣和外壳，其中有一个壳薄功能。
这些产品往往会变得更轻，更薄，更小。
因此，产品的内部组件必须放进外壳中，它的体积更小。
增加外壳的内部空间的一种方法是减少壁体的厚度。
模具毕业设计英译汉（Injection_molding）
模具毕业设计英译汉（Injection_molding）Injection moldingInjection molding (British English: moulding) is a manufacturing process for producing parts from both thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic materials. Material is fed into a heated barrel, mixed, and forced into a mold cavity where it cools and hardens to the configuration of the mold cavity.After a product is designed, usually by an industrial designer or an engineer, molds are made by a moldmaker (or toolmaker) from metal, usually either steel or aluminum, and precision-machined to form the features of the desired part. Injection molding is widely used for manufacturing a variety of parts, from the smallest component to entire body panels of cars.ApplicationsInjection molding is used to create many things such as wire spools, packaging, bottle caps, automotive dashboards, pocket combs, and most other plastic products available today. Injection molding is the most common method of part manufacturing. It is ideal for producing high volumes of the same object.Some advantages of injection molding are high production rates, repeatable high tolerances, the ability to use a wide range of materials, low labor cost, minimal scrap losses, and little need to finish parts after molding. Some disadvantages of this process are expensive equipment investment, potentially high running costs, and the need to design moldable parts.EquipmentPaper clip mold opened in molding machine; the nozzle is visible at rightMain article: Injection molding machineInjection molding machines consist of a material hopper, an injection ram or screw-type plunger, and a heating unit. They are also known as presses, they hold the molds in which the components are shaped. Presses are rated by tonnage, which expresses the amount of clamping force that the machine can exert. This force keeps the mold closed during the injection process. Tonnage can vary from less than 5 tons to 6000 tons, with the higher figures used in comparatively few manufacturing operations. The total clamp force needed is determined by the projected area of the part being molded. This projected area is multiplied by a clamp force of from 2 to 8 tons for each square inch of the projected areas. As a rule of thumb, 4 or 5 tons/in2 can be used for most products. If the plastic material is very stiff, it will require more injection pressure to fill the mold, thus more clamp tonnage to hold the mold closed. The required force can also be determined by the material used and the size of the part, larger parts require higher clamping force.MoldMold or die are the common terms used to describe the tooling used to produce plastic parts in molding.Since molds have been expensive to manufacture, they were usually only used in mass production where thousands of parts were being produced. Typical molds are constructed from hardened steel, pre-hardened steel, aluminum, and/or beryllium-copper alloy. The choice of material to build a mold from is primarily one of economics; in general, steel molds cost more to construct, but their longer lifespan will offset the higher initial cost over a higher number of parts made before wearing out. Pre-hardened steel molds are less wear-resistant and are used for lower volume requirements or larger components. The typicalsteel hardness is 38-45 on the Rockwell-C scale. Hardened steel molds are heat treated after machining. These are by far the superior in terms of wear resistance and lifespan. Typical hardness ranges between 50 and 60 Rockwell-C (HRC). Aluminum molds can cost substantially less, and, when designed and machined with modern computerized equipment, can be economical for molding tens or even hundreds of thousands of parts. Beryllium copper is used in areas of the mold that require fast heat removal or areas that see the most shear heat generated. The molds can be manufactured either by CNC machining or by using Electrical Discharge Machining processes.Mold DesignStandard two plates tooling –core and cavity are inserts in a mold base – "Family mold" of 5 different partsThe mold consists of two primary components, the injection mold (A plate) and the ejector mold (B plate). Plastic resin enters the mold through a sprue in the injection mold, the sprue bushing is to seal tightly against the nozzle of the injection barrel of the molding machine and to allow molten plastic to flow from the barrel into the mold, also known as cavity The sprue bushing directs the molten plastic to the cavity images through channels that are machined into the faces of the A and B plates. These channels allow plastic to run along them, so they are referred to as runners.The molten plastic flows through the runner and enters one or more specialized gates and into the cavity geometry to form the desired part.The amount of resin required to fill the sprue, runner and cavities of a mold is a shot. Trapped air in the mold can escape through air vents that are ground into the parting line of the mold. If the trapped air is not allowed to escape, it is compressedby the pressure of the incoming material and is squeezed into the corners of the cavity, where it prevents filling and causes other defects as well. The air can become so compressed that it ignites and burns the surrounding plastic material. To allow for removal of the molded part from the mold, the mold features must not overhang one another in the direction that the mold opens, unless parts of the mold are designed to move from between such overhangs when the mold opens (utilizing components called Lifters).Sides of the part that appear parallel with the direction of draw (The axis of the cored position (hole) or insert is parallel to the up and down movement of the mold as it opens and closes)are typically angled slightly with (draft) to ease release of the part from the mold. Insufficient draft can cause deformation or damage. The draft required for mold release is primarily dependent on the depth of the cavity: the deeper the cavity, the more draft necessary. Shrinkage must also be taken into account when determining the draft required.If the skin is too thin, then the molded part will tend to shrink onto the cores that form them while cooling, and cling to those cores or part may warp, twist, blister or crack when the cavity is pulled away. The mold is usually designed so that the moldedpart reliably remains on the ejector (B) side of the mold when it opens, and draws the runner and the sprue out of the (A) side along with the parts. The part then falls freely when ejected from the (B) side. Tunnel gates, also known as submarine or mold gate, is located below the parting line or mold surface. The opening is machined into the surface of the mold on the parting line. The molded part is cut (by the mold) from the runner system on ejection from the mold. Ejector pins, also known as knockout pin,is a circular pin placed in either half of the mold (usually the ejector half), which pushes the finished molded product, or runner system out of a mold.The standard method of cooling is passing a coolant (usually water) through a series of holes drilled through the mold plates and connected by hoses to form a continueous pathway. The coolant absorbs heat from the mold (which has absorbed heat from the hot plastic) and keeps the mold at a proper temperature to solidify the plastic at the most efficient rate.To ease maintenance and venting, cavities and cores are divided into pieces, called inserts, and sub-assemblies, also called inserts, blocks, or chase blocks. By substituting interchangeable inserts, one mold may make several variations of the same part.More complex parts are formed using more complex molds. These may have sections called slides, that move into a cavity perpendicular to the draw direction, to form overhanging part features. When the mold is opened, the slides are pulled away from the plastic part by using st ationary “angle pins” on the stationary mold half. These pins enter a slot in the slides and cause the slides to move backward when the moving half of the mold opens. The part is then ejected and the mold closes. The closing action of the mold causes the slides to move forward along the angle pins.Some molds allow previously molded parts to be reinserted to allow a new plastic layer to form around the first part. This is often referred to as overmolding. This system can allow for production of one-piece tires and wheels.2-shot or multi-shot molds are designed to "overmold" within a single molding cycle and must be processed on specialized injection molding machines with two or moreinjection units. This process is actually an injection molding process performed twice. In the first step, the base color material is molded into a basic shape. Then the second material is injection-molded into the remaining open spaces. That space is then filled during the second injection step with a material of a different color.A mold can produce several copies of the same parts in a single "shot". The number of "impressions" in the mold of that part is often incorrectly referred to as cavitation. A tool with one impression will often be called a single impression(cavity) mold.A mold with 2 or more cavities of the same parts will likely be referred to as multiple impression (cavity) mold.Some extremely high production volume molds (like those for bottle caps) can have over 128 cavities.In some cases multiple cavity tooling will mold a series of different parts in the same tool. Some toolmakers call these molds family molds as all the parts are related.Effects on the material propertiesThe mechanical properties of a part are usually little affected. Some parts can have internal stresses in them. This is one of the reasons why it's good to have uniform wall thickness when molding. One of the physical property changes is shrinkage. A permanent chemical property change is the material thermoset, which can't be remelted to be injected again.Tool MaterialsTool steel or beryllium-copper are often used. Mild steel, aluminum, nickel or epoxy are suitable only for prototype or very short production runs.Modern hard aluminum (7075 and 2024 alloys) with proper mold design, can easily make molds capable of 100,000 or more part life.Geometrical PossibilitiesThe most commonly used plastic molding process, injection molding, is used to create a large variety of products with different shapes and sizes. Most importantly, they can create products with complex geometry that many other processes cannot. There are a few precautions when designing something that willbe made using this process to reduce the risk of weak spots. First, streamline your product or keep the thickness relatively uniform. Second, try and keep your product between 2 to20 inches.The size of a part will depend on a number of factors (material, wall thickness, shape,process etc.). The initial raw material required may be measured in the form of granules, pellets or powders. Here are some ranges of the sizes.MachiningMolds are built through two main methods: standard machining and EDM. Standard Machining, in its conventional form, has historically been the method of building injection molds. With technological development, CNC machining became the predominant means of making more complex molds with more accurate mold details in less time than traditional methods.The electrical discharge machining (EDM) or spark erosion process has become widely used in mold making. As well as allowing the formation of shapes that are difficult to machine, the process allows pre-hardened molds to be shaped so that no heat treatment is required. Changes to a hardened mold by conventional drilling and milling normally require annealing to soften the mold, followed by heat treatment to harden it again. EDM is a simple process in which a shaped electrode, usuallymade of copper or graphite, is very slowly lowered onto the mold surface (over a period of many hours), which is immersed in paraffin oil. A voltage applied between tool and mold causes spark erosion of the mold surface in the inverse shape of the electrode.CostThe cost of manufacturing molds depends on a very large set of factors ranging from number of cavities, size of the parts (and therefore the mold), complexity of the pieces, expected tool longevity, surface finishes and many others. The initial cost is great, however the piece part cost is low, so with greater quantities the overall price decreases.Injection processSmall injection molder showing hopper, nozzle and die area With Injection Molding, granular plastic is fed by gravity from a hopper into a heated barrel. As the granules are slowly moved forward by a screw-type plunger, the plastic is forced into a heated chamber, where it is melted. As the plunger advances, the melted plastic is forced through a nozzle that rests against the mold, allowing it to enter the mold cavity through a gate and runner system. The mold remains cold so the plastic solidifies almost as soon as the mold is filled.Injection Molding CycleThe sequence of events during the injection mold of a plastic part is called the injection molding cycle. The cycle begins when the mold closes, followed by the injection of the polymer into the mold cavity. Once the cavity is filled, a holding pressure is maintained to compensate for material shrinkage. In the next step, the screw turns, feeding the next shot to the front screw.This causes the screw to retract as the next shot is prepared. Once thepart is sufficiently cool, the mold opens and the part is ejected.Molding trialWhen filling a new or unfamiliar mold for the first time, where shot size for that mold is unknown, a technician/tool setter usually starts with a small shot weight and fills gradually until the mold is 95 to 99% full. Once this is achieved a small amount of holding pressure will be applied and holding time increased until gate freeze off (solidification time) has occurred. Gate solidification time is an important as it determines cycle time, which itself is an important issue in the economics of the production process. Holding pressure is increased until the parts are free of sinks and part weight has been achieved. Once the parts are good enough and have passed any specific criteria, a setting sheet is produced for people to follow in the future. The method to setup an unknown mold the first time can be supported by installing cavity pressure sensors. Measuring the cavity pressure as a function of time can provide a good indication of the filling profile of the cavity. Once the equipment is set to successfully create the molded part, modern monitoring systems can save a reference curve of the cavity pressure. With that it is possible toreproduce the same part quality on another molding machine within a short setup time.Tolerances and SurfacesMolding tolerance is a specified allowance on the deviation in parameters such as dimensions, weights, shapes, or angles, etc. To maximize control in setting tolerances there is usually a minimum and maximum limit on thickness, based on the process used.Injection molding typically is capable of tolerances equivalent to an IT Grade of about 9–14. The possible toleranceof a thermoplastic or a thermoset is ±0.008 to ±0.002 inches. Surface finishes of two to four microinches or better are can be obtained. Rough or pebbled surfaces are also possible.Lubrication and CoolingObviously, the mold must be cooled in order for the production to take place. Because of the heat capacity, inexpensiveness, and availability of water, water is used as the primary cooling agent. To cool the mold, water can be channeled through the mold to account for quick cooling times. Usually a colder mold is more efficient because this allows for faster cycle times. However, this is not always true because crystalline materials require the opposite: a warmer mold and lengthier cycle time.InsertsMetal inserts can be also be injection molded into the workpiece. For large volume parts the inserts are placed in the mold using automated machinery. An advantage of using automated components is that the smaller size of parts allows a mobile inspection system that can be used to examine multiple parts in a decreased amount of time. In addition to mounting inspection systems on automated components, multiple axial robots are also capable of removing parts from the mold and place them in latter systems that can be used to ensure quality of multiple parameters. The ability of automated components to decrease the cycle time of the processes allows for a greater output of quality parts.Specific instances of this increased efficiency include the removal of parts from the mold immediately after the parts are created and use in conjunction with vision systems. The removal of parts is achieved by using robots to grip the partonce it has become free from the mold after in ejector pins have been raised. The robot then moves these parts into either a holding location or directly onto an inspection system, depending on the type of product and the general layout of the rest of the manufacturer's production facility. Visions systems mounted on robots are also an advancement that has greatly changed the way that quality control is performed in insert molded parts. A mobile robot is able to more precisely determine the accuracy of the metal component and inspect more locations in the same amount of time as a human inspector.注塑成型注射制模（Injection moldin）是一种生产由热塑性塑料或热固性塑料所构成的部件的过程。
先进铸造技术动态建模过程和模具设计毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
原文：《Modelling the dynamics of the tilt-casting process and the effect of the mould design on the casting quality》H. Wang a,G. Djambazov a, K.A. Pericleous a, R.A. Harding b, M. Wickins bCentre for Numerical Modelling and Process Analysis, University of Greenwich, London SE10 9LS, UK b IRC in Materials Processing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UAbstractAll titanium alloys are highly reactive in the molten condition and so are usually melted in a water-cooled copper crucible to avoid contamination using processes such as Induction Skull Melting (ISM). These provide only limited superheat which, coupled with the surface turbulence inherent in most conventional mould filling processes, results in entrainment defects such as bubbles in the castings. To overcome these problems, a novel tilt-casting process has been developed in which the mould is attached directly to the ISM crucible holding the melt and the two are then rotated together to achieve a tranquil transfer of the metal into the mould. From the modelling point of view, this process involves complex three-phase flow, heat transfer and solidification. In this paper, the development of a numerical model of the tilt-casting process is presented featuring several novel algorithm developments introduced into a general CFD package (PHYSICA) to model the complex dynamic interaction of the liquid metal and melting atmosphere. These developments relate to the front tracking and heat transfer representations and to a casting-specific adaptation of the turbulence model to account for an advancing solid front. Calculations have been performed for a 0.4 m long turbine blade cast in a titanium aluminide alloy using different mould designs. It is shown that the feeder/basin configuration has a crucial influence on the casting quality. The computational results are validated against actual castings and are used to support an experimental programme. Although fluid flow and heat transfer are inseparable in a casting, the emphasis in this paper will be on the fluid dynamics of mould filling and its influence on cast quality rather than heat transfer and solidification which has been reported elsewhere.KeywordsTilt-casting; Mould design; 3-D computational model; Casting process；1. IntroductionThe casting process is already many centuries old, yet many researchers are still devoted to its study. Net shape casting is very attractive from the cost point of view compared to alternative component manufacturing methods such as forging or machining. However, reproducible qualityis still an issue; the elimination of defects and control of microstructure drive research. Casting involves first the filling of the mould and subsequently the solidification of the melt. From the numerical modelling point of view, this simple sequence results in a very complex three-phase problem to simulate. A range of interactions of physical phenomena are involved including free surface fluid flow as the mould fills, heterogeneous heat transfer from the metal to the mould, solidification of the molten metal as it cools, and the development of residual stresses and deformation of the solidified component.In industry there are many variants of the casting process such as sand casting, investment casting, gravity, and low and high pressure die casting. In this study, the investment casting process, also called lost-wax casting, has been investigated. One of the advantages of this process is that it is capable of producing (near) net shape parts, which is particularly important for geometrically complex and difficult-to-machine components. This process starts with making a ceramic mould which involves three main steps: injecting wax into a die to make a replica of the component and attaching this to a pouring basin and running system; building a ceramic shell by the application of several layers of a ceramic slurry and ceramic stucco to the wax assembly; de-waxing and mould firing. The pouring of the casting is performed either simply under gravity (no control), or using a rapid centrifugal action [1] (danger of macro-segregation plus highly turbulent filling), or by suction as in counter-gravity casting (e.g. the Hitchiner process[2]), or by tilt-casting. In this study, tilt-casting was chosen in an attempt to achieve tranquil mould filling. Tilt-casting was patented in 1919 by Durville [3] and has been successfully used with sand castings[4] and aluminium die castings[5]. In the IMPRESS project [6], a novel process has been proposed and successfully developed to combine Induction Skull Melting (ISM) of reactive alloys with tilt-casting[7], [8], [9] and [10], with a particular application to the production of turbine blades in titanium aluminidealloys. As shown in Fig. 1, this is carried out inside a vacuum chamber and the mould is pre-heated in situ to avoid misruns (incomplete mould filling due to premature solidification) and mould cracking due to thermal shock.Tilt-casting process: (a) experimental equipment; (b) schematic view of the ISM crucible and mould, showing the domed shape acquired by the molten metal; (c) different stages of mould filling showing the progressive replacement of gas by the metal.The component(s) to be cast are attached to a pouring basin which also doubles as a source of metal to feed the solidification shrinkage. The components are angled on the basin to promote the progressive uni-directional flow of metal into the mould. As the metal enters the mould it displaces the gas and an escape route has to be included in the design so that the two counter-flowing streams are not mixed leading to bubbles trapped in the metal. Vents are also used to enable any trapped gas to escape. The ‘feeder’ used to connect the mould to the crucible is normally in any casting the last portion of metal to solidify, so supplying metal to the mould to counter the effects of solidification shrinkage. In tilt-casting, the feeder is also the conduit for the tranquil flow of metal into the mould and also for the unhindered escape of gas. For this reason, the fluid dynamics of the mould feeder interface merit detailed study.As well as the mould/feeder design, the production of castings involves several other key parameters, such as the metal pouring temperature, initial mould temperature, selective mould insulation and the tilt cycle timing. All these parameters have an influence on the eventual quality of the casting leading to a very large matrix of experiments. Modelling (once validated) is crucial in reducing the amount of physical experiments required. As mentioned above, the mathematical models are complex due to the fact that this is a three-phase problem with two rapidly developing phase fronts (liquid/gas and solid/liquid). In this paper, a 3-D computational model is used to simulate the tilt-casting process and to investigate the effect of the design of the basin/feeder on the flow dynamics during mould filling and eventually on casting quality.2. Experimental descriptionDetails of the experimental setup have been published elsewhere [11], but for completeness a summary description is given here. Fig. 1a shows an overall view of the equipment used to perform the casting. The Induction Skull Melting (ISM) copper crucible is installed inside a vacuum chamber. To enable rotation, it is attached to a co-axial power feed, which also allows cooling water containing ethylene glycol to be supplied to the ISM crucible and the induction coil. The coil supplies a maximum of 8 kA at a frequency of ∼6 kHz. The crucible wall is segmented, so that the induction field penetrates through the slots (by inducing eddy currents into each finger segment) to melt the charge and at the same time repel the liquid metal away from the side wall to minimise the loss of superheat. A billet of TiAl alloy is loaded into the crucible before clamping on the ceramic shell mould. The mould is surrounded by a low thermal mass split-mould heater. After evacuating the vacuum chamber, the mould is heated to the required temperature (1200 °C maximum) and the vessel back-filled with argon to a partial pressure of 20 kPa prior to melting. This pressure significantly reduces the evaporative loss of the volatile aluminium contained in the alloy. The power applied to the induction coil is increased according to a pre-determined power vs. time schedule so that a reproducible final metal temperature is achieved. At the end of melting (7–8 min), the mould heater is opened and moved away. The induction melting power is rampeddown and, simultaneously, the ISM crucible and mould are rotated by 180° using a programmable controller to transfer the metal into the mould. The mould containing the casting is held vertically as the metal solidifies and cools down.3. Mathematical model3.1. Fluid flow equationsThe modelling of the castingprocess has involved a number of complex computational techniques since there are a range of physical interactions to account for: free surface fluid flow, turbulence, heat transfer and solidification, and so on. The fluid flow dynamics of the molten metal and the gas filling the rest of the space are governed by the Navier–Stokes equations, and a 3D model is used to solve the incompressible time-dependent flow:(1)(2)where u is the fluid velocity vector; ρ is the density; μ is the fluid viscosity; Su is a source term which contains body forces (such as gravitational force, a resistive force (Darcy term) [12]) and the influence of boundaries. There is a sharp, rapidly evolving, property interface separating metal and gas regions in these equations as explained below.3.2. Free surface: counter diffusion method (CDM)One of the difficulties of the simulation arises from the fact that two fluid media are present during filling: liquid metal and resident gas and their density ratio is as high as 10,000:1. Not only does the fluid flow problem need to be solved over the domain, but the model also has to track the evolution of the interface of the two media with time. A scalar fluid marker Φ was introduced to represent the metal volume fraction in a control volume and used to track the interface of the two fluids, called the Scalar Equation Algorithm (SEA) by Pericleous et al. [14]. In a gas cell, Φ = 0; in a metal cell, Φ = 1; for a partially filled cell Φ takes on an intermediate value which the interface of the two media crosses through. The dynamics of the interface are governed by the advection equation:(3)The interface then represents a moving property discontinuity in the domain, which has to be handled carefully to avoid numerical smearing. As in [14], an accurate explicit time stepping scheme such as that by Van Leer [15] may be used to prevent smearing. However, the scheme is then limited to extremely small time steps for stability, leading to very lengthy computations. To overcome this problem, a new tracking method, the counter diffusion method (CDM) [11] and [16], was developed as a corrective mechanism to counter this ‘numerical diffusion’. Thisdiscretizes the free surface equation in a stable, fully implicit scheme which makes the computations an order of magnitude faster. The implementation assumes that an interface-normal counter diffusion flux can be defined for each internal face of the computational mesh and applied with opposite signs to elements straddling the interface as source terms for the marker variable. The equation for the flux per unit area F can be written as:(4)where C is a scaling factor, a free parameter in CDM allowing the strength of the counter diffusion action to be adjusted, and n is the unit normal vector to the face in the mesh. Of the two cells either side of the face, the one w ith the lower value of the marker ΦD becomes the donor cell while the ‘richer’ cell ΦA is the acceptor (in order to achieve the counter diffusion action). The proposed formula makes the counter diffusion action self-limiting as it is reduced to zero where the donor approaches zero (gas) and where the acceptor reaches unity (liquid). In this form, the adjustment remains conservative. Quantitative validation of CDM against other VOF type techniques is given in a later section of the paper for accuracy and efficiency.3.3. Heat transfer and solidificationHeat transfer takes place between the metal, mould and gas, and between cold and hot metal regions as the mould filling is carried out. The heat flow is computed by a transient energy conservation equation:(5)where T is the temperature; k is the thermal conductivity; cp is the specific heat (properties can be functions of the local temperature or other variables); ST is the source term which represents viscous dissipation, boundary heat transfer and latent heat contributions when a phase change occurs. For the latter, a new marker variable fL is used to represent the liquid fraction of the metal with (1 − fL) being the volume fraction of solidified metal. V oller et al. [13] used a non-linear temperature function to calculate the liquid fraction. In this study, the liquid fraction is assumed to be a linear function of the metal temperature:(6)TL is the liquidus temperature and TS is the solidus temperature.3.4. LVEL turbulence model (applied to solid moving boundaries)Even at low filling speeds, the Reynolds number is such that the flow is turbulent. The LVEL method of Spalding [17] is chosen to compute the turbulence because of its mixing-length simplicity and robustness. LVEL is an abbreviation of a distance from the nearest wall (L) and the local velocity (VEL). The approximate wall distance is solved by the Eqs. (7) and (8):(7)∇·(∇W)=-1where W is an auxiliary variable in the regions occupied by the moving fluid with boundary conditions W = 0 on all solid walls.(8)This distance and the local velocity are used in the calculation of the local Reynolds number from which the local value of the turbulent viscosity νt is obtained using a universal non-dimensional velocity profile away from the wall. The effective turbulent viscosity is then computed from the following equation:(9)where κ = 0.417 is the von Karman constant, E = 8.6 is the logarithmic law constant [17] and u+ is determined implicitly from the local Reynolds number Reloc = uL/ν with the magnitude of the local velocity u and the laminar kinematic viscosity ν[17]. The LVEL method was extended to moving solid boundaries and in particular to solidifying regions by setting W = 0 in every region that is no longer fluid and then solving Eqs. (7) and (8) at each time step.In simulating the tilt-casting process, the geometry is kept stationary and the gravitational force vector is rotated to numerically model the tilt instead of varying the coordinates of the geometry. The rotating gravitational force vector appears in the source term of Eq. (1) for the tilt-casting process. A mathematical expression relating the tilting speed to the tilting angle θ has been used. Since θ is a function of time, the variable rotation speed is adjustable to achieve tranquil filling. This technique neglects rotational forces within the fluid (centrifugal, Coriolis) since they are negligible at the slow rotation rates encountered in tilt-casting. Finally, the numerical model of the tilt-casting process and the new algorithm developments were implemented in the general CFD package (PHYSICA).4. Description of simulations4.1. Geometry, mould design and computational meshThe casting is a generic 0.4 m-long turbine blade typical of that used in an Industrial Gas Turbine. Fig. 2 shows three mould designs which comprise the blade, a feeder/basin and a cylindrical crucible. Fig. 2a incorporates a separate cube-shaped feeder that partially links the root of the blade and the basin. Fig. 2b is a variant in which the plane of the blade is rotated through 90°. In both cases, the computational mesh contains 31,535 elements and 38,718 points. Six vents are located on the platform and the shroud of the blade, as seen in Fig. 2a and b. Fig. 2c is an optimised design where the feeder and basin are combined to provide a smooth connection between the blade and the crucible. Two vents are located in the last areas to be filled to help entrapped gas to escape from the mould. Mesh of the crucible-mould assembly for the three casesinvestigated.The mesh for the last case contains 30,185 elements and 37,680 vertices. As in all the cases presented, numerical accuracy depends on mesh fineness and also the degree of orthogonality. To ensure a mostly orthogonal mesh the various components of the assembly were created separately using a structured body-fitted mesh generator and then joined using a mixture of hexahedral and tetrahedral cells. The mesh was refined as necessary in thin sections (such as the blade itself or the shroud and base plates), but not necessarily to be fine enough to resolve boundary layer details. For this reason the LVEL turbulence model was used rather than a more usual two-equation model of turbulence that relies on accurate wall function representation. The practical necessity to run in parallel with the experimental programme also limited the size of the mesh used. As with all free surface tracking algorithms, the minimum cell size determines the time step size for the stable simulations. Although the CDM method is implicit, allowing the time step to exceed the cell CFL limit, accuracy is then affected. With these restrictions, turnaround time for a complete tilt-casting cycle was possible within 24 h.As stated earlier, the feeder is necessary to minimise the solidification shrinkage porosity in the blade root. Two alternative designs have been considered: a cubic feeder with a volume to cooling surface area ratio of 14.5 mm, and a cylindrical feeder designed with better consideration of fluid dynamics during mould filling and which had a slightly lower volume to area ratio of 13.8 mm.4.2. Initial and boundary conditionsThe choice of parameters for the calculations was based on the experiments [16]. The properties of the materials used in the calculations are listed in Table 1. The initial conditions (the same as in the trials) and boundary conditions of the calculations are shown in Table 2.Table 1.Properties of the materials in this study.Ti–46Al–8Ta alloy MouldDensity (kg/m3) 5000 2200Thermal conductivity (W/(m K)) 21.6 1.6Specific heat (J/(kg K)) 1000 1000Viscosity (kg/(m s)) 0.5 ×10−60.1Liquidus temperature (°C) 1612 –Solidus temperature (°C) 1537 –Latent heat (J/kg) 355,000 100,0004.3. Tilt cycleThe molten metal in the ISM crucible is poured via the basin/feeder into the mould by rotating the assembly. A parabolic programmed cycle [16] is employed to complete the castingprocess with a total filling time of 6 s. The carefully designed cycle includes a fast rotation speed at the early stage of the mould filling to transfer the molten metal into the basin/feeder, a subsequent deceleration to a nearly zero velocity to allow most of the metal to fill the mould horizontally and to avoid forming a back wave and surface turbulence, and then the rapid completion of the filling to reduce the heat loss to the mould wall.5. Computing requirementsThe results presented here have been obtained using an Inter (R) Xeon (R) CPU E5520 2.27 GHz, 23.9 GB of RAM. For a typical mesh of 30,000 finite volume cells, each full tilt-casting simulation (real time 6 s) took approximately 15 h and 1200 time steps to complete. The CDM algorithm uses a fixed time step of 0.005 s which is at least five times larger than that used in conventional methods such as Van Leer or Donor–Acceptor. Similar computations carried out with the alternative Donor–Acceptor algorithm took typically one week to complete.The speed of execution and stability of the CDM method does not necessarily compromise accuracy. This can be demonstrated in the classic collapsing column benchmark experiment of Martin and Moyce [18] shown schematically in Fig. 3. A rectangular water column with a height of 2 m and a width of 1 m is initially confined between two vertical walls in hydrostatic equilibrium. Air is present as the outer medium. Once the confining wall is removed, the water column collapses on to the plane y = 0 under gravity and spreads out along the x direction.Fig. 3. Configuration of water column collapsing experiment.View thumbnail images The experiment was designed specifically so that it could be modelled computationally in two dimensions. Therefore, a 2D domain was used meshed into 880 cells (40 × 22).The comparison between the numerical result with CDM, the Van Leer and the popular Donor–Acceptor algorithm against the experimental data is presented in Fig. 4, where the horizontal extent of the water front and the residual height of the water column are plotted as functions of elapsed time. It can be seen that there is generally good agreement between the numerical results and the experimental data. However, although the three numerical methods match each other perfectly, there is some disagreement against the experiment when the non-dimensional time t* is greater than 1.4. It is concluded that in terms of accuracy, CDM is at least as good as the alternative explicit techniques which have been in widespread use for many years.Fig. 4. Validation of the CDM method and comparisons of the CDM against Van Leer, and donor acceptor for (a) the front position and (b) the residual height of the collapsing water column experiment of Martin and Moyce [18].As mentioned above, a feature of the CDM method is that the discretization of the free surface equation is made in a stable, fully implicit scheme which makes the computations an order of magnitude faster. Table 3 presents a comparison of CDM against the other two methods investigated, in terms of the computational efficiency. It is shown that CDM can be applied with a bigger time step than the other methods since CDM it is not limited by the Courant–Friedrichs–Levy (CFL) criterion. Furthermore, due to greater numerical stability, the number of iterations per time step is also reduced which makes the CDM simulation even faster. The first two columns in the table show that the time step for CDM can be ten times bigger than the others. The running time with the Van Leer total variation diminishing (TVD) scheme is 1.3 times longer than with CDM for the same time step, but the Van Leer scheme suffers from interface smearing. The running time of the most popular scheme for casting simulations, the donor acceptor method, is almost four times longer than that with CDM when the same time step is used. CDM is up to eight times faster (16 s vs. 132 s as shown underlined in Table 3) when the optimal time step for CDM is used.Table 3. Comparisons of the efficiency of CDM with others numerical methods.Δt1 = 0.1 s Δt1 = 0.05 s Δt1 = 0.01 sMethodN t (s) N t (s) N t (s)Van Leer Error Exceeds CFL limit 10 47Donor Acceptor Error Exceeds CFL limit 40 132CDM 20 16 15 17 5 34Notes: Δt = time step; t = running time; N = average number of iterations per time step.6. Simulations – results and discussion6.1. Effect of mould orientationCalculations with two orientations (Fig. 2a and b) for the assembly with the cubic feeder have been performed. Fig. 5 shows the mould filling progression as iso-surface plots of the free surface marker, at Ф = 0.5, at a filling time of 3.2 s. It is seen that in a design without consideration for flow behaviour, the metal is thrown into the cubic feeder in both cases in a turbulent state, becauseof the sudden change in cross-section. At any given time during filling, more metal enters the cubic feeder and less enters the blade in orientation 2, Fig. 5b, compared with orientation 1, Fig. 5a, leading to a restricted exit path for the escaping gas. For both orientations, the sudden drop at the connection between the feeder and the root of the blade leads to jetting and turbulence at the point where the metal flows from the feeder into the blade cavity.Comparison of mould filling with two orientations in contour plots of the free surface marker Ф = 0.5 at the interface, time = 3.2 s for a cubic feeder: (a) orientation 1: mould oriented at 30° to tilt axis; (b) orientation 2: long axis of the root perpendicular to the tilt plane.A later stage in the filling process is presented in Fig. 6 for the same two orientations, with the blades now filled with metal. Although both orientations display the same problems of gas mixing and turbulence caused by the two sudden steps in the feeder, it seems that orientation 1 leads to less gas mixing than orientation 2. Fig. 7 shows the 0.4 m-long turbine blade castings produced by the process. There is surface evidence of porosity at the connection between the feeder and the root of the blade on the concave sides, and this is worse for orientation 2 than for orientation 1. Radiography indicates the internal extent of this porosity. Although several factors are responsible for its formation, including the presence of a hot spot leading to an isolated liquid pool during solidification and subsequent shrinkage, the presence of trapped gas is a major contributorComparison of mould filling with two orientations in contour plots of the free surface marker Ф = 0.5 at the interface, time = 5.2 s for a cubic feeder: (a) orientation 1: mould oriented at 30° to tilt axis; (b) orientation 2: long axis of the root perpendicular to the tilt plane.Comparisons of the experimental results with two orientations: (a) orientation 1: mould oriented at 30° to tilt axis; (b) orientation 2: root axis perpendicular to the tilt plane.6.2. Effect of the mould design: cubic vs. cylindrical feederIn the above discussion, it was shown that the orientation of the blade relative to the tilt axis in Fig.2 is important, and that the sudden changes in cross-section with a cubic feeder lead to turbulent mixing of gas and liquid metal. In the following section, the effect of the feeder design on casting quality will be studied comparing two mould designs: one with a cylindrical feeder (Fig. 2c) and the other with a cubic feeder with the preferred orientation (Fig. 2a).Fig. 8 shows a comparison of the instantaneous free surface location at a filling time of 3.0 s. As can be seen, the metal is smoothly entering the blade cavity in the case of the cylindrical feeder. In contrast the metal is thrown into the cubic feeder because of the sudden change in the cross-section. The sudden drop at the connection between the feeder and the root of the bladeleads to jetting and turbulence when the metal flows from the feeder into the blade cavity. The comparison also shows that the filling of the blade with the cylindrical feeder is faster than with the cubic feeder. This phenomenon is demonstrated in Fig. 9 as well.The comparison of the mould filling with the two designs of feeder: iso-surface plots of the free surface marker Ф = 0.5 at time = 3.0 s: (a) cube feeder; (b) cylindrical feeder.Comparison of the mould filling with the two feeders: contour plots with the free surface marker Ф = 0.5 at the interface, time = 4.6 s: (a) cubic feeder; (b) cylindrical feeder.9 shows the flow progress at a later stage of the mould filling (rotation time of 4.6 s) for the two competing designs. It can be seen that the design with the cylindrical feeder and with the vertical orientation of the blade provides a better gas escape route back to the crucible (in addition to gas escaping through the vents in the mould) than the design with the cubic feeder. There are two flow restrictions in the cubic feeder design: one is the connection between the basin and the feeder and the other is the connection between the feeder and the root of the blade, both leading to a step change in cross-section. This geometric feature of the assembly causes the gas to be easily trapped in the upper corner of the root.Fig. 10 highlights the velocity vector field as the metal enters the mould in the cubic feeder design, Fig. 2a. It is seen that the metal is pushed back from the root of the blade (zoomed). The metal and the gas re-circulate in the cavity of the root. This recirculation will result in mixing of gas with the metal which presents a high risk of forming casting defects such as bubblesFig. 10. The computed velocity field and iso-surface (free surface marker Ф = 0.5 at the interface) time = 3.1 s for the cubic feeder.The computed velocity field in Fig. 11a illustrates that the gas is trapped and gas recirculation takes place in the cube feeder although some gas in the aerofoil and in the platform is slowly evacuated by the vents at the platform of the blade (zoomed). Gas recirculation leads to gas–metal mixing. This introduces a high risk of the formation of gas bubbles which are then blocked inside the casting if the superheat is not high enough to allow them time to float up before the casting solidifies. In Fig. 11b, it is shown that the cross-section at the connection of the basin with the cubic feeder is fully blocked by the metal coming from the crucible at a certain moment during the mould filling. This is the reason that gas recirculation appears in the cube feeder and the root of the blade. For the cylindrical feeder, the gas evacuation path is clear (Fig. 11c and d) and there is no danger of the gas being trapped in the upper corner of the root, especially since a vent is located at the top of the platform (see Fig. 2). Comparison of the computed velocity field and iso-surface (free surface marker Ф = 0.5 at the interface) time = 4.8 s。
模具方面的外文翻译
外文资料翻译：PLASTIC PRODUCT FAILURE DUE TO DESIGN,MATERIAL OR PROCESSING PROBLEMSBy Myer Ezrin, Gary Lavigne and John Helwig University of Connecticut, Institute of Materials ScienceAbstractSeveral examples are given in which design, processing, or an aspect of the material were primary contributors to failure of plastic products. A common pattern is failure to realize the consequences of seemingly inconsequential practices or decisions. Mold design was a factor in some cases. Material factors and processing were involved in other cases. Frequently design, material and processing are so closely related that failure cannot be ascribed solely to one of the three (8).1. IntroductionIn many cases of failure the cause is at least partly due to failure to know or realize the potential consequences of seemingly safe practices or decisions. In many of the cases cited failure occurs at the manufacturing stage, either in primary processing, such as injection molding, or in secondary operations. All failures can be traced to the design, the material, or processing, assuming service conditions are not unusually severe. The interdependence of thethree main causes of failure is such that often all are contributors. Material and processing are particularly strongly linked.The material contribution to failure may be in the polymer itself or in an additive. Processing imposes on plastics thermal and mechanical stresses that frequently are the most severe a part will experience in its entire lifetime. Failure is often due to lack of realization of how severe the stresses in processing are and of the effect on the material. Examples are given of failures due to part design, mold design, material selection and processing.2. Part Design2.1 Polypropylene (PP) caps for a packaging application required that the top of the cap be flexed substantially due to direct contact with a round ball at the top of the container. Fracture occurred with some caps from the high flexural load and deformation. The gate was at the center of the top of the cap where stress was greatest in service. The design and material can withstand the service stresses only if the material properties are in control, which was not the case. Inadequate antioxidant and regrind use were the main causes of molecular weight being out of control. This case illustrates a failure to realize how readily certain polymers, in particular PP, degrade during processing and that a small reduction in molecular weight (MW) may be sufficient to cause failure. Thedesign played a part in that the fracture initiation is at the gate which is inherently weak.The effect of processing on the material can be monitored by how much melt index or melt flow rate increases in processing. Generally an increase of more than 10-20% in most cases may be too much, unless the part experiences very little stress in service. The corresponding decrease in MW may be only about 5%, yet that may be more than the design and the service stresses will tolerate. Fortunately, melt index is a convenient and sensitive test which takes advantage of the fact that melt viscosity is a function of the 3.4 power of MW above about 20,000 MW (ç = KM3.4). Another relatively simple test that provides a measure, in effect, of antioxidant content is oxidative induction time by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) (ASTM D3895). This test is particularly applicable to polyolefins (PE, PP). Without adequate antioxidant, PP and PE are very susceptible to oxidative degradation during processing. While this case is cited as an example of part design, it also illustrates how material and processing considerations are also involved.Presented at National Manufacturing Week, Design for Manufacturability of Plastic Parts, March 16, 1999, Chicago. PLASTIC PRODUCT FAILURE DUE TO DESIGN, MATERIAL OR PROCESSING PROBLEMSby Myer Ezrin, Gary Lavigne and John Helwig2.2 An O ring made of plasticized PVC was in contact with a polycarbonate part in an assembly that requiredthat the PC move freely when the O ring pressure was removed. In service there was sticking, i.e., separation did not occur readily as designed. Plasticizer at the surface transferred to the PC, which is not completely impervious to plasticizer. In effect, the plasticizer became an adhesive between PC and PVC. This failure was probably also due in part to the fact that plasticizers are less compatible in PVC under pressure. In this case the effect of plasticizer on PC, an amorphous polymer, was not realized, as well as the pressure effect on compatibility. ABS is also adversely affected by contact with plasticizer from PVC.2.3 Bottle caps were spray painted for color and scratch resistance. The bottom of the caps were to be bonded to another part of the cap with silicone adhesive. The adhesive failed to bond to the plastic in some cases. The cause was that some spray paint contacted the bottom surface. Waxy ingredients in the paint, for scratch resistance, interfered with the bond that normally would have been made to the silicone. The design and processing did not take into account the need to protect the bottom surface while the cap above was spray painted. It should have been realized that eventraces of contaminant on a surface can reduce bond strength very strongly.3. Mold Design3.1 An ABS injection molded part of a syringe needle holder (4) consisted of two flats on the inside 180Eapart. A metal eyelet and tubing inserted after molding were held in place by stress at the flats. The design called for the flats, which are high stress points, to be 90E removed from the part’s two weld lines. In some mold cavities the flats were not located as intended, so that the flats were at the weld lines, contributing to failure.3.2 A hollow ABS injection molded part had a top ring of ABS ultrasonically welded into the insidediameter of the part. Some welds had a protrusion at one point in the circumference, which was thought to be flash from the welding. These defects occurred with parts from one of a two cavity mold. Lowering the force of insertion of the top ring during welding did not eliminate all defects. Examination of molded parts for frozen-in stress by immersion in acetic acid (ASTM D1939) showed very little stress. A check for out of roundness showed that bad parts were out of round as much as ±0.0025", compared to ±0.0005" for g ood parts. Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view of a welded junction obtainedby sanding down a welded unit. The failure is a fracture of the outer wall of the molded part, which occurred only with out of round parts. Figure 2 is a sketch of how good and bad parts fit together with the insert. Fracture was due to flash pushing the edge of the part outwards as the ring insert was forced down. In good welds all the flash moved downward inside the part. In this case the human failure was not to check if parts or the mold cavity were perfectly round.4. Material4.1 A glass-filled PBT (polybutylene terephthalate) part had a hole in the center in which a threaded metalpart moved freely back and forth. In oven aging at 160EC to simulate under the hood automotive service the metal part lost its ability to move freely in the PBT part, which had shrunken slightly. Shrinkage was due mainly to further crystallization in service beyond the degree of crystallinity as molded. DSC showed that the heat of fusion increased approximately 20%, corresponding to a like increase in degree of crystallinity. The crystallinity developed on aging at 160EC is seen as a new peak at approximately 200EC. Shrinkage would not occur if the part was fully crystallized. It would not be a problem if the fit or tolerance between metal and plastic was not so tight. Possibly a nucleating agent in the PBT would give complete crystallization as molded, so that shrinkageas molded would not occur in service. What was not realized was that crystalline polymers may shrink in service if not fully crystallized.4.2 A prototype part was machined from a block of plastic believed to be acetal homopolymer. It performed in trial runs in service below expectations. Consideration was being given to redesign or to a change inPLASTIC PRODUCT FAILURE DUE TO DESIGN, MATERIAL OR PROCESSING PROBLEMSby Myer Ezrin, Gary Lavigne and John Helwigmaterial. A check of the material by infrared spectroscopy and DSC showed that it was HDPE, not acetal. The trial run results were consistent with what would be expected of HDPE. The failure was in assuming incorrectly what the type of material was.5. ProcessingAs indicated in the Introduction, a common failure is not to realize that the most severe and potentially damaging stage in a plastic’s entire experience is the thermal and mechanical stresses of processing. This problem is particularly serious for condensation polymers (nylon, PET, PC, PUR) and for polyolefins, although it is a problem for all materials. In the former case, hydrolysis to lower MW can take place if water content is above about 0.01%. Therequirement of practically complete dryness in the melt cannot be overemphasized. For polyolefins like PE and PP, oxygen is the enemy, together with free radicals (reactive carbon atoms lacking one hydrogen atom) (5). Without adequate and effective antioxidant, the stage for failure is set in the molding machine or extruder. Section 2.1 above refers to the 3.4 power relationship between melt viscosity and MW. For even a small increase in MW, the melt viscosity penalty is high, making processability even more difficult. At the same time, the curve of properties (strength, toughness, chemical resistance) vs. MW is leveling off (6), so that the gain in product performance may come at a high price in processability. The lesson seems to be to design so that properties can be achieved at the lowest MW possible (highest MI). The interdependence of design, material and processing is very high. This is noted in some cases above.5.1 In injection molding of a PC part requiring high resistance to outdoor exposure, a deposit formed onthe mold, requiring shutdown and cleaning more often than was usually experienced with PC. It also contaminated the surface of the part. Analysis identified the deposit as a UV absorber present at a relatively high concentration because of the light stability requirement. It was near its compatibility limit and the high temperature and pressure of moldingdeposited a small amount each time. Over a two week period, what was not noticeable at first became a real problem. lower temperature might help reduce the problem, but change in amount or type of UV absorber may also be needed.5.2 A brominated hydrocarbon flame retardant in nylon 6 is making it difficult to process and to retain thedesired properties. Such materials act as flame retardants by decomposing and releasing bromine (Br2) and hydrogen bromide (HBr), which act as a blanket to exclude air. But when the bromo compound does that during processing, even to a small extent, the HBr, in contact with any water present, becomes H+Br-. H+ acid is a strong catalyst for hydrolysis of condensation polymers; nylon 6 is a polyamide (-NHCO-). Hydrolysis occurs at the nitrogen-carbon bond. Processing in this case is a virtual tightrope walk.5.3 A polyurethane containing a metal carbonate for radiopacity gave porosity in extrusions. Analysis bythermal desorption gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (7) identified carbon dioxide in the extruded material. This was traced to the carbonate, which contained CO2 as received, and decomposed further in processing. Elimination of the problem is focusing on removing the initially present CO2 in the carbonate and molding so as to cause very little to form during processing.6. SummarySuccessful manufacture of plastic parts is a far more complicated matter than may be realized. Thetechnology involved cannot be used most effectively without knowledge of the basic organic chemistry and physical chemistry that underlie the materials, including polymers and additives, and the rheology that is involved in melt flow processing. A major category of failure has not been dealt with in this paper, i.e., orientation and frozen-in stress and the consequences in environmental stress-cracking, warpage, etc. Orientation is affected very strongly by polymer molecular weight and composition, as well as processing; design also plays a role. Failure to understand the ways in.PLASTIC PRODUCT FAILURE DUE TO DESIGN, MATERIAL OR PROCESSING PROBLEMSby Myer Ezrin, Gary Lavigne and John Helwigwhich design and material affect processing and, in turn, how all three affect product performance is the underlyingcause of many plastic problems.译文：塑料产品故障由于设计，材料或处理问题由迈尔埃兹林，加里Lavigne和约翰埃尔格康涅狄格大学，材料科学研究所抽象给出几个例子中，设计，加工，或者是物质方面主要贡献者在塑料产品失败。
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冷冲模具使用寿命的影响及对策冲压模具概述冲压模具--在冷冲压加工中，将材料（金属或非金属）加工成零件（或半成品）的一种特殊工艺装备，称为冷冲压模具（俗称冷冲模）。
冲压--是在室温下，利用安装在压力机上的模具对材料施加压力，使其产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需零件的一种压力加工方法。
冲压模具的形式很多，一般可按以下几个主要特征分类：１．根据工艺性质分类（1）冲裁模沿封闭或敞开的轮廓线使材料产生分离的模具。
如落料模、冲孔模、切断模、切口模、切边模、剖切模等。
（2）弯曲模使板料毛坯或其他坯料沿着直线（弯曲线）产生弯曲变形，从而获得一定角度和形状的工件的模具。
（3）拉深模是把板料毛坯制成开口空心件，或使空心件进一步改变形状和尺寸的模具。
（4）成形模是将毛坯或半成品工件按图凸、凹模的形状直接复制成形，而材料本身仅产生局部塑性变形的模具。
如胀形模、缩口模、扩口模、起伏成形模、翻边模、整形模等。
２．根据工序组合程度分类（1）单工序模在压力机的一次行程中，只完成一道冲压工序的模具。
（2）复合模只有一个工位，在压力机的一次行程中，在同一工位上同时完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。
（3）级进模（也称连续模）在毛坯的送进方向上，具有两个或更多的工位，在压力机的一次行程中，在不同的工位上逐次完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。
冲冷冲模全称为冷冲压模具。
冷冲压模具是一种应用于模具行业冷冲压模具及其配件所需高性能结构陶瓷材料的制备方法，高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料由氧化锆、氧化钇粉中加铝、镨元素构成，制备工艺是将氧化锆溶液、氧化钇溶液、氧化镨溶液、氧化铝溶液按一定比例混合配成母液，滴入碳酸氢铵，采用共沉淀方法合成模具及其配件陶瓷材料所需的原材料，反应生成的沉淀经滤水、干燥，煅烧得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料超微粉，再经过成型、烧结、精加工，便得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料。
本发明的优点是本发明制成的冷冲压模具及其配件使用寿命长，在冲压过程中未出现模具及其配件与冲压件产生粘结现象，冲压件表面光滑、无毛刺，完全可以替代传统高速钢、钨钢材料。
冷冲模具主要零件冷冲模具是冲压加工的主要工艺装备，冲压制件就是靠上、下模具的相对运动来完成的。
加工时由于上、下模具之间不断地分合，如果操作工人的手指不断进入或停留在模具闭合区，便会对其人身安全带来严重威胁。
（一）模具的主要零件、作用及安全要求1．工作零件凸凹模是直接使坯料成形的工作零件，因此，它是模具上的关键零件。
凸凹模不但精密而且复杂，它应满足如下要求：（1）应有足够的强度，不能在冲压过程中断裂或破坏．（2）对其材料及热处理应有适当要求，防止硬度太高而脆裂。
2．定位零件定位零件是确定坯件安装位置的零件，有定位销（板）、挡料销（板）、导正销、导料板、定距侧刀、侧压器等。
设计定位零件时应考虑操作方便，不应有过定位，位置要便于观察，最好采用前推定位、外廓定位和导正销定位等。
3．压料、卸料及出料零件压料零件有压边圈、压料板等。
压边圈可对拉延坯料加压边力，从而防止坯料在切向压力的作用下拱起而形成皱褶。
压料板的作用是防止坯料移动和弹跳。
顶出器、卸料板的作用是便于出件和清理废料。
它们由弹簧、橡胶和设备上的气垫推杆支撑，可上下运动，顶出件设计时应具有足够的顶出力，运动要有限位。
卸料板应尽量缩小闭合区域或在操作位置上铣出空手槽。
暴露的卸料板的四周应设有防护板，防止手指伸入或异物进入，外露表面棱角应倒钝。
4．导向零件导柱和导套是应用最广泛的一种导向零件。
其作用是保证凸凹模在冲压工作时有精确的配合间隙。
因此，导柱、导套的间隙应小于冲裁间隙。
导柱设在下模座，要保证在冲程下死点时，导柱的上端面在上模板顶面以上最少5至10毫米。
导柱应安排在远离模块和压料板的部位，使操作者的手臂不用越过导柱送取料。
5．支承及夹持零件它包括上下模板、模柄、凸凹模固定板、垫板、限位器等。
上下模板是冷冲模具的基础零件，其他各种零件都分别安装固定在上面。
模板的平面尺寸，尤其是前后方向应与制件相适应，过大或过小均不利于操作。
有些模具（落料、冲孔类模具）为了出件方便，需在模架下设垫板。
这时垫板最好与模板之间用螺钉连接在一起，两垫板的厚度应绝对相等。
垫板的间距以能出件为准，不要太大，以免模板断裂。
6．紧固零件它包括螺钉、螺母、弹簧、柱销、垫圈等，一般都采用标准件。
冷冲模具的标准件用量较多，设计选用时应保证紧固和弹性顶出的需要，避免紧固件暴露在表面操作位置上，防止碰伤人手和妨碍操作。
冷冲模具的发展改革开放以来，随着国民经济的高速发展，市场对冷冲模具的需求量不断增长。
近年来，冷冲模具工业一直以15%左右的增长速度快速发展，冷冲模具工业企业的所有制成分也发生了巨大变化，除了国有专业模具厂外，集体、合资、独资和私营也得到了快速发展。
随着与国际接轨的脚步不断加快，市场竞争的日益加剧，人们已经越来越认识到产品质量、成本和新产品的开发能力的重要性。
而冷冲模具制造是整个链条中最基础的要素之一，冷冲模具制造技术现已成为衡量一个国家制造业水平高低的重要标志，并在很大程度上决定企业的生存空间。
近年许多冷冲模具企业加大了用于技术进步的投资力度，将技术进步视为企业发展的重要动力。
一些国内模具企业已普及了二维CAD，并陆续开始使用UG、ProEngineer、I-DEAS、Euclid-IS等国际通用软件，个别厂家还引进了Moldflow、C-Flow、DYNAFORM、Optris和MAGMASOFT等CAE 软件，并成功应用于冲压模的设计中。
以汽车覆盖件模具为代表的大型冲压模具的制造技术已取得很大进步，东风汽车公司模具厂、一汽模具中心等模具厂家已能生产部分轿车覆盖件模具。
此外，许多研究机构和大专院校开展模具技术的研究和开发。
经过多年的努力，在模具CADCAECAM技术方面取得了显著进步；在提高模具质量和缩短模具设计制造周期等方面做出了贡献。
虽然中国冷冲模具工业在过去十多年中取得了令人瞩目的发展，但许多方面与工业发达国家相比仍有较大的差距。
例如，精密加工设备在冷冲模具加工设备中的比重比较低；CADCAECAM技术的普及率不高；许多先进的模具技术应用不够广泛等等，致使相当一部分大型、精密、复杂和长寿命冷冲模具依赖进口。
随着科学技术的不断进步,现代工业产品的生产日益复杂与多样化,产品性能和质量也在不断提高,因而对冷冲压技术提出了更高的要求.为了使冷冲压技术能适应各工业部门的需要,冷冲压技术自身也在不断革新和发展.冷冲压技术的发展思路就是尽可能地完善和扩充冷冲压工艺的优点,克服其缺点.在冷冲压技术的发展过程中,应注意以下几方面：(1)冷冲压技术的发展过程中应正确地确定工艺参数及冷冲模具工作部分的形状与尺寸,提高冲压件的质量、缩短新产品试制周期,应在加强冲压成形理论研究的基础上,使冲压成形理论达到能对生产实际起指导作用,逐步建立起一套密切结合生产实际的先进的工艺分析计算方法.国外已开始采用弹塑性有限元法对汽车覆盖零件的成形过程进行应力应变分析和计算机模拟,以预测某一工艺方案对零件成形的可能性和可能出现的问题。
(2)加快产品更新换代,克服模具设计周期长的缺点.应大力开展模具计算机辅助设计和制造(CADCAM)技术的研究.在我国,目前要特别注意加强多工位级进模CADCAM技术的研究。
(3)满足大量生产需要以及减轻劳动强度.应加强冷冲压生产的机械化和自动化研究,使一般中、小件能在高速压力机上采用多工位级进模生产,达到生产高度自动化,进一步提高冲压的生产率。
(4)扩大冷冲压生产的运用范围.使冷冲压既适合大量生产,也适合小批量生产;既能生产一般精度的产品,也能生产精密零件.应注意开发如精密冲裁(特别是厚料精冲)、高能成形、软模成形、施压和超塑性加工等新成形工艺,还要推广简易模(软模和低熔点合金模)、通用组合模、数控冲床等设备的运用。
此外,对冲压板料性能的改进,模具新材料、模具新加工方法的开发也应进一步加强。
冷冲模具使用寿命的影响及对策冷冲模具的使用寿命是以冲制出的工件数量来计算的。
影响冷冲模寿命的因素很多。
主要有模具结构设计、制造模具所用凸模和凹模的材料、模具的热处理质量与表面强化、冲模零件的制造精度和冷冲压材料的选取。
除此之外，还有冲模的安装、调整、使用以及维修等。
1．模具设计对寿命的影响(1)排样设计的影响排样方法与搭边值对模具寿命的影响很大，过小的搭边值，往往是造成模具急剧磨损和凸、凹模啃伤的重要原因。
从节约材料出发，搭边值愈小愈好，但搭边值小于一定数值后，对模具寿命和剪切表面质量不利。
在冲裁中有可能被拉人模具问隙中，使零件产生毛刺，甚至损坏模具刃口，降低模具寿命。
因此，在考虑提高材料利用率的同时，必须根据零件产量、质量和寿命，确定排样方法和搭边值。
(2)凹模结构的影响对容易产生应力集中而开裂的凹模结构，可以采用组合结构或镶拼结构，以及预应力结构，从而提高模具使用寿命。
(3)间隙的影响当间隙过小时，压缩挤压利害，摩擦力增大，磨损增大，侧面的磨损加剧，冲裁后卸料和推件时，材料与凸、凹模之间的摩擦还将造成刃口侧面的磨损比端面的磨大大，同时也容易造成凸、凹模温度很高，把金属碎屑吸附在刃口侧面，形成金属瘤，使凸、凹模出现崩刃或胀裂现象。
因此，过小的间隙对模具寿命极为不利。
间隙太大，会增加凸模与凹模端面边缘的集中应力，致使压应力急剧增加，于是刃口边很快屈服变形而失去棱角。
因此又增加了冲裁力，进而使刃口边更快磨损，降低模具寿命。
但为了减小凸、凹模的磨损，延长模具使用寿命，在保证冲裁件质量的前提下，设计时适当采用较大间隙是十分必要的。
(4)模具导向结构对寿命的影响可靠的导向对于减小工作零件的磨损，避免凸、凹模啃伤是非常有效的。
特别对无问隙或小问隙冲裁模、复合模和多工位级进模更为重要。
为提高模具寿命，必须根据工序和零件精度要求，正确选择导向形式和导向精度，所选择导向精度应高于凸、凹模的配合精度。
(5)冷冲压材料选取的影响冷冲压材料应满足制件的设计要求和冲压工艺要求，否则容易损伤模具，降低模具使用寿命。
冷冲压材料表面质量不好，冲压时制件易破裂，也易擦伤模具。
冷冲压材料塑性不好，变形量小，冲压时制件易破裂，也易擦伤模具。
另外，材料的厚度公差应符合国家标准。
因为一副冲模适用于一定材料的厚度，成形、弯曲、翻边、引伸模具的凸、凹模结构间隙是直接根据材料厚度来确定的。
所以材料厚度不均匀，会导致废品产生和模具损坏。
2．模具材料对模具寿命的影响模具材料对模具寿命的影响是模具材料性质、化学成分、组织结构、硬度和冶金质量等的综合反映。
其中，材料性质和热处理质量影响最为明显。
模具材料性质对模具寿命的影响是很大的。
如将同一种工件，使用不同的模具材料做弯曲试验，试验结果：用9Mn2V材料，其寿命为5万次；用Crl2MoV渗氮，其寿命可达40万次。