谋篇布局 托福写作

• [2006-10-28] Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
Renewable energy will soon replace fossil fuels.
• I believe renewable energy will eventually replace fossil fuels
？
• 分论点相互平行，不能相互包含、不能互 为因果、不能偏离总论点
文章结构
structure
传统型
摆明观点
1+2型
摆明观点
开头段
中间段1 中间段2
中间段3 结尾段
支持段1 支持段2
支持段3 总结全文
支持段1 支持段2
让步段 总结全文
• The management of pocket money can help children understand the value of money and develop the ability of personal financial management.
• 2007-12-01 • Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should not pay for public transportation.
完全同意 • A+1: reduce traffic jams • A+2: relieve air pollution&save energy(fossil fuels)
• I believe authorities should lower public
transportation fees instead of making it
completely free.
• On the one hand, lowering fees can achieve a number of positive effects. • A+1: reduce traffic jams
• 看电视比读书学的东西多。 • 看电视的话说可以把几十万字的小说浓缩到十几个小时， 而且生动：视觉上冲击，听觉上享受，而且可以和家人一 起观看，共度美好时光。
• 电视新闻帮我们了解很多东西；好的严肃的电视节目让我 们懂得很多的道理。比如discovery 让我了解到自然，揭 示了很多的真相，激发了我对自然科学的兴趣。 • 主题句不能偏离总论点
Renewable energy will soon replace
fossil fuels.
• A+1: eco-friendly
• B-1: cause pollution
• A+2: cheap • B-2: expensive
• A-1: lower efficiency • A-2: huge investment
• Generally speaking/In most cases, a person should not give up. • First, the statement holds true in most cases. • Students • Statesmen • Scientists • Sportsmen • On the other hand, exceptions do exist. • Selling stocks
• Do you agree or disagree ? Business should hire employees for their entire lives. • 不应当终身雇佣
• 终身雇佣使雇员的表现无法提高 • 终身雇佣无法使公司找到更好员工 • 终身雇佣使企业效益低下 • 因果关系
Βιβλιοθήκη Baidu
• 【2007.2.3】People can learn more from watching television than from reading books. (Media)
• 利/弊, 3
• A+1: reduce traffic jams
• A+2: relieve air pollution • A+3: reduce traffic accidents
• A-1: public transportation companies will not have any incomes. Have great
• A+2: relieve air pollution • A+3: reduce traffic accidents
• On the other hand, making it completely free is impractical because it might have seriously negative effects.
alone.
• Consider students. Applying for
• Children can learn the good habit of saving.
特殊结构
• 因果关系词 • 古今对比词 • 绝对极端词
因果关系
牛刀小试
• 例1 [2007-12-01] People should not pay for public transportation.
例4 [2008-02-02] A person
should never make an important decision alone.
• By and large/Generally
speaking, a person should not make important decisions
• If parents want their children to do well at school, they should limit the time their children spend in watching TV.
不应限制
• An effective way to relax
• A-1: bus and subway companies will lose their incomes • A-2: crowdedness • A-3: damage the country’s auto industry.
例2：[2006-10-28] Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
difficulties operating. Bankruptcy.
• A-2: crowdedness • A-3: have negative effects on the country’s automobile industry
• [2007-12-01] People should not pay for public transportation.
折中观点的典型运用
题目有绝对词，如 ： Best、 the most import the most effective
例3：[40] The expression "Never, never give up" means to keep trying and never stop working for your goals. Do you agree or disagree with this statement?
观点： A: 认为help students gain confidence B: 认为teach them knowledge
论证结构
• 一边倒 绝对的观点，只支持一方 A+或A-， A或B
• 两边倒 折中的观点，两个都不错 A+好、A-也好， A好、B也好
一边倒
• 三大块：introduction, body, conclusion • 四五段 • Body部分：2-3段
单选类
• 例：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents are the best teachers of their children.
观点： A+：Parents are the best teachers of their children. A- : Parents are not the best teachers of their children.
• On the another hand, to say that
renewable energy will replace fossil
fuels very soon is an overstatement.
• A-1: lower efficiency • A-2: huge investment
• 【2006.9.23】The most important education for students should be conducted in classroom or out of the classroom? • 课堂外学到的知识很重要，大量的课堂外知识是 对课堂知识的补充。 • 很多新的技术和问题是在工作的过程中最新出现 的，在课堂里面无法学到。 • 相互包含
谋篇布局
Independent Writing
Structure
• Introduction 表态 • Body 论证
• Conclusion 总结
Structure
• Introduction 表态 • Body 论证
• Conclusion 总结
题型分类
• 单选类，A+ / A对题目中的1个观点表达同意或反对 • 双选类，A / B 对题中给出的2个不同的观点做出选择
双选类
• 例：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is more important for teachers to help students gain confidence than to teach them knowledge.(060519)
• Enrich one’s knowledge • Time management & self-control
分论点要求
• 分论点要前置 • 分论点要相互平行
1. 不能彼此包含 2. 不能互为因果 3. 不能偏离总论点
• 【2009-05-09】 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better for parents to let children manage their pocket money when they were young.
• On the one hand, fossil fuels will be replaced by renewable energy eventually.
• A+1: eco-friendly • B-1: cause pollution
• A+2: cheap • B-2: expensive
• The management of pocket money can help children understand the value of money and develop the ability of personal financial management. • Children can learn the good habit of saving.
• A+3:reduce potentail traffic accidents
完全反对
• A-1 Public transportation companies will not have any income. Have great difficulties operating.
• A-2 Have negative effects on the country's automobile industry,social stability • A-3 Crowdness