World_Bank世界银行调查报告

The Authorisation, Assessment and Correction Cycle

Policy

Mandates Policy Makers

Guidelines and Resources

Citizens Providers

Authorisation Processes Types of Accountability Processes

e l e c t o r a l p r o c e s s , l o b b y i n g ,

v o t i n g o u t o f o f f i c e V o i

c

e r e p o r t i n g s y s t e m s , m

a n a g e m e n t r e v i e w , s a n c t i o n s I n s t r u

c t i o n s

Services FIGURE 1.1

Source: Derived from World Bank (2003).

Women’s Control Over Decisions

Women with a final say over decisions, 1999-2005

Sub-Saharan Africa Middle East & North Africa CEE/CIS South Asia East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean Sub-Saharan Africa Middle East & North Africa

CEE/CIS South Asia East Asia & Pacific

Latin America & Caribbean

Sub-Saharan Africa Middle East & North Africa

CEE/CIS South Asia East Asia & Pacific

Latin America & Caribbean

MARRIED WOMEN MARRIED WOMEN UNMARRIED WOMEN

UNMARRIED WOMEN

Own health care Large purchases Daily purchases Visits to relatives What food to cook 29334219

63

5135503262725051251054

7

155840472893113916101718243413563723594218521827675068293955353846267348253517614426433416467166552662938652013

141323303137176351424327124791458435824263266

6676737974293829665329

22

991569603748203248

Women with no say over decisions

Own health care Large purchases Daily purchases Visits to relatives What food to cook Sub-Saharan Africa Middle East & North Africa CEE/CIS South Asia East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean FIGURE 1.5

Notes: This fi gure refl ects the percentage of women who have the fi nal say in making specifi c decisions by type of decision. Regional information for mar-ried/unmarried women in HH decision making was based on countries with available information from DHS STATcompiler and organized according to UNIFEM regional groupings.Source: DHS database.

Gendered Mediation Compromises Women’s Engagement in both ‘Voice’ and ‘Choice’-based Accountability Mechanisms

FIGURE 1.6

Gender-biased services misspecify women’s needs for public provision

Women’s capacity to use voice or exercise choice is mediated by men or local dominant interest groups, or is distorted by gender- biased access to politics or markets

M a l e a n d e l i t e -d o m i n a t e d p a r t i e s /p o l i t i c

a l

a g e n d a s l i m i t o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r w o m e n ’s v o i c e M a l e a n d e l i t e -d o m i n a t e d p o l i c y m a k i n g c

a n e x c l u d e w o m e n ’s c o n c e r n s V o i c e I n s t r u c t i o n s Policy Makers

Gendered

Mediation

Providers

Delivery

The dashed arrows symbolise weaker accountability due to gender bias

Choice

Source: Derived from World Bank (2003).