World_Bank世界银行调查报告

The Authorisation, Assessment and Correction Cycle
Policy
Mandates Policy Makers
Guidelines and Resources
Citizens Providers
Authorisation Processes Types of Accountability Processes
e l e c t o r a l p r o c e s s , l o b b y i n g ,
v o t i n g o u t o f o f f i c e V o i
c
e r e p o r t i n g s y s t e m s , m
a n a g e m e n t r e v i e w , s a n c t i o n s I n s t r u
c t i o n s
Services FIGURE 1.1
Source: Derived from World Bank (2003).
Women’s Control Over Decisions
Women with a final say over decisions, 1999-2005
Sub-Saharan Africa Middle East & North Africa CEE/CIS South Asia East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean Sub-Saharan Africa Middle East & North Africa
CEE/CIS South Asia East Asia & Pacific
Latin America & Caribbean
Sub-Saharan Africa Middle East & North Africa
CEE/CIS South Asia East Asia & Pacific
Latin America & Caribbean
MARRIED WOMEN MARRIED WOMEN UNMARRIED WOMEN
UNMARRIED WOMEN
Own health care Large purchases Daily purchases Visits to relatives What food to cook 29334219
63
5135503262725051251054
7
155840472893113916101718243413563723594218521827675068293955353846267348253517614426433416467166552662938652013
141323303137176351424327124791458435824263266
6676737974293829665329
22
991569603748203248
Women with no say over decisions
Own health care Large purchases Daily purchases Visits to relatives What food to cook Sub-Saharan Africa Middle East & North Africa CEE/CIS South Asia East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean FIGURE 1.5
Notes: This fi gure refl ects the percentage of women who have the fi nal say in making specifi c decisions by type of decision. Regional information for mar-ried/unmarried women in HH decision making was based on countries with available information from DHS STATcompiler and organized according to UNIFEM regional groupings.Source: DHS database.
Gendered Mediation Compromises Women’s Engagement in both ‘Voice’ and ‘Choice’-based Accountability Mechanisms
FIGURE 1.6
Gender-biased services misspecify women’s needs for public provision
Women’s capacity to use voice or exercise choice is mediated by men or local dominant interest groups, or is distorted by gender- biased access to politics or markets
M a l e a n d e l i t e -d o m i n a t e d p a r t i e s /p o l i t i c
a l
a g e n d a s l i m i t o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r w o m e n ’s v o i c e M a l e a n d e l i t e -d o m i n a t e d p o l i c y m a k i n g c
a n e x c l u d e w o m e n ’s c o n c e r n s V o i c e I n s t r u c t i o n s Policy Makers
Gendered
Mediation
Providers
Delivery
The dashed arrows symbolise weaker accountability due to gender bias
Choice
Source: Derived from World Bank (2003).
Violence Against Women: Reporting and Charging Rates FIGURE A
Notes: Percentages of the cases reported to the police and percentage with charges brought (convictions by the Criminal Justice System) were calculated as percentages of all victimised women. Information includes physical and sexual violence, perpetrated by partners and non-partners. The original source did not provide complete information for the Philippines. *No information on the percentage of charged cases was reported for Philippines and Poland.
Source: Johnson, H., Ollus, N., & Nevada, S. (2007).
Mozambique Czech Republic Philippines*Denmark Australia Costa Rica Poland*Violence, partner Violence, non-partner Physical violence, non-partner Sexual violence, non-partner (as % of SGBV survivors in study) (as % of SGBV survivors in study) (as % of SGBV survivors in study) (as % of SGBV survivors in study)
10
20
30270102030317
01020303160102030
213
Charged Reported
384105
15
48211513431231452516414716
627
27217
410
420
610
31
3
165
254A survey of women who experienced some form of violence indicates that in countries in this fi gure, no more than one third of cases of violence are reported, and charges are pressed in very few of the reported cases. Women are more likely to report crimes if they were not committed by a partner, and more likely to report non-sexual violence than sexual violence.
Gendered Perceptions of Corruption by Region: Political, Judicial and Security Sector Institutions
FIGURE
B
Gendered Perceptions of Corruption by Region: Market-Related Institutions
FIGURE
C
Notes: See notes in fi gure A
Source: UNIFEM analysis of Transparency International global corruption Barometer database (2005).
Notes: See notes in fi gure A
Source: UNIFEM analysis of Transparency International global corruption Barometer database (2005).
Gendered Perceptions of Corruption by Region:
Service Provision Institutions
FIGURE A Notes: The percentages of men and women who perceived high levels of cor-ruption was calculated considering respondents who ranked institutions as “very corrupt” and “extremely corrupt” (scores of 4 and 5 out of a range from 1 to 5), or who stated that corruption affects their lives to a large extent. The statistical signifi cance of differences by sex was tested using a t-test of dif-ference in means (applied to the difference in percentages). All the statistics at the country level are weighted using the sample weights provided in the original database; regional averages are weighted using population data for the year 2005 compiled by the UN Population Division.
Source: UNIFEM analysis of Transparency International Global Corruption Barometer database (2005).
1.05
1.30
1.101.10
1.090.98
1.05
1.131.021.210.971.04 1.00
1.070.981.080.960.98 1.01
1.121.121.110.971.00Education Utilities
Medical
Registry
1.01
1.101.021.010.980.98 1.03
1.091.061.021.040.97 1.01
1.191.071.041.020.95 1.00
1.161.031.041.000.970.99
1.141.091.111.161.02Pol.parties Police
Legislative Judicial Military
1.01
1.171.041.040.950.980.96
1.191.011.121.060.99 1.03
1.061.131.191.061.01
1.00
1.061.071.081.040.95Tax
collection Business
Customs Media
South Asia East Asia & Pacific Developed Regions CEE/CIS Latin America
& Caribbean Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia CEE/CIS
Latin America & Caribbean Sub-Saharan
Africa South Asia CEE/CIS
Latin America & Caribbean Sub-Saharan Africa Respondents with high levels of perceived corruption, ratio female to male, 2005
Respondents with high levels of perceived corruption, ratio female to male, 2005
Respondents with high levels of perceived
corruption, ratio female to male, 2005
Ratio of female to male is less than 1Ratio of female to male is 1 or more
East Asia & Pacific East Asia & Pacific Developed Regions Developed Regions Ratio of female to male is less than 1Ratio of female to male is 1 or more
Ratio of female to male is less than 1Ratio of female to male is 1 or more
Parity Zone for Women in Parliaments is Generations Away
010
20
30
40
50
1997
20022007201220172022202720272045
203220372042
Developed countries
Projection (Developed countries)
All other countries
Projection (All other countries)
Women in parliaments (%)60
Parity Zone
Notes: This calculation is based on women members in the lower or single house of parliament as of 31 May 2008. Projections refl ect a simple linear regression using available information from 1997 to 2008. The linear extension of the current trend assumes that the rate of increase during the last decade remains unchanged. Source: IPU database.
FIGURE 2.2
At the current rate of increase, it will take close to 20 years for developed countries and more than 40 years for all other countries to reach the parity zone between 40% and 60%.
Making a Difference: Electoral Systems & Quotas
10
20
2000
2002
2001
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
No Quota, PR
women in parliaments (%)Quota, PR Quota, No PR No Quota, No PR
Notes: Unweighted averages. Information regarding electoral systems is based on the ACE Electoral Knowledge Network and verifi ed with IDEA (2005). Where countries had combined systems or where these sources disagreed, IDEA (2005) was used. PR denotes proportional representation. All numbers presented are non-weighted averages corresponding to the lower or single house of parliament as of 31 May 2008.
Sources: IPU database; ID EA Global D atabase of Quotas for women; ID EA (2003); ID EA website; ACE Electoral Knowledge Network website.
FIGURE 2.3
Countries with a PR system have more women in parliament. Quotas make a difference, regardless of electoral system.
Women in Parliaments:
Great Disparities within Regions
Developed Regions
CEE/CIS
Latin America & Caribbean
East Asia & Pacific
South Asia Middle East & North Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa 02040
60
03
00
69
26
47
29
16
1843
11
29
15
34
8
26
16
2
49
Lowest value in the
region
(1 or more countries)Average value in the
region
(all countries of region)Highest value in the region (1 or more countries)
Women in parliaments (%), May 2008
Notes: All numbers presented are non-weighted averages corresponding to the lower or single house of parliament as of 31 May 2008.Source: IPU database.
FIGURE 2.4
Disparities in the proportion of women in parliaments abound within regions, ranging from no women in parliament in some countries to a high of over 40% in some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America & Caribbean.
Quotas Backed by Sanctions Do the Job
Women in parliaments (%)0
10
20
30
200320042005200620072008
Type 1: Constitutional Quota for National Parliaments
Type 2: Election Law Quota Regulation for National Parliaments, with sanction Type 3: Constitutional or Legislative Quota at Sub-National Level Type 4: Political Party Quota for Electoral Candidates Type 2: Election Law Quota Regulation for National Parliaments, no sanction No quota
Notes: “No quota”: countries that have no quota system that applies to all national legislative bodies or all political parties that participate in national elections. “Sanctions” are legally mandated, enforceable measures applied when mandated quotas in national parliament are not met, applicable to Quota Type 2. For more information on quotas, including defi nitions see IDEA’s Global Database of Quotas for Women. All numbers presented are non-weighted averages corresponding to the lower or single house of parliament as of 31 May 2008. For more details on quota types, see Box 2D.
Sources: IPU database; IDEA Global Database of Quotas for Women; IDEA (2003).
FIGURE 2.5
Global averages by type of quota, 2003-2008
CEE/CIS
Rest of countries
Developed countries
0%
3%
6%
9%
12%15%
women in women’s groups men in political parties women in political parties
15%
12%
6%
8%
9%
5%5%
6%
2%Membership, 1999-2004
(% of total men and women surveyed)
FIGURE 2.6
Political Party Membership: Signifi cantly More Men than Women
Notes: Calculations are based on self-identifi cation as members of political parties and/or women’s groups in the World Values Survey. Only countries with information from the fourth wave (1999-2004) were included. Source: World Values Survey database.
Women in Ministerial Positions: 1 in 3 at Best
Developed Regions
CEE/CIS
Latin America & Caribbean
East Asia & Pacific
South Asia
Middle East & North Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
Lowest value in the region (1 or more countries)Average value in the region (all countries of region)Highest value in the region (1 or more countries)
020
4060
028
58
12
723
50
24
31945
0825082008
19
Women ministers (% total ministers), January 2008Regional averages, maximum and minimum values
Notes: Information includes D eputy Prime Ministers and Ministers. Prime Ministers were also included when
they held ministerial portfolios. Vice-Presidents and heads of governmental or public agencies have not been included.Source: IPU (2008).
FIGURE 2.7
Women hold between 7.7% to 28.1% of ministerial posts. Five regions include countries with no women in government.
World Bank Lending on ‘Public Sector Governance’: Gender Focus, 2002-2007
Other accountability/anti-corruption
Other public sector governance Tax policy and administration Decentralisation Administrative and civil service reform Public expenditure, financial management and procurement
All Public Sector Governance 02550
751000200004000060000
96452,703
25,54424,043
12,3679,3584,9153,348
2310003
98979010010097
% with gender focus
Total amount allocated by sub-theme (US$ mn)
No Gender Focus
Gender is a sub-theme
FIGURE 2.8
Notes: This graph shows information for proportions allocated to projects that (a) do not have a specifi c gender sub-theme, regardless of whether they have mentioned the theme “social development, gender and inclusion”, or (b) have a gender focus, that is, have mentioned the theme “social development, gender and inclusion” and have a “gender” sub-theme within it. Calculations were made considering any mention of “public sector governance” and its subthemes across all themes (up to fi ve) and sub-themes. Hence, a project could be counted more than once within this thematic categories and subcategories. While the gender sub-theme provides project managers with the opportunity to indicate activities targeting or benefi tting women, this tool may be subject to inconsistent application since projects focusing on areas that may well be of signifi cance to women’s rights – such as public expenditure management or civil service reform – may not be identifi ed by their managers as having gender as their main focus. Source: World Bank Projects Database.
Women’s Groups:
Membership Varies Greatly Across Regions
FIGURE
A
10
20
30
40
50
Membership to women's groups (%), 1999-2004
Hungary, Lithuania
Argentina, Italy, Romania, Russian Federation Bulgaria, Malta, Poland, Singapore, Siberia Morocco, Spain, United Kingdom
Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Kyrgyzstan, Mexico China, Germany, Greece Japan, Korea, Luxemburg, Venezuela Algeria, Austria, Ireland, Netherlands India
Chile, Macedonia Iceland, Peru Slovakia Canada
Belgium Zimbabwe Bangladesh, Philippines, South Africa Albania
United States Uganda Tanzania
Viet Nam
Czech Republic,Denmark, Estonia Moldova Notes: Calculations are based on respondents who self-identifi ed as members of women’s groups according to the World Values Survey (1999-2004).
Source: World Values Survey database.
2.5 billion people live in countries where one fi fth or more of the population cannot access drinkable water.Notes: Population with access to improved water captures the percentage of households that can access drinkable water within each country.
Source: UNDP (2006).
Long Way to Go: Universal Access to Improved Water
FIGURE 3.2
% population with access to improved water, 200420
30
40
50
60
70
80
Cape Verde
Burundi, Sri Lanka, Lesotho, Nicaragua, Sao Tome and Principe Myanmar
Azerbaijan, China, Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan Senegal
Central African Republic, Ghana Bangladesh, Rwanda Djibouti, Malawi Turkmenistan
Solomon Islands, Sudan
Benin, Yemen Cameroon
Bhutan, Mongolia,
Swaziland, United Republic of Tanzania
Kenya, Burkina Faso Eritrea, Vanuatu, Uganda Guinea-Bissau, Tajikistan Congo, Timor-Leste, Zambia Sierra Leone
Haiti
Angola, Mauritania Togo Lao
Guinea, Madagascar, Mali
Nigeria Fiji
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Niger Equatorial Guinea, Mozambique Chad Cambodia
Papua New Guinea
Ethiopia
Households with access to improved water average… 100% in developed regions 80% in developing regions Households with access to
improved water are present in… more than 95% of households in 52 countries, about 22% of the world’s population
less than 80% in 58 countries,
about 40% of the world’s population
less than 70% in 37 countries, about 10% of the world’s population
The Gender Gap on Primary Education Enrolment
979791
9296
9696
9788
9589
94
69
74
81
848484878681
8659
77
757730
37
25
5075
100
Latin America & Caribbean
South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa
GIRLS:
BOYS:Developed Regions
CEE/CIS
East Asia & Pacific
Lowest value in the region (1 or more countries)
Average value in the region (all countries in region)
Highest value in the region (1 or more countries)
Middle East & North Africa Net enrolment ratio in primary education, girls & boys, 2005 (% of total within relevant age group)Notes: The total net enrolment ratio in primary education measures the proportion of children (girls/boys) within the relevant age group who are enroled in school. The graph includes information on the regional range of values (from minimum to maximum) as well as weighted regional averages, using UNIFEM groupings. No information is available for China.
Sources: UNIFEM elaboration based on UN Statistics Division Millennium Indicators database; and UN Statistics Division database.
FIGURE 3.4
In most countries, enrolment in primary education is greater than 80% for both girls and boys. However, signifi cant gender gaps of 5 percentage points or more persist in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and the Middle East & North Africa.
% births:
100
9698919047
84
44
95
83
26
19
14
63
25
50
75100
max: 100 976
Lowest value in the region (1 or more countries)Average value in the region (all countries of region)Highest value in the region (1 or more countries)
9910097100100max: 100
Developed Regions
CEE/CIS Latin America &
Caribbean
East Asia &Pacific South Asia Middle East &North Africa Sub-Saharan
Africa Percentage of total births attended by skilled health personnel, 2000/2006Notes: The percentage of total births attended by skilled health personnel includes the number of births out of 100 that took place under the supervision of an attendant with training in maternal care and child delivery. The graph includes information on the regional range of values (from minimum to maximum) as well as regional weighted averages.Source: UNIFEM elaboration based on WHO (2008).
Disparities in Access to Skilled Health Care Personnel
FIGURE 3.7
Women’s Role in Health Decisions, 1999-2005
% of women interviewed (ages 15-49)
0%
25%50%75%
100%
Married
Sub-Saharan Africa-Unmarried
Married
Middle East & North Africa-Unmarried
Married
CEE/CIS-Unmarried
Married South Asia-Unmarried
Married
East Asia & Pacific-Unmarried
Married
Latin America & Caribbean-Unmarried
Self only
Jointly
No Say
Women’s participation in decision-making on issues related to their own health, by marital status: regional averages
FIGURE 3.8
Notes: Regional averages (unweighted) were calculated using available DHS country information and classifi ed ac-cording to regional groupings. Original information included a fourth category where information was not available for some countries. These percentages were recomputed to add 100% considering only these three categories.Source: UNIFEM elaboration based on DHS database.
More than 1 in 4 women does not have a fi nal say in decisions related to her own health. A woman's role in making healthcare decisions is a strong measure of her autonomy, and thus of her ability to access services.
There is 1 Woman for Every 9 Men in Senior Management Positions in Firms
South Asia CEE/CIS Share of women in senior positions (%)Share of full time female workers (%)
Firms with female participation in ownership (%)
33.6
010
20
30
40
50
Share of women (%),2002-2007
1 in every... full time workers belongs to senior management
49.3
11.8
7.33.4
18.8
12.6
17.817.4
39.7
28.6
23.3
1 in 81 in 554.76.4
32.212.626.5
35.8
18.8Senior manager
Male full time workers Female full time workers
Middle East & North Africa
Latin America & Caribbean
1 in 91 in 381 in 61 in 621 in 91 in 261 in 61 in 421 in 81 in 26
East Asia & Pacific Sub-Saharan
Africa
FIGURE 4.10
Notes: Unweighted regional averages were estimated. Complete information for developed regions was unavailable. Estimates on the number of persons in senior positions per full time workers are UNIFEM calculations. These estimates were produced using the percentages from the left side graph, and assuming that 10% of the full time employees are in senior positions. If the actual percentage is different from the assumed 10%, the actual number of persons estimated would also change, but the female to male ratio would remain the same.Source: World Bank Enterprise Survey.
While the number of men in senior management positions per total share of full time employment is relatively stable (between 1 in 6 to 1 in 9), the number of women is dramatically lower, ranging from 1 in 26 women in sub-Saharan Africa and in Latin America and Caribbean, to 1 in 62 women in East Asia and Pacifi c. The percentage of women in senior positions ranges from 3 to 12%, despite the fact that the share of full time female employment ranges from 17% to 49%.
Women are Half of the World’s Migrants
FIGURE
A
Average Emigration Rate at Tertiary Education Level
Women Lead the Brain Drain
FIGURE
B
Female migration
(as % of total international migrants)45%50%
1960
19751990
2005Female migration distribution by region in millions
025
50
75
100
1960
197519902005
Sub-Saharan Africa
South Asia Middle East & North Africa East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean CEE/CIS
Developed Regions
0%
10%
20%
30%
North America
Asia
Europe Oceania
Africa
16.5
Male Female 23.8
17.1
21.110.4
9.97.3
6.1
3.5
4.117.9
27.7
Latin America & Caribbean
Emigration rate, adults with tertiary education %, circa 2000
With the exception of North America, the average rate of migration of women with tertiary education levels is higher than that of men, par-ticularly in Africa and Oceania where the difference is as high as 8% and 10% respectively.
Source: UN Population Division database.
Notes: Regional groupings as calculated by source. Information at country level was not available, so the regional groupings used throughout the rest of this report could not be applied here.
Source: Martin, J.P ., Dumont, J. & Spielvogel, G. (2007).
Women Judges on International Courts
Notes: Figures for European Court of Justice include both judges and advocates general. Court of First Instance is an independent court attached to the European Court of Justice. [a] denotes international courts and [b] regional courts.Source: Terris, D., Romano, C., & Schwebel, S. (2007).
FIGURE 5.5
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Int. Tribunal for the law of the Sea [a]
Int. Court of Justice [a]Inter-American Court of Human Rights [b]
Caribbean Court of Justice [b]European Court of justice [b]Andean Court of Justice [b]
European Court of Human Rights [b]
Appeals Chamber [a]
Special Court of Sierra Leone [a]Int. Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda [a]
Court of First Instance [b]Int. Criminal Court [a]
011116
112233972114866293335761611Women Men
Number of women and men on the court, 2006
Int. Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia [a]
Women are under-represented in international and regional courts, with only one third having percentages higher than 30%.
Women Face Discrimination in Accessing Social Rights
FIGURE
A Notes: ‘High’ indicates that there were no social rights for women in law and that systematic discrimination based on sex may have been built into law. ‘Medium’ indicates that women had some social rights under law, but these rights were not effectively enforced. ‘Low’ indi-cates that women had some social rights under law, and the govern-ment effectively enforced these rights in practice while still allowing a low level of discrimination against women in social matters. ‘None or negligible’ indicates that all or nearly all of women’s social rights were guaranteed by law and the government fully and vigorously enforced these laws in practice.
Source: The CIRI Human Rights database.
High
Medium
Low
None or
negligible
Developed regions CEE/CIS Latin America & Caribbean
East Asia & Pacific Middle East &North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan
Africa
Number of countries with low, medium and high levels of discrimination, 2004
19
312
5
3223
52
85
10
25
128
171411
47340% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Correlation between an Enabling Legal Environment and Realisation of Women’s Rights
FIGURE
C
Women Face Discrimination in Accessing Economic Rights
FIGURE
B Notes: See notes for Figure A; in this case classifi cations are for degrees of codifi cation and enforce-ment of economic rights.
Source: The CIRI Human Rights database.
Notes: Includes 83 cases; the GEM corresponds to 2005; data on the legal dimension of the
GEEE were constructed using Cingranelli–Richards [CIRI] 2004 and information on variables re-lated to CEDAW and the Beijing Platform of Action for the year 2004. Findings from Cueva 2006 have been recalculated using updated information. For more information, see Cueva 2006. Sources: Cueva Beteta, H. (2006). UNDAW. (2004) The CIRI Human Rights database; UNDP (2007).
Gender empowerment enabling environment (GEEE) legal dimension
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
1.0
0.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10.0
Proportion of countries with low, medium and high levels of discrimination, 2004
7
32
135
5
1
17
18164
19
Developed regions CEE/CIS Latin America & Caribbean
East Asia & Pacific Middle East &North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan
Africa
G e n d e r E m p o w e r m e n t M e a s u r e (G E M )
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%High
Medium
Low
None or negligible
6
11
149
31
5
1
1
1
National Police Forces Are Male-Dominated
FIGURE
A
10
20
30
Australia*South Africa Sweden*Canada Jamaica*Cyprus Sierra Leone Kosovo United States Czech Republic*Finland*Venezuela*Romania India 29291818181615
141312
101082
Percentage of Women in National Police Forces, Selected Countries 2001-2006
In a sample of 13 countries shown in this fi gure, only 2 have police forces with female participation greater than 25%. The rest have less than 20% participation of women.
Notes: Information corresponds to 2006 except for: Sweden, Jamaica and Czech Republic (2001), Venezuela and Australia (2002), Finland (2004) and Romania (2005). Information for the United States was reported origi-nally as ranging from 12% -14%; an average of 13% was used for this graph.Source: Denham (2008).
Gender Equality Focus in Bilateral ODA Has Increased Since 2002
With gender focus and reports on gender marker (bilateral sector-allocable ODA)No gender focus and reports on gender maker (bilateral sector-allocable ODA)Does not report on gender marker (bilateral sector-allocable ODA)Rest of ODA (multilateral and bilateral sector-allocable)
US$ 12.5 bn,
27%
US$ 18.2 bn,
40%
US$ 12.3 bn,
27%
US$ 2.5 bn,
6%
O D A t h a t r e p o r t s
o n
g e n
d
e r m
a r k e r + U S $ 15.0
b n
US$ 19.6 bn,
21%
US$ 45.1 bn,
49%
US$ 20.0 bn,
22%
US$ 7.2 bn,
8%
O D A t h a t r e p o r t s
o n g
e n
d e r m
a r k e r + U S $ 26.8
b n
Total ODA disbursements (US$ billions)2002 2006
T o
t a l B i l a t e r a l S e c t o r A l l o c a b l e O D A = U S $ 46.8 b n T o
t a l B
i l a t e r a l S e c t o r A l l o c a b l e O D A =
U S $
27.3 b
n
Note: Bilateral Sector Allocable Overseas Development Aid (ODA) refers to aid from bilateral sources allocated to identifi able sectors (like education and health). Non-sector allocable aid includes budgetary support and other forms of assistance that do not target specifi c sectors. Total ODA includes bilateral and multilateral DAC members and is identifi ed as sector-allocable or non sector-allocable aid. Only some DAC members have committed to reporting on the gender marker, and this marker applies only to sector-allocable ODA from bilateral DAC members. This graph refl ects the distribution of total ODA distributed in four groups: (1) bilateral sector-allocable ODA from DAC members that report on the gender marker and have a gender focus; (2) bilateral sector-allocable ODA from DAC members that report on the gender marker, but do not have a gender focus; (3) the rest of bilateral sector allocable ODA (from DAC members that do not report on the gender marker); and (4) the rest of ODA, including multilaterals and non-sector allocable bilateral aid.Source: OECD Credit Reporting System (CRS) database.
FIGURE 6.2。