复旦大学考博英语试题2000

2000年复旦大学博士生入学考试英语试卷PartⅠListening Comprehension (15%) 略Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehensions（20%）Directions: There are 2 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D). Y ou should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on theAnswer Sheet with a single line through the centre.The North American black bear (Ursus americanus) hibernates for more than a third of the year ---- sometimes for as long as five months. During this period of relative dormancy, the bear is self-sufficient, requiring nothing from the outside. It does not eat or drink, nor does it eliminates body wastes. Waste products that in other animals (including humans ) would rapidly elevate to levels in the blood are broken down into basic chemicals and then recycled as new proteins. And by burning its fat stores (accumulated during a late-summer feeding frenzy). The bear products --- internally--- all the water it needs.Scientists do not know what causes a bear to start the late-summer eating binge that allows it to hibernate all winter. During the late summer, bears may spend up to 20 hours a day eating almost anything that is readily available, including garbage. The normal caloric intake of an adult bear is about 4,000 calories a day. During the late-summer feeding frenzy, however, this figure climbs to 20,000 calories a day ---- five times the normal intake. By the time the bear has finished feasting, it will have added five inches of fat to its body--- a layer thick enough to sustain it during hibernation.Exactly what initiates the release of the “hibernation induction trigger”is also still a mystery. Current studies suggest that it may be the shortage of food that it, rather than the coming of cooler weather or the shortened day. At some point in the fall the amount of easily obtainable food drops drastically. When this happen, the energy the bear would have to expend looking for food is greater than the food it is likely to find.Their feasting finally ended, black bears start out for their wintering areas. Once there, some go to sleep in hollow logs, others curl up in abandoned tunnels, and still others build a kind of bird’s nest and bed down right out in the open. In Minneseta, bears bedding down in the open often experience temperatures as low as 40 degrees below zero. Eventually they become covered with layers of snow.Female black bears usually give birth to cubs in January, midway through hibermation. During the delivery, the female only briefly rouses from sleep. The cubs, born blind, find their way to the mother’s nipples by sensing beat. Sometimes, female black bears with cubs are even discovered hibernating in open nests, their offspring snuggled in the warm curl of the mother’s body.While other hibernating animals (ground squirrels, various bats, and woodchucks, for example) show an enormous drop in heart rate and body temperature, the physiological changes exhibited by hibernating bears are far less dramatic. A ground squirrel’s heart rate falls from 350 beats per minute to as low as 2. its core body temperature drops 64 degrees, from 98 to 34. On the other hand, a black bear’s normal sleeping heart rate of 40 beats per minute might drop to 8, and its normal body temperature of about 100 degrees does not fall below 91 degrees. Also, the small hibernators are slow to wake up. While a hibernating black bear can awake to full alertness in seconds and become extremely dangerous.Currently, the black bear’s hibernation process is being studied by a number of researchers,including wildlife biologists, physiologists and biochemists. By understanding the bear’s amazingly efficient metabolism, scientists hope one day to find new treatment for human ailments such as kidney failure and bone disease.21. Which of the following details best illustrates the author’s view that bears have a very efficient way of maintaining their body functions?A) By burning its fat stores during hibernation, the bear products --- internally ---- ail the water it needs.B) During the late-summer feeding frenzy, the caloric intake of bears rises from 4,000 to 20,000 calories a day.C) By the time a bear has finished its late-summer feasting, it will have added five inches of fat to its body.D) A bear’s normal body temperature of about 100 degree does not fall below 91 degrees during hibernation.22. Which of the following best describes the author’s purpose for writing this selection?A) to review the current state of knowledge regarding black bear’s hibernationB) to compare the physiological changes experienced by smaller and larger hibernation animalsC) to explain important causes and effects of hibernation among black bearsD) to demonstrate how humans may benefit from a fuller understanding of the bear’s hibernation process23. Based on the information included in the selection, which of the following statements would be the author most likely agree with?A) Humans are less self-sufficient than most other forms of animal life.B) By learning more about the world around them, humans will come to know more about themselves.C) The causes of some natural phenomena will always remain beyond human understanding.D) The amount of rest required by an organism is determined primarily by the amount of food it consumers.24. In paragraph 6. the author compares the hibernation process of bears and squirrels. The author uses this comparison to __________.A) explain why researchers are interested in the hibernation process of bearsB) demonstrate the physiological deficiencies of small animalsC) illustrate unique features of the hibernation process of bearsD) suggest physiological similarities between bears and other types of animals25. Which of the following is the best meaning of the word elevate as it is used in the first paragraph of the selection?A) advance B) increase C) become prominent D) lift(2)According to Konosuke Matsushita, founding of Japan’s huge Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., the twenty-first century belongs to Japan. Some observers of the American business scene are beginning to wonder if he may be right.Some analysts ascribe the failure of US business to management, specifically its self-centered lack of interest in technology. For example, they may, tire manufactures refused to sacrifice heavy investments in standard biasbelted tries to compete with the French firm Michelin when itintroduced radials. As a result, Michelin is now manufacturing tires in the US.American managers, these critics say, are not what they used to be. Back in the first half of this century, businesses were not to big and leaders came up through the ranks. Then in the 1950s and 60s corporations grew, merged, diversified, and became conglomerates. To manage these new, unwieldy organization, profit centers were set up. Financial managers were hired to head them. These new managers were usually outsides, M.B.A.s and lawyers with no roots in the business they were to run. They evaluated the performance of the diverse divisions in their charge on the basis of quarterly reports---statements of short-term earnings. And so it was that top level executives in the US became obsessed with short-term profits. They forgot that a business to be a success, it must invest in the future, in new technology, in improved products and processes.But other analysts suggest the picture is not as bleak as it seems. American business executives are now assessing their failures and the successes of Japan’s leaders.While some US firms need to ponder the Matsushita model, others seem to be models themselves. Delta Airlines, for instance, led the industry in service and profits in 1980. its 1979 net income made up a fourth of the entire industry’s earnings. Delta chairman W. Thomas Beebe’s views on management are much like those of Matsushita. He does not like to bring outsides into management: “Usually it turns out to be an ego trip, which is bad for the company. We want people who will enjoy and want to be working for the team.”At Delta and at other companies like it (such as IBM), there are no starts. In the example and success of these organizations, the American business community is rediscovering the value of selfless leadership. In fact, teachers at the top business schools in the country are preaching its virtue, the media are telling its stories, and nervous executives are touring Japan to study it. That is why many still maintain that the twenty-first century will not be Japan’s after all.26. What do we learn about the response of some observers to what Matsushita said？A) They are skeptical about what he said.B) They don’t quite understand why he said so.C) They disagree with him.D) They tend to agree with him.27. According to the passage, the success of a business lies in all of the following exceptA) plac ing emphasis on long-term returnsB) hiring young managers with MBA or law degreeC) investing in new technologyD) valuing selfless leadership28. The example of Delta Airlines is giving to show that _________.A) all American businesses are failuresB) American businesses need not learn from Japanese onesC) Japanese businesses are no better than American onesD) even a successful American business should learn from Japan.29. Which of the following is NOT true?A) American business executive are aware their problems in management.B) Selfless leadership is considered a valuable virtue.C) A company needs stars in management to be successful.D) Business leaders should be far-sighted in management.30. The author’s attitude towards American management can best be described as _________.A) a bit fussy B) critical C) worrying but confident D) pessimistic PartⅢV ocabulary and Structure (10%)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in the part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.31. Jeremy Bentham(1748-1832) _______ that “the greatest happiness of the greatest number”should be the guiding rule of public institutions.A) postulated B) applied C) dissolved D) hypothesized32. What you see is not an ordinary fish. It is one of those authropomorphic fish, the kind that talk and ________ human characteristics.A) take on B) bring up C) seek out D)call up33. He has neglected his work for too long and it is impossible for him to __________ it in a month, let alone in a week.A) be bound up with B) caught up inC) run out of D)catch up with34. Apparently his plan is to consider any offers that ________ from Australian promoters and agents ---- but with a view to working there some time in the future.A) settled down B) catch on C) come his way D) come to his sense35. My hunger ________ music, ignorant though I was, led me into several friendship I must otherwise have missed.A) in B) at C) for D)to36. Only through practice can we acquire _________ in a foreign language.A) efficiency B) deficiency C) sufficiency D) proficiency37. The school distributed to its students ________ relating to their views on teaching methods.A) trophies B) questionnaires C) theses D) awards38. I thought he was a waiter, while he made the _______ mistake and thought that I was.A) reciprocal B) lethal C) relative D) converse39. When I came to, I was ________ by a strong torch light and I had to closed my eyes.A) disillusioned B) dazzled C) bewildered D)enchanted40. Thrift is desirable, but do not let it _________ into avarice.A) degenerate B) elevate C) waver D) break41. There was only a small _________ in the city’s population over last ten years.A) immortality B) incidence C) increment D) intimacy42. His political analysis is not new, but it _____________.A) could hardly be less eloquentB) could be hardly more eloquentC) could hardly be more than eloquentD) could hardly be less than eloquent43. With the help of the computer, they are able to _______ a new blueprint of the city in the near future.A) conceive B) ponder C) evaluate D) attribute44. Living in a foreign culture is most of the time, interesting or rather, ___________.A) exotic B) exquisite C) exhilarating D) exhausting45. The concert turned out to be a great success, and the applause at the end of it was _________.A) deadening B) exorbitant C) deafening D) excessive46. Don’t be too anxious about your performance at work, or you will soon be reduced to a nervous ________.A) wreck B) addict C) benefactor D) subject47. I’m afraid Johnny cannot go with you these days. He is _______ writing up his term paper.A) on the track of B) in the course ofC) in the midst of D) in terms of48. Many elderly people would save up enough money before buying something they need ______ “buy now, pay later”.A) with regard to B) in case of C) other than D) rather than49. Most immigrant workers _______ ill-paid, insecure jobs, but their children ended up doing better.A) were related to B) were stuck in C) hungered for D) were dedicated to50. I declined to have dinner _______ the expense of my friends and insisted on going Dutch.A) on B) for C) to D) atPaper TwoPart Ⅳ Cloze (15%)Direction: Fill in each of the following blanks with ONE word to complete the meaning of the passage. Write your answer on Answer Sheet ⅡI get by with a little help from friends is a popular saying with age-old wisdom behind it. That people need people is 51)_______ we have long understood, but more recent research has confirmed the relationship 52)_______ good health and good social relationships. For infants, the ______ of human interaction may actually retard the development of intelligence. Adults who seek supportive social relationships find 54)_______ longevity and have less change of developing a disease.Most of us don’t develop relationships to 55) ________ our life spans or to our minds and bodies. Such improvements are 56)________ effects. Instead, most people seek relationships with others to feel love, gain companionship, 57)_______ simply to have fun. Mutual interests can be a 58)_______ for new relationships. A good way to find new friends is to get 59)___________ doing the things you love to do. That way, you are likely to meet more people who share interest and a similar 60)________ of the world.A good relationships helps you feel lovable and capable, it 61)_________ as a support system, allowing you to develop your potential as a person. 62)__________ of the most wonderful things you can do for friends is to help them develop their self-concept as they help you develop 63)___. Reinforcing people’s positive perceptions of 64)_________ frees them to discovery their strengths and to wrestle with their 65)________. What’s even more remarkable is that such reinforcement helps you feel better about yourself.Part Ⅴ Translation (15%)Directions: Put following passage into English. Write your English version on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.虽然同一职业中男女的起点工资几乎相同，但是最近有人对男女的工资差别进行了研究，并且预测在可以预见的将来从总体上消除工资差别的可能性微乎其微。