关节镜下治疗前交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱性骨折.

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关节镜下治疗前交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱性骨折

[ 08-08-27 15:28:00 ] 编辑:studa20

作者:叶俊强,杨柳,史玉朋,张展奎段小军,何慕舜

【摘要】目的探讨在关节镜辅助下对Ⅱ、Ⅲ型胫骨止点骨折进行微创治疗的手术方法及近期疗效。方法自2001年5月~2006年6月,共手术治疗27例前交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱性骨折,其中合并半月板损伤11例。术中在关节镜辅助下,首先处理合并损伤,然后通过关节镜观察应用探钩等对骨折进行复位,通过克氏针临时固定,“C”臂机透视确认后,再根据骨折移位和骨片大小选择空心钉螺钉或钢丝等固定。21例应用AO松质骨螺钉固定,5例采用钢丝固定,1例用可吸收线缝合固定;术后按程序进行康复锻炼。结果 27例患者均获得随访,随访时间12±5个月,术后无切口愈合不良、感染和骨筋膜间室综合征等早期并发症,骨折在3~4个月骨性愈合,23例膝关节功能完全正常,4例活动范围0°~100°,根据Rasmussen评分,26例病例为优良,1例为可,本组总评分为27±1。结论在治疗胫骨止点Ⅱ、Ⅲ型骨折时,采用关节镜辅

助下撬拨复位空心钉、钢丝等固定的手术,具有创伤小、可同时处理关节腔内的其他损伤等优势,可以获得骨折愈合快、膝关节功能良好的近期疗效,因此值得推广应用。

【关键词】前交叉韧带;撕脱骨折;关节镜;内固定

【Abstract】 Objective To introduce a minimal surgical treatment of tibial intercondylar eminence fractures under arthroscope and its corresponding therapeutic effect. Methods From May 2001 to June 2006, 27 patients with tibial intercondylar eminence fractures were treated by arthroscopic fixation and 11 patients had associated meniscal injury. The combined injuries were treated firstly. Then, the dissociative fragments were reduced and fixed. The internal fixation was observed by C-arm X-ray equipment. 21 cases were treated with AO cancellous bone screw, 5 cases with steel wiring internal fixation and one with absorbed suture. Postoperative management was carried out step by step according to a routine treatment protocol. Results All patients were followed up for 12±5 months. The fractures were healed in 3~4 months. No case had severe complication, such as osteofascial compartment syndrome, infection, deformity, joint stiffness and so on. 23 patients exhibited normal activity. The range of flexion and extension of the knee joint were 0~100 degrees. According to the Rasmussen scoring system, 26 cases were excellent or good results and one common, the mean score was

27±1. Conclusion Arthroscopic reduction and percutaneous fixation

for the treatment of type Ⅱ、Ⅲ tibial intercondylar eminence fractures is characterized by minimal invasion, fast fracture healing and better knee joint function. And all the combined injuries can be treated at the same time. So it is worth further clinical application.

【Key words】 anterior cruciate ligament; avulsional fracture; arthroscopy; internal fixation

胫骨髁间棘骨折属于膝关节内骨折,采用手法闭合复位难以达到解剖复位,极易导致关节不稳,从而引起疼痛和逐渐加重的关节功能障碍。对于移位

的胫骨髁间棘骨折,传统的切开复位内固定治疗,手术创伤大、术后易造成关

节粘连,影响关节功能。2001年5月~2006年6月,我院与西南医院对前交叉韧带胫骨止点骨折采用关节镜辅助下微创手术治疗,取得了较理想的近期治疗

效果。

1 临床资料

1.1 一般资料本组27例,男18例,女9例;年龄17~58岁,平均27岁;其中车祸伤19例,运动损伤6例,砸伤2例。所有病例均为闭合性

损伤,合并半月板损伤11例;手术前膝关节MRI检查显示ACL在胫骨附着处信号异常,骨折片移位,按照Meyers-McKeever分型[2]方法,Ⅱ型10例,Ⅲ

型17例;伤后至手术时间4~73天,平均17.1天。Ⅰ型骨折与合并胫骨平台

骨折的病例未进入本组统计范围。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 术前准备手术前详细询问损伤过程并仔细进行体格检查

(抽屉试验、Lachman试验等),注意排除肢体神经和血管的损伤。患肢妥善

固定,并适当抬高。未合并胫骨平台骨折时,手术宜早期施行。术前常规摄患

膝正侧位X线片(图1)。膝关节MRI有助于了解骨折部位、移位的方向与程度,同时初步判断内外侧半月板有无损伤等。

图1 术前X线片1.2.2 手术方法选用神经阻止麻醉、硬膜外麻醉或全麻,患肢下垂90°,选择膝关节镜的前方内外侧标准切口进行关节腔探查,根据镜下观察首先进行相应的关节腔内处理,如清除关节内积血,取出碎

骨屑,射频汽化清除增生、水肿的滑膜,切除嵌入骨块间的横韧带及半月板部

分切除等。探查时详细了解骨折块形态、移位方向和程度(图2)。根据术前

检查和术中观察,决定骨折复位和固定方式。对21例前交叉韧带止点的骨折块>6mm,胫骨端无明显骨缺损,可以在探钩等器械帮助下,依靠推挤骨折块和

活动关节而复位骨折块,镜下确认复位满意后(图3),从膝前髌韧带旁钻入

1.0mm克氏针暂时固定骨折块,“C”臂X线机正侧位透视确认骨折块解剖复

位,然后顺着克氏针旋入AO空心松质骨拉力螺钉;螺钉加压要恰当,既要达到关节面平整,又不致发生骨折块碎裂。对于5例骨折块<6mm或呈粉碎性,空心

钉难以固定的患者,术中经探针复位后采用胫骨导向器的引导下建立胫骨隧道

用钢丝固定。对于1例骨骺未闭骨折患者,采用可吸收线缝合固定。再次“C”

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