新编简明英语语言学教程 第二版 整理

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.Linguistics:语言学It is generally defined as the scientific study of language. ( Linguistics studies not any particular language ,but it studies language in general)

2.General linguistics:普通语言学The study of language as a whole is called general linguistics.

(language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facets )

nguage:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

4.descriptive (描述性):A linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use.

5.prescriptive(规定性): It aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behaviors.

i.e. what they should say and what they should not to say.

6.synchronic(共时语言学): the description of language at some point of time in hiatory

7.diachronic (历时语言学):the description of language as it changes through time

3) speech（口语）Writing（书面语）

These the two media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. (speech is prior to writing)

ngue(语言): refers to abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of the speech community.

It is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by. Such as: In English sentence must have subject and predicate.

9.parole(言语):refers to the realization of langue in actual use.

It is concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. (Saussure )

petence(语言能力): the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language

11.performance(语言应用):the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. (Chomsky)

traditional grammar and modern linguistics

1.linguistics is descriptive,while traditional grammar is prescriptive

2.modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary,not the writer.

3. also in that it does not force languages into a latin-based framework. Functions of language.

1.the descriptive function.

2. the expressive function

3.the social function

Chapter 2: Phonology音系学

phonetics:the study of the phonic medium of language;

it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’ s languages9.

The three branches of phonetics

(1).Articulatory phonetics (发音语音学) (longest history)

(2.)Auditory phonetics（听觉语音学）

(3)Acoustic phonetics (声学语音学）

2. Speech organs: three important areas

⑴Pharyngeal cavity咽腔---- the throat;

⑵The oral cavity口腔---- the mouth;

⑶Nasal cavity –鼻腔--- the nose.

The principle source such modifications is the tongue.

The tongue is the most flexible.

International Phonetic Alphabet [IPA]:the basic principle of the IPA is using one letter selected from major European languages to represent one speech sound.

Broad transcription宽式音标. The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only.

Narrow transcription窄式音标The transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacritics.

Aspirated and unaspirated

1). phonology: 音系学It aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form

patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.

4. Phone, phoneme, allophone

A phone音素is a phonetic unit or segment.

The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. Phones do not necessarily distinguish meaning, some do, some don’t, e.g. [ bI:t ] & [ bIt ], [spIt] & [spIt].

A phoneme音位is a phonological unit;

it is a unit of distinctive value; an abstract unit, not a particular sound, but it is represented by a certain phone in certain phonetic context, e.g. the phoneme /p/ can be represented differently in [pIt], [tIp] and [spIt].

Allophones音素变体---- the phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments