初中语法知识梳理——形容词和副词
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
初中语法知识梳理——形容词和副词
一、形容词:形容词是用来表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词。
它可以做定语、表语、宾语补足语等,有时还可以作状语。
部分带有定冠词的形容词可以用作名词,在句中作主语或宾语。
1、形容词一般放在它所修饰名词的前面,但是如果有一个以上的形容词修饰名词,那么它们的位置由它们和被修饰词的关系密切程度而定。
【名词前形容词的排列顺序口诀】
限冠形龄色国材(1)
【注】限:限定词冠:冠词形:形容词龄:年龄色:颜色国:国家材:材料
限数描大形,新色国材名(2)
【注】限:限制性词语the,this,my等数:数量词描:描写性用词大:大小,多少形:形状新:新旧,老少色:颜色国:国籍材:材料名:名词作定语
距离名词由远到近顺序如下:
限定a, the,those,his 数量three,several,first,many 描述good,happy,strong,dirty 大小big,small,little,huge形状round square short high 新旧old,new,young,senior 颜色red,blue,gray,brown 出处foreign,Asian,British,Chinese 材料wooden,steel,plastic用途writing,medical,eating,chemical
2、形容词修饰不定代词something,anybody等时,需放在它们的后面。
3、有些形容词只能作定语,不能作表语。
常见的有起强调作用的only,very,specific,main等;有与名词同根的如wooden,woolen,golden,medical及elder等。
4、有些形容词一般不作定语,只作表语,被称为表语形容词。
如:表示身体状况的well,ill;表示情感、态度的glad,sorry,sure等以及首字母为a-的afraid,alike,alone,awake,alive等。
5、形容词常用句型:
(1)“It’s + adj.+ of + sb. + 不定式”表示“某人(做某事) 怎么样”。
这一句型中常用描述行为者的性格、品质的形容词,如good (好的),kind (友善的),nice (友好的),polite (有礼貌的),clever (聪明的),foolish (愚蠢的),lazy (懒惰的),careful (细心的),careless (粗心的),right (正确的),wrong (错误的) 等。
如:It’s very kind of you to help me.(=You are very kind to help me.)
(2)“It’s+adj.+for+sb. +不定式”表示“做某事对某人来说怎么样”。
这一句型中常用的形容词有important (重要的),necessary (必要的),difficult (困难的),easy (容易的),hard (艰难的),dangerous (危险的),safe (安全的),useful (有益的),pleasant (舒适的),interesting (有趣的),impossible (不可能的)等。
如:It’s not easy for them to learn a foreign language.=To learn a foreign language is not easy for them.
(3)表示感情或情绪的形容词,如glad (高兴的),pleased (高兴的),sad (忧伤的),thankful (感激的)等常接不定式。
如:Glad to see you.
(4)表示能力和意志的形容词,如ready (乐意的,有准备的),able (有能力的),sure (一定),certain (一定)等常接不定式。
如:He is sure to get to school on time.
6、形容词的名词性用法:有些形容词可以与定冠词the连用,相当于一个名词,泛指一类人或事物。
【收藏夹】(1)the old 老人the young 年轻人the wise 聪明人
the poor 穷人the rich 富人the blind 盲人the deaf 聋子
the dumb 哑巴the sick 病人the dead 死者the Chinese 中国人
这些词作主语时谓语动词用复数形式。
*(2)the right 正确的事the best 最好的情况
the impossible 不可能的事
the true,the good and the beautiful 真善美
此类词可表示抽象概念,作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。
(3)介词+形容词构成的固定搭配:
In general 大体上,一般而言for short 简称,缩写
in particular 特殊地,尤其in short 简而言之
at least 至少
二、副词:修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句,说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。
1、副词的构成:
(1)本身就是副词;now,here,rather
(2)由形容词+ly构成;slow—slowly,careful—carefully
注:以y结尾的形容词变副词要先将y改为i,再加ly。
如:happy—happily,easy—easily
(3)有些副词与形容词形式相同;early,late,high,close
2、副词的位置:
(1)修饰形容词的副词一般放在被修饰词之前(enough例外)如:My aunt looks like quite young.
(2)修饰动词的副词,有不同情况:
表示不确定时间的副词,如always,often,usually,never等词,常放在be动词、情态动词或助动词的后面,实意动词的前面。
如:She always tells lies to me.
表示确定时间的副词,常放在句首或句末。
如:
I saw him yesterday.
表示地点的副词常放在句末。
如:
Mr. Li was born in Beijing.
注:时间副词和地点同时出现时,一般把时间副词放在后面。
如:We are going to Shanghai tomorrow.
表示方式的副词,常放在句末,也可放在其他位置。
如:
He closed the door quietly. = He quietly closed the door.
(3)副词作定语时,一般放在被修饰词的后面。
如:
People in the park are playing sports.
(4)有些形容词可用作副词来修饰另一个形容词。
如:dark red 深红色的light blue 浅蓝色的
white hot 白日化的icy cold 冰冷的
口语中短语nice and,good and,fine and,lovely and等也可当副词来修饰做表语的形容词,相当于very。
如:
He was good and tired.他非常疲劳。
The room is nice and clean.房间非常干净。
【注意】有些副词有两种形式,一个与形容词同形,一个以ly结尾,但含义不同:
close 接近地closely 仔细地密切地
free 免费地freely 自由地,无拘束地
hard 努力地hardly 几乎不
late 晚,迟lately 近来
most 极,非常mostly 主要地
high 高highly 高度地非常地
loud 大声地loudly 大声地(含喧闹之意)
near 邻近nearly 几乎
3、常见副词用法辨析:
(1)already,yet
already用于肯定句句中,表示“已经”; yet用于否定句句末,表示“还”,用于疑问句句末,表示“已经”。
如:He had already left when I called.
Have you found your ruler yet?I haven’t finished my homework yet.
注意:already还可以表示惊奇,惊讶等语气,常用于疑问句句末。
如:
Has your son gone to school already?(表示很惊讶)
(2)very,much和very much
very用于修饰形容词或副词的原级;much用于修饰形容词或副词的
比较级;修饰动词要用very much.如:John is very honest.
This garden is much bigger than that one. Thank you very much. (3)so,such
A、so修饰形容词或副词;such 修饰名词,如:
My brother runs so fast that I can’t follow him.He is such a boy.
B、so修饰的形容词后可以有一个单数的可数名词,其结构是“so+形容词+a / an+可数名词单数”;such可以修饰可数名词单复数和不可数名词,名词前可以有形容词作定语,其结构是“such+a / an+形容词+可数名词单数”,“such+形容词+可数名词复数/ 不可数名词”。
如:
He is so clever a boy.= He is such a clever boy.
It is such cold weather.They are such good students.
C、如果可数名词复数前有many,few或不可数名词前有much,little 修饰,用so不用such。
如:so many(如此多的);so few(如此少的)可以接可数名词复数;so much(如此多的);so little(如此少的)可以接不可数名词。
(4)also,too,as well和either
also,as well,too,用于肯定句,also常用于be动词,情态动词,助动词之后,行为动词之前;as well,too用于句末;either用于否定句中,置于句末。
如:My father is a teacher. My mother is also a teacher.
=My father is a teacher. My mother is a teacher as well.
=My father is a teacher. My mother is a teacher,too.
I can’t speak French.. Jenny can’t speak French,either.
(5)sometime,sometimes,some time和some times
sometime:“某一时间,某一时刻”可指将来时,也可指过去时;sometimes:“有时,不时”相当于at times;some time:“一段时间”其中time为不可数名词;some times:“几次,几倍”其中的time 为可数名词。
如:We’ll have a test sometime next month.
Sometimes we are busy and sometimes we are not.
He stayed in Beijing for some time last year.
I have been to Beijing some times.
(6)ago,before
ago表示以现在为起点的“以前”,常与一般过去时连用,不可以单独使用;before指过去或将来的某时刻“以前”,也可泛指以前,常和完成时连用,可以单独使用。
如:I saw him ten minutes ago.
He told me that he had seen the film before.
(7)now,just和just now
now:与一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时连用,意为“现在”;just:与现在完成时、过去完成时连用,表示“刚……”;just now:和过去时连用,表示“刚才”。
如:Where does he live now?
We have just seen the film.
He was here just now.
【收藏夹】do wrong 做错事speak loud大声讲话go slow 慢慢走
play fair 公平地比赛drink deep痛饮
三、形容词、副词比较等级的用法:
1、原级常用的句型结构:
(1) “甲+ be + (倍数) + as + 形容词原级+ as + 乙”/ “甲+实意动词+ (倍数) + as + 副词原级+ as + 乙”表示“甲和乙程度相同”或“甲是乙的几倍”如:Tom is as old as Kate. Tom is twice as old as Kate.
Tom runs as fast as Mike. Tom runs twice as fast as Mike.
(2)“甲+ be + not + as / so + 形容词原级+ as + 乙”/ “甲+助动词+ not + 动词原形+ as / so + 副词原级+ as + 乙”表示甲不如乙…如:
This room is not as/so big as that one. He doesn’t walk as slowly as you.
2、比较级常用的句型结构:
(1)“甲+ be + (倍数) + 形容词比较级+ than + 乙”/ “甲+实意动词
+ (倍数) + 副词比较级+ than + 乙”表示“甲比乙…”或“甲比乙…几倍”如:
Tom is taller than Kate. This room is three times bigger than that one.
I got up earlier than my mother this morning.。
He runs three times faster than his brother.
(2)“甲+ be + 形容词比较级+ than + any other + 单数名词( + 介词短语)”/ “甲+实意动词+副词比较级+ than + any other + 单数名词(+介词短语)”表示“甲比同一范围的任何一个人/物都……”表示“甲比同一范围的任何一个人/物都……”,含义是“甲最……”。
如:The Yangtze River is longer than any other river in China.
=The Yangtze River is longer than any of the other rivers in China.
=The Yangtze River is longer than the other rivers in China.
=The Yangtze River is the longest river in China.
注:The Yangtze River is longer than any river in Japan.(不在同一范围内不用other)
Mike gets to school earlier than any other student in his class.
= Mike gets to school earlier than any of the other students in his class.
= Mike gets to school earlier than the other students in his class.
= Mike gets to school earliest in his class.迈克在他们班到校最早。
注:Mike gets to school earlier than any student in Tom’s class.迈克比汤姆班上任何一个学生到校都早。
(迈克和汤姆不是同一个班)
(3)“甲+ be + the + 形容词比较级+ of the two +……”表示“甲是两者中较……的”。
如:
Look at the two boys. My brother is the taller of the two.
(4)“比较级+ and + 比较级”表示“越来越……”。
如: He is getting taller and taller.
The flowers are more and more beautiful.
He does his homework more and more carefully.
(5)“the +比较级,the + 比较级”表示“越……,越……”。
如: The more careful you are,the fewer mistakes you’ll make.
(6)“特殊疑问词+ be + 形容词比较级,甲or乙?”/ “特殊疑问词+实意动词+副词比较级,甲or乙?”
如: Which is bigger,the earth or the moon?
Who draws better,Jenny or Danny?
3、三者或三者以上相比,用最高级(形容词最高级前一定要加定冠词the,副词最高级前的the可以省略),后常有表示范围的介词短语in + 场所,of +同类人或物。
用in或of,主要看是否为同类相比,同类相比用of,不同类相比用in。
最高级常用句型结构:
(1)“主语+ be + the + 形容词最高级+单数名词+ in / of短语”/ “主语+实意动词+(the) +副词最高级+单数名词+in / of短语”表示“……是……中最……的”。
如:Tom is the tallest in his class./ of all the students.
This apple is the biggest of the five.
I jump (the) farthest in my class.
(2)“主语+ be + one of the + 形容词最高级+复数名词+ in /of短语”表示“……是……中最……之一”。
如:Beijing is one of the largest cities in China.
(3)“特殊疑问词+ be + the + 最高级,甲,乙,or丙?”/ “特殊疑问词+实义动词+(the)+ 副词最高级,甲,乙,or丙?”用于三者以上的比较。
如:Which country is the largest,China,Brazil or Canada?
Which season do you like (the) best,spring,summer or autumn?
4、形容词、副词比较级最高级的规则及不规则变化:
(1)一般在词尾直接加er或est,如:tall-taller-tallest,long-longer-longest(2)以不发音的字母e结尾的单词在词尾直接加r 或st,如:nice-nicer-nicest(3)以辅音字母+y结尾的词,把y变为i,再加er或est,如:heavy-heavier-heaviest
(4)重读闭音节,末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写这个辅音字母,再
加er或est,如:big-bigger-biggest
(5)部分双音节词和多音节词分别在原级前加more构成比较级和most构成最高级,如:slowly-more slowly-most slowly;
beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful
(6)表示“差于,低于”时,在原级前加less,least
(7)几个不规则变化的词:
good / well ---better---best bad / ill / badly ---worse---worst
much / many ---more---most little---less---least
far---farther / further---farthest / furthest
old--- older / elder---oldest / eldest (最后这两个词的比较级及最高级前一个为本义,后一个为转义)
【注】
1、为了避免重复,在从句中常用one,that,those等词来代替前面提到的名词。
如:The weather this winter is warmer than that last winter.
2、表示“几倍于……”,用“倍数+ as…as”来表示,也可用“倍数+比较级+ than”表示。
如:My book is three times thicker than yours.
3、用much, far, even, a lot, a bit, a little等副词可用来修饰形容词和副词比较级,表示程度(其中a little也可以修饰原级),而very,quite,so,too等只能用来修饰原级。
如:It’s much warmer today.
4、one of the +形容词最高级+名词复数+in / of +名词。
5、形容词最高级前用不定冠词不表示比较而是“非常”。
如:
He is a most handsome young man. = He is very handsome young man. 【比较等级变化规律口诀】
比较级要变化,一般词尾加-er。
词尾若有哑音e,直接加r就可以。
重读闭音节,单个辅音字母要双写。
辅音字母加y,要把y改i。
最高级加-est,前面加the莫忘记。
形容词若是多音节,只把more, most前面写。
【形容词和副词比较级和最高级构成口诀】
结尾直加-er,-est属一般,详细构成方法逐一来侃谈。
一辅音结尾重读闭音节看,辅音双写-er,-est是习惯。
辅音加y(ly)除外有型感,按照去y,-ier,-iest方法办。
上述皆属单音部分双音段,下面把多音节规律来看看。
词前加more,most此规律唤。
规则变化到此已全都谈完。
有些不规则变化请你记全。
“双好”better,best记的宽。
“坏病”worse,worst莫记乱。
“双多”more,most不用管
“老、远”两种形式别记串,“有点”less,least记清盼。
【收藏夹】*汉语中的“最……”在英语中除了用最高级外,还有其他表达方式:(1)否定词+比较级
Nothing is more precious than health. 健康的身体是最重要的。
(2)比较级+than+any other / anyone else / anything else
Bamboo probably has many more uses than any other plant in the world. 竹子也许是世界上用途最广的植物。
(3)否定词+so / as…as…
No experience is so valuable as the experience gained with one’s own sweat and blood.通过自己的血汗获得的经验是最有价值的。
(4)never…such + 名词
I have never seen such a beautiful scene. 我从未见过如此美丽的景象。