阅读理解专题训练—主旨大意题解题指导及训练

阅读理解专题训练—主旨大意题解题指导及训练
一.做主旨大意题容易犯的错误：
1.以偏概全。

干扰项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，也就是文章的局部信息。

2.断章取义。

干扰项常常以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的设置内容，或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。

3. 主题扩大。

干扰项所归纳、概括的范围过大，超过文章实际所讨论的内容。

4. 张冠李戴。

命题者有意地把属于A的特征放在B的身上，构成一个干扰项。

考生不注意的情况下，会造成错选答案。

5. 无中生有，似是而非。

有的干扰项中的关键词语好似在文章中谈到了，但认真分析之后你会发现这类干扰项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。

二.主旨大意题的出题类型.
1). 主题型(topic、subject、main idea、general idea)主旨大意题的题干表现形式:
The main idea of the passage is…
The passage is mainly about…
Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?
What is the passage mainly about?
2). 目的(purpose)类主旨大意题
The passage is meant to ….
The purpose of this article is to …
3). 标题(topic 或 title)类主旨大意题
The best title for the passage might be…
四。

方法指导
在做主题型试题时，可先寻找主题句。

一般情况下，主题句出现在文章的开头或结尾。

但有时也可能不会出现主题句，需要读者自己去概括或归纳。

五．练习巩固
Passage 1：
Everyone becomes a little more forgetful as they get older, but men's minds decline more than women's, according to the results of a worldwide survey. Certain differences seem to be inherent in male and female brains: Men are better at maintaining and dealing with mental images (useful in mathematical reasoning and spatial skills), while women tend to excel (擅长) at recalling information from their brain's files (helpful with language skills and remembering the locations of objects)....
Q : The author aims to tell us that __________.
A. women’s minds perform better than men’s
B. men’s minds decline more with age
C. everyone becomes a little more forgetful as they get older
D. a survey on human’s mind decline was done recently.
Passage 2：
Boston---- Thieves dressed as police entered a museum early Sunday and stole 11 paintings, including major works by Rembrandt, Dagas, Manet and Vermerr, FBI (美国联邦调查局) and the museum officials said.
The first judgment placed value of at least $100 million on the works stolen from the Isabella Gardener Museum, said Boston police spokes-man Jim Tordan.......
William Bobinson, of Hardvard University's Foggel Museum, called the objects stolen “major works.”
Q: What is the best headline for this newspaper article ?
A. A Theft Took Place in Boston
B. B. Artworks stolen by Thieves
C. Major Works
D. Investigation into the Theft
Passage 3:
Reading is the key to school success and, like any skill it takes practice. A child learns to walk by practicing until he no longer has to think about how to put one foot in front of the other. A great athlete practices until he can play quickly, accurately(精确), without thinking. Tennis players call that
“ being” in the zone.” Educators call it “ automaticity’ (自动性).
Q: The first paragraph tells us _______.
A. what automaticity is
B. how accuracy is acquired (获得)
C. how a child learns to walk
D. how an athlete is trained.
六．突破难点:如何做没有主题句的主旨大意题?
做此类题目时，首先要搞清是问某一段还是全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息来把握文脉，进行综合归纳，概括文章的主题。

如有标题，标题中的蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。

另外，任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。

抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。

习题精选
1. It seems that politicians around the world are thinking about the health of their countries. While in China, Chen Zhu has announced his plans for a universal health service and reform across health services. Gordon Brown, the UK Prime Minister, has also announced he is planning to make some changes in our health service.
The crux of Mr. Brown's proposals are related to giving the NHS (National Health Service) a greater focus on prevention, rather than just curing patients.
He is planning to introduce increased screening for common diseases ...
Q: The author of this passage intends to tell us______.
A. the NHS should be reformed right away.
B. more and more people are dying from diseases.
C. the plan to reform the NHS in the UK.
D. the criticism of Mr. Brown's proposals.
2. In the 1930s, a lot of people in the USA were out of work. Among these people was a man named Alfred
Butts. He always had an interest in word games and to fill his time he planned a game which he called “Lexico”. However, he was not completely satisfied with the game, so he made a number of changes to it and changed its name from “ Lexico” to “Alph” and then to “Criss Cross”. He wanted to make some money from his new game but he didn’t have any real commercial(商业性的)success.
Q: The text is mainly about________.
A. Lexico
B. Three men
C . A word game
D. Alfred Butts.
3. As prices and building costs keep rising, the “do-it-yourself” (DIY) trend in the U.S. continues to grow. ……
John and Jim are not unusual people. Most families in the country are doing everything they can to save money so they can fight the high cost of living. If you want to become a “do-it-yourself’, you can go to DIY classes. And for those who don’t have time to take a course, there are books that tell you how you can do things yourself.
Q: What would be the best title for the text?
A. The Joy of DIY
B. You can Do it Too!
C. Welcome to Our DIY Course!
D. Ross and Hatfield: Believers in DIY
4． You dream each night, even though you may not remember your dreams. While you dream your eyes move and your heart beats faster. Even your brain-wave pattern changes. Some scientists think that dreaming is important for the sake of health. They claim that without dream, people would go crazy.
Q: What does the passage mainly tell us?
A. How people stay healthy
B. How sleep is necessary
C. Why dreams are important
D. When people remember their dreams
5. In America we have Halloween. In Mexico they have Todos Santos, which means “ All Saints”. This is the day in which people remember family and friends who have died. They visit the cemetery instead of going out to trick-or-treat. But they do have pictures of skeletons and ghosts hanging around. They also have many candy skulls to eat.
Q: What does the story mainly tell ?
A.What holidays are like
B. What Halloween is like in Mexico
C. What happens during Todos Santos
D. What we do on Halloween
七．定时训练
Something in chocolate could be used to stop coughs and lead to more effective medicines, say UK researchers.
Their study found that theobromine, found in cocoa, was nearly a third more effective in stopping coughs than codeine, which was considered the best cough medicine at present.
The Imperial College London researchers who published their results online said the discovery could lead to more effective cough treatment. “While coughing is not necessarily harmful(有害的) it can have a major effect on the quality of life, and this discovery could be a huge step forward in treating this problem,” said Professor Peter Barnes.
Ten healthy volunteers(志愿者) were given theobromine, codeine or placebo, a pill that contains no
medicine, during the experiment. Neither the volunteers nor the researchers knew who received which pill. The researchers then measured levels of capsaicin, which is used in research to cause coughing and as a sign of how well the medicine are stopping coughs.
The team found that, when the volunteers were given theobromine, the capsaicin need to produce a cough was around a third higher than in the placebo group. When they were given codeine they need only slightly higher levers of capsaicin to cause a cough compared with the placebo.
The researchers said that theobromine worked by keeping down a verve activity(神经活动), which cause coughing. They also found that unlike some standard cough treatments, theobromine caused no side effects such as sleepiness.（2009年全国卷阅读理解D篇）
56. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A. Codeine: A New Medicine
B. Chocolate May Cure Coughs
C. Cough Treatment: A Hard Case
D. Theobromine Can Cause Coughs
(09浙江D)Tell a story and tell it well, and you may open wide the eyes of a child, open up lines of communication in a business, or even open people’s mind to another culture or race. …
People regard storytelling not only as a useful tool in child education, but also as a meaningful activity that helps adults understand themselves as well as those whose culture may be very different from their own. … We are all storytellers. We all have a story to tell. We tell everybody’s story.
Question: What’s the main idea of the text?
A.Storytelling can influence the way people think.
B. Storytelling is vital to the growth of business.
C. Storytelling is the best way to educate children in school.
D. Storytelling helps people understand themselves and others.。