2019年中南大学考试试卷及答案
中南大学2019-2020下学期信号与系统期末试卷
1---○---○------○---○---………… 评卷密封线 ……………… 密封线内不要答题，密封线外不准填写考生信息，违者考试成绩按0分处理 ……………… 评卷密封线 ………… 中南大学考试试卷(A) 2019 ~ 2020学年 下 学期 信号与系统 课程 时间100分钟 64 学时， 4 学分，开卷，总分100分，占总评成绩 50 %一、填空题(10×1´=10分) 1. 按要求填写下列表格(将答案按序号填写在答题纸上) 二、计算题 (共55分) 1. (15分)信号x (t )=(t +1) u (t +1) - t u (t ) - u (t -1)。
求：1) 画出x (t )波形；2) 画出y (t )=2x (2t -1)的波形；3) y (t )的频谱。
2. (10分)已知信号x (t )=u (t )-u (t -1)，h (t )=u (t )-u (t -1)+u (t -2)-u (t -3)，求：1) 画出x (t )波形；2) 画出h (t )的波形；3) 求y (t )=x (t )*h (t )，并画出其波形。
3. (10分)已知一个LTI 系统为()3()2()2()y t y t y t x t '''++=。
求：1) H (j ω)；2) |H (jω)|，并画出其频谱；3) 请判断该系统的类型(低通、高通还是带通)。
4. (10分)已知10()()()x t t t u t =-⋅，20()()x t t u t t =⋅-，300()()()x t t t u t t =-⋅-，且t 0>0。
1) 分别画出x 1(t )，x 2(t )，x 3(t )的波形；2) 求1()x t '，2()x t '，3()x t '的拉普拉斯变换。
5. (10分)()3cos()cos(2)2sin(3)463x t t t t =+-+++ππππππ。
中南大学网络教育组织行为学-2019年12月-考试答案解析
组织行为学题目分析：一、论述题：本大题2个小题，每小题25分，共50分。
1.如果你是一名企业的领导者，请问应该如何做才能让员工发挥最大的潜力？答：员工是组成企业的细胞，是企业生存和发展的基础，没有员工个人成长发展，就不会有未来腾飞的企业。
因此调动员工积极性，是一个企业发展的重点。
作为一名企业的领导者，为调动员工潜力首先要处理好激励时的关系：（1）努力与绩效的关系。
人们总是希望通过一定的努力达到预期的目标，如果个人主观认为达到目标的概率很高，就会有信心，并激发出很强的工作力量；反之，如果他认为目标过高，通过努力也不会有很好的绩效时，就失去了内在的动力，导致工作消极。
（2）绩效与奖励的关系。
人总是希望取得成绩后能够得到奖励。
如果他认为取得成绩后能得到合理的奖励，就可能产生工作热情，否则就可能没有积极性。
（3）奖励与满足个人需要的关系。
人总是希望自己所获得的奖励能满足自己某方面的需要。
由于人们在年龄、性别、资历、社会地位和经济条件等方面均存在着差异，所以，他们对各种需要要求得到满足的程度也各不相同。
对于不同的人，采用相同的奖励办法能满足的需要程度不同，能激发出的工作动力也就不同。
要充分满足调动员工积极性的需要：（1）针对员工的需要设置报酬和奖励措施；（2）给员工创造良好的工作条件，增强其达到目标的信心；（3）建立报酬与个人绩效挂钩制度，提高员工的工作热情。
2.现代信息技术发展对企业生产范式带来了哪些变革？答：进人20世纪90年代以后，由于世界经济环境的发展变化，科学技术尤其是信息技术的突破性的进展和广泛的应用，市场竞争的日趋激烈和国际化，这使得企业管理学在管理思想、方法、手段和组织等诸多方面都有新的进展。
企业生产管理领域的供应链管理、企业资源计划、6西格玛管理、敏捷制造、精益生产、计算机集成制造、大规模定制、界面管理、标杆管理、清洁生产等都是信息技术发展带来的影响。
具体来说，现代信息技术发展对企业生产范式的变革表现在使企业生产管理追求柔性的模式创新。
中南大学2019生命与环境考试习题及答案讲课教案
中南大学2019 生命与环境考试习题及答案一、单选题（共40题，总共80分）1. 仁者见仁，智者见智”说的是知觉的（）。
（2分）A .恒常性* B.理解性C. 整体性D. 选择性2. 根据都灵标准”预计可能撞击地球的小行星撞击地球的时间是（）年，撞击概率为（）。
（2分）A .2020,0.033B .2307,0.023C .2594,0.013-D .2880,0.0033. 下列关于产生环境问题原因的叙述中，错误的是（）。
（2分）环境问题是社会、经济发展的必然产物，社会、经济越发达，环境* A .问题越严重。
环境问题由粗放的生产、生活方式和淡薄的环境保护意识直接造B. 成。
C. 环境问题因人类对资源的占有欲膨胀、对自然过度索取而产生。
D .人口剧增扩大了资源需求和污染因素，环境问题因而产生。
4. 关于行星的形成，当前人们比较认可、且基本得到观察支持的假说是（）（2分）'* A.星云假说B. 微星说C. 小型黑洞喷射说'D.碰撞说5. 经过主序阶段后，太阳最终变成（）而消亡。
（2分）A.超新星B.红巨星* C .白矮星r6. 生命科学进入20世纪最伟大的成就是（）。
（2分）A. 创立了细菌学7. 我国传统医学 五脏六腑”概念中的 五脏”指（）。
（2分）C8.下列几组昆虫中，口器依次为舔吸式、刺吸式、虹吸式的一组是 （）（2 分）9.下列关于行为的叙述中，错误的是（）。
（2分）非生命体有运动，但没有行为。
不论生物体有无意识，其行为是利己的。
生物体的行为是有利于未来基因的存活的。
10.黑种人R 和白种人r 生的孩子Rr 的肤色为（）；他如果与白种人结婚，生 下白肤色孩子的概率是（）,而如果与黑种人结婚，生下白肤色孩子的概率是 （）（2分）C B .建立了免疫学rC .建立了生物化学* D .建立了分子生物学胃、胆、心、肝、脾B .* c C.胆、心、肝、脾、肺心、肝、脾、肺、肾 肝、脾、肺、肾、肠蝗, 蛾, 蝽，蚱蜢 蚊，蟋蟀 C . -D. 蜂, 蝇, 蚁，螳螂蝉，蝴蝶C . -D. 行为都是先天性的，有某种环境就必有应对的行为。
中南大学2019生命与环境考试习题及答案
中南大学2019生命与环境考试习题及答案work Information Technology Company.2020YEAR一、单选题 （共40题 ，总共80分 ）1． “仁者见仁，智者见智”说的是知觉的()。
（2 分）A ． 恒常性B ． 理解性C ． 整体性D ． 选择性2． 根据“都灵标准”，预计可能撞击地球的小行星撞击地球的时间是()年，撞击概率为() 。
（2 分）A ． 2020，0.033B ． 2307，0.023C ． 2594，0.013D ． 2880，0.0033． 下列关于产生环境问题原因的叙述中，错误的是()。
（2 分）A ． 环境问题是社会、经济发展的必然产物，社会、经济越发达，环境问题越严重。
B ． 环境问题由粗放的生产、生活方式和淡薄的环境保护意识直接造成。
C ． 环境问题因人类对资源的占有欲膨胀、对自然过度索取而产生。
D ． 人口剧增扩大了资源需求和污染因素，环境问题因而产生。
4． 关于行星的形成，当前人们比较认可、且基本得到观察支持的假说是()。
（2 分）A ． 星云假说B ． 微星说C ． 小型黑洞喷射说D ． 碰撞说5．经过主序阶段后，太阳最终变成()而消亡。
（2 分）A ． 超新星B ． 红巨星C ． 白矮星D ． 中子星6． 生命科学进入20世纪最伟大的成就是() 。
（2 分）A．创立了细菌学B．建立了免疫学C．建立了生物化学D．建立了分子生物学7．我国传统医学“五脏六腑”概念中的“五脏”指() 。
（2 分）A．胃、胆、心、肝、脾B．胆、心、肝、脾、肺C．心、肝、脾、肺、肾D．肝、脾、肺、肾、肠8．下列几组昆虫中，口器依次为舔吸式、刺吸式、虹吸式的一组是() （2 分）A．蝗，蝽，蚱蜢B．蛾，蚊，蟋蟀C．蜂，蚁，螳螂D．蝇，蝉，蝴蝶9．下列关于行为的叙述中，错误的是()。
（2 分）A．非生命体有运动，但没有行为。
B．不论生物体有无意识，其行为是利己的。
中南大学2019年真题回忆版
一、简答题
1．灌肠的注意事项，肝性脑病为什么不能用肥皂水灌肠。
2．脉搏短绌的测量方法，测量之后如何记录。
3．洋地黄中毒的治疗原则。
4．呼吸机出现人—机对抗的原因。
6．重症肺炎的诊断标准。
7．肝性脑病的特点以及临床表现。
8．肾移植手术后回病房如何预防感染。
二、问答题
1．小儿六岁溺水，要进行心肺复苏
a．心肺复苏的正确步骤。
b．心肺复苏的注意事项有哪些？
c．心肺复苏有效的指标有哪些？
2．急性左心衰竭的诊断标准，以及抢救措施。
3．以往的题干给出的表现明显是肝硬化，但是今年的临床表现(不完整)
4．急性胆囊炎的护理诊断，留置T管的注意事项。
中南大学2018-2019年化工原理试卷及答案
中南大学考试试卷（A）2018--2019学年 1 学期时间110分钟化工原理课程 40 学时 2.5 学分考试形式：闭卷专业年级：化工、制药、应化11级总分100分，占总评成绩 70 %一、选择填空题(共40分)1、（5分）①在气体流量，气相进出口组成和液相进口组成不变时，若减少吸收剂用量，则传质推动力将＿＿＿＿，操作线将＿＿＿＿平衡线，设备费用将＿＿＿＿。
②当温度增高时，溶质在气相中的分子扩散系数将＿＿＿＿，在液相中的分子扩散系数将＿＿＿＿。
③对一定操作条件下的填料吸收塔，如将塔料层增高一些，则塔的HOG将＿＿＿＿＿，NOG将＿＿＿＿＿(增加，减少，不变)。
答文①减少；靠近；增加 (3分)②增加；增加 (1分)③不变；增加 (1分)2、（1分）正常操作下的逆流吸收塔，若因某种原因使液体量减少以至液气比小于原定的最小液气比时，下列哪些情况将发生？ C（A）出塔液体浓度增加，回收率增加（B）出塔气体浓度增加，但出塔液体浓度不变（C）出塔气体浓度与出塔液体浓度均增加（D）在塔下部将发生解吸现象3、（3分）若维持操作中精馏塔的Ｆ、ｘf、ｑ，Ｄ不变，而减少塔釜蒸发量Ｖ。
则：ｘD＿＿＿＿，ｘw＿＿＿＿，Ｌ／Ｖ＿＿＿＿。
（变大，变小，不变，不确定）答文：变小，变大，变小。
4、（6分）根据下图所示的双塔吸收流程，在下方示意绘出与其相应的操作线（OE 为平衡线），并用图中所示浓度符号标明各操作线端点坐标。
(将示意图绘于答题纸再作答或将原图剪贴于答题纸上作答均可)组合1 组合2组合1 组合2组合1 组合25、（1分）进行萃取操作时应使：（ ） CA 分配系数大于1B 分配系数小于1C 选择性系数大于1D 选择性系数小于16．（1分）萃取剂加入量应使原料和萃取剂的和点M 位于（ ）。
CX 1b Y 2b Y 2a a b Y 1a X 2b X 1a X 2a Y 1b Y 2b Y 2a a b Y 1aX 2b X 1b X 1a X 2a Y 1b X Y O E X Y OEA 溶解度曲线之上方区B 溶解度曲线上C 溶解度曲线之下方区D 座标线上7．（1分）萃取是利用各组分间的（ ）差异来分离液体混合物的。
中南大学《卫生统计学》在线作业答案
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解析
2.
(2分)甲、乙两个医院的等级相同，规模相当。在某年疾病统计中发现：甲院对5型肝炎的治愈率都高于乙院，但总的治愈率却是乙院的总治愈率反而高于甲院的总治愈率，造成这种矛盾现象，最可能的原因是（）。
.两个医院对预后的诊断标准不一致
.两个医院各型病人的构成比相差太大
.两个医院医疗技术相差悬殊
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12.
(2分)标准差与标准误的关系中，的是（）。
.二者均反映抽样误差的大小
.总体标准差不变时，增大样本例数可以减小标准误
.总体标准差增大时，总体的标准误也增大
.样本例数增大时，样本的标准差和标准误都会减小
.标准差用于计算可信区间，标准误用于计算参考值范围
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4.
(2分)可信区间估计时可信度是指。
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5.
(2分)II型是指拒绝了实际上成立的H0。
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考试成绩
0分
用时: 0分9秒
不判断
一、单选题
1234567891011121314151617181920
.任一格的理论数小于5，要用校正公式
.任一格的实际数小于5，要用校正公式
.要求理论数不宜太小。理论数太小界定为：有1/5以上格子的理论数小于5，或有1个格子的理论数小于1
.要求实际数不宜太小
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【考博真题】中南大学2019年博士研究生英语入学考试试题+答案
中南大学2019年博士研究生英语入学考试试题试卷一（A）Part I Use of English ( 20% )Section A Vocabulary and Structure ( 10%，每题0.5分)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence, thereare four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completesthe sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet with a single linethrough the center.1.Johnson vows that if I the connection, he will settle in the village forthe rest of his life, and you know it is impossible to submit to such an extremitywhile any other alternative remains.A)stay on B)wait up C)indulge in D)persist in2.Paradoxically, Robinson's excessive denials of the worth of early works of sciencefiction suggest that she has become quite_________ them.A）offended by B) enamored ofC)unconvinced of D)encouraged by3.Even those who disagreed with Carmen's views rarely faulted her for expressingthem. for the positions she took were as _______ as they were controversial.A)thoughtful B)political C)subjective D)commonplaceually the first to spot data that were inconsistent with other findings, in thisparticular experiment she let a number of _________ results slip by.A)inaccurate B)verifiable C)redundant D)anomalous5.While Parker is very outspoken on issues she cares about, she is not ______; sheconcedes thestrength of opposing arguments when they expose weaknesses inherentin her own.A)fickle B)arrogant C)fanatical D)unyielding6.Because no comprehensive _______ exist regarding personal reading practices. wedo not know. for example. the greatest number of books read in an individuallifetime.A)records B)instincts C)remedies D)proposals7.Before about 1960, virtually all accounts of evolution assumed most adaptation tobe a product of selection at the level of populations: recent studies of evolution, however. have found no ______this pervasive view of selection.A)departures from B)basis forC)bias toward D)precursors of8.As serious as she is about the bullfight. she does not allow respect to hersense of whimsy when painting it.A)inspire B)provoke C)suppress D)satisfy9.Whether you are male or female, if you your early and middle teenageyears you will probably recall many times when you stood in front of a mirror looking at yourself or worrying about your height, weight, or body shape.A)think back to B)considerate aboutC)trace backward D)in memory about10.Any government that governs the interests of the people is capable ofsolving various problems both at home and abroad.A)in association to B)by stick toC)in accord with D)in the case of11.The universal _________with all its profound and melancholy meaning assailedheavily Razumov, who, amongst eighty million of his kith and kin, had no heart towhich he could open himself.A)aspiration B)inspiration C)attraction D) tenacity12.She is one of the few politicians who her principles, even though it makesher unpopular with the voters.A)strays around B)stays true toC)believes about D)conceals around13.To be sure I dawdled over a great many books that I had read before, and a numberof memoirs and ________, but I had no intense pleasure from reading in that time and have no passions to record of it.A)biographies B)novels C)documents D)fictions14.Ken his earlier poor performance by scoring two goals in the second half ofthe match.A)paid for B)shifted with C)redeemed D)stabbed into15.Philadelphia's rapid expansion in the nineteenth century gave it a wonderfully richlegacy of "Victorian" buildings and indeed the city has been described as "a museum of American Architecture".A)individually B)justly C)widely D)orderly16.The recent educational development has set the scene for our universities tothe notion that students are our most important clients.A)embrace B)refunding C)dispute D)interrupt17.It's hard to believe that in this country of, hunger could be a serious problem.A)productive B）prosperityC)promiscuous D)promptitude18.There can be no collapse in the property market because sellers have a real tosell if they can't make last year's prices.A)reluctance B)manipulationC)recommendation D)justification19.Even as it is, she was quite right: she was suffering and that was her _____, so tospeak, her capital which she had a perfect right to dispose of.A)rhythm B)fame C)asset D)morale20.I suppose it would be profanation to eat anything in this spick-and-span bower, soas I'm tremendously hungry, I propose an(a) ________," he added presently.A)postponement B)adjournmentC)adjustment D)compromiseSection B Cloze Test ( 10%，每题0.5分)Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.race does certain During recent years we have heard much about “race”: how this things and that race believes certain things and so on. Yet, the (21) phenomenon of race consists of a few surface indications.We judge race usually (22) the coloring of the skin: a white race, a brown race, a yellow race and a (23) race. But if you were to remove the skin you could not (24) anything about the race to which the individual belonged. There is (25) in physical structure, the brain or the internal organs to (26) a difference.There are four types of blood. All (27) are found in every race, and no type is distinct to any race. Human brains are the (28) . No scientists could examine a brain and tell you the race to which the individual belonged. Brains will (29) in size, but this occurs within every race. (30) does size have anything to do with intelligence. The largest brain (31) examined belonged to a person of weak(32). On the other hand, some of our most distinguished people have had(33) brains.Mental tests which are reasonably (34) show no differences in intelligence between races. High and low test (35) both can be recorded by different members of any race. (36) equal educational advantages, there will be no difference in average standings, either on account of race or geographical location.Individuals of every race (37) civilization to go backward or forward. Training and education can change the response of a group of people, (38) enable them to behave in a (39) way.The behavior and ideals of people (40) according to circumstances, but they can always go back or go on to something new that is better and higher than anything in the past.21.A) complete B)full C)total D)whole22.A) between B)from C)at D)with23.A) black B)green C)pink D)yellow24.A) speak B)talk C)tell D)mention25.A) something B)everything C)anything D)nothing26.A) display B)indicate C)demonstrate D) appear27.A) types B)ranks C)classes D)sorts28.A) same B)identical C)similar D)alike29.A) remain B)increase C)decrease D)vary30.A) Only B)Or C)Nor D)So31.A) ever B)then C)never D)once32.A) health B)body C)mind D)thought33.A) big B)small C)minor D)major34.A) true B)exact C)certain D)accurate35.A) results B)reports C)factors D)details36.A) Provided B)Concerning C)Given D)Following37.A) make B)cause C)move D)turn38.A) and B)unless C)though D)hence39.A) ordinary B)peculiar C)usual D)common40.A) change B)charge C)challenge D)cheerPart II Reading Comprehension ( 40%，每题2分)Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choicesmarked A, B, C and D. You should decide which is the BEST choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage 1 (Questions 41-44)The motivation for deep-space travel is shifting from discovery to economics. The past year has seen a flurry of proposals aimed at bringing celestial riches down to Earth. No doubt this will make a few billionaires even wealthier, but we all stand to gain: the mineral bounty and spin-off technologies could enrich us all.But before the miners start firing up their rockets, we should pause for thought. At first glance, space mining seems to sidestep most environmental concerns: there is (probably!) no life on asteroids, and thus no habitats to trash. But its consequences ---both here on Earth and in space---merit careful consideration.Part of this is about principles. Some will argue that space's "magnificent desolation" is not ours to despoil, just as they argue that our own planet's poles should remain pristine. Others will suggest that glutting ourselves on space's riches is not an acceptable alternative to developing more sustainable ways of earthly life.History suggests that those will be hard lines to hold, and it may be difficult to persuade the public that such barren environments are worth preserving. After all, they exist in vast abundance, and even fewer people will experience them than have walked through Antarctica's icy landscapes.There's also the emerging off-world economy to consider. The resources that are valuable in orbit and beyond may be very different to those we prize on Earth. Questions of their stewardship have barely been broached---and the relevant legal and regulatory framework is fragmentary, to put it mildly.Space miners, like their earthly counterparts, are often reluctant to engage with such questions. One speaker at last week's space-mining forum in Sydney, Australia, concluded with a plea that regulation should be avoided. But miners have much to gain from a broad agreement on the for-profit exploitation of space. Without consensus, claims will be disputed, investments risky, and the gains made insecure. It is in all ofour long-term interests to seek one out.41.The central claim of the passage is that space mining has positive potential but____.A)it will end up encouraging humanity's reckless treatment of the environment.B)its effects should be thoughtfully considered before it becomes a reality.C)such potential may not include replenishing key resources that are disappearingon Earth.D)experts disagree about the commercial viability of the discoveries it could yield.42.As used in the sentence underlined (Paragraph 4), "hold" most nearly means________.A)maintain B)grip C)restrain D)withstand43.According to the passage the off-planet economy such as the future of space miningin future _______.A)is inconsistent with the sustainable use of space resources.B)will be difficult to bring about in the absence of regulations.C)cannot be attained without technologies that do not yet exist.D)seems certain to affect Earth's economy in a negative way.44.Which of the following statements provides the best evidence for the answer to theprevious question?A)Some will argue that space's "magnificent desolation" is not ours to despoil, justas they argue that our own planet's poles should remain pristine.B)The resources that are valuable in orbit and beyond may be very different tothose we prize on Earth.C)One speaker at last week's space-mining forum in Sydney, Australia, concludedwith a plea that regulation should be avoided.D)Without consensus, claims will be disputed, investments risky, and the gainsmade insecure.Passage 2 (Questions 45-48)No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is his first duty to follow his intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more evenby the errors of one who, with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, than bythe true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think. Not that it is solely, or chiefly to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking is required. On the contrary, it is as much or even more indispensable to enable average human beings to attain the mental stature which they are capable of. There have been, and may again be, great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mental slavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually active people. Where any people has made a temporary approach to such a character, it has been because the dread of heterodox speculation was for a time suspended. Where there is a tacit convention that principles are not to be disputed; where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periodsof history so remarkable. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up from its foundations and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinaryintellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.He who knows only his own side of the case knows little of that. His reasons maybe good, and no one may have been able to refute them. But if he is equally unable to refute the reasons on the opposite side; if he does not so much as know what they are, he has no ground for preferring either opinion. The rational position for him would be suspension of judgment, and unless he contents himself with that. he is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world, the side to which he feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that he should hear the arguments of adversaries from his own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompanied by what they offer as refutations. That is not the way to do justice to the arguments. or bring them into real contact with his own mind. He must be able to hear them from persons who actually believe them; who defend them in earnest and do their very utmost for them. He must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form: he must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else he will never really possess himself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine in a hundred of what are called educated men are in this condition; even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything they know: they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently from them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess. They do not know those parts of it which explain and justify the remainder; the considerations which show that a fact which seemingly conflicts with another is reconcilable with it,or that, of two apparently strong reasons, one and not the other ought to be preferred.45.The best title for this passage is_____________.A)The Age of ReasonB)The Need for Independent ThinkingC)The Value of RefutationD)How People Think46.According to the author, it is always advisable to_________.A)have opinions which can not be refutedB)adopt the point of view to which he feels the most inclinationC)be acquainted with the arguments favoring the point of view with which hedisagreesD)ignore the accepted opinions of the vast majority47.According to the author, which of the following statements is true?A)Most educated people study both sides of a question.B)Heterodox speculation will lead to many errors in thinking.C)The vast majority of people who argue fluently are acquainted with only oneside of an issue.D)It is wise to get both sides of a debatable issue from one's teachers.48.It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agreewith which of the following statements?A)Excessive controversy prevents clear thinking.B)Periods of intellectual achievement are periods of heterodox speculation.C)The refutation of accepted ideas can best be provided by one's own teachers.D)In a period of mental slavery. no true intellectual thought is possible.Passage 3 (Questions 49-52)Contending for the rights of woman, my main argument is built on this simple principle, that if she be not prepared by education to become the companion of man,she will stop the progress of knowledge and virtue; for truth must be common to all, orit will be inefficacious with respect to its influence on general practice. And how can woman be expected to co-operate unless she knows why she ought to be virtuous? unless freedom strengthen her reason till, she comprehends her duty, and see in what manner it is connected with her real good? If children are to be educated to understand the true principle of patriotism, their mother must be a patriot; and the love of mankind, from which an orderly train of virtues spring, can only be produced by considering the moral and civil interest of mankind; but the education and situation of woman, at present, shuts her out from such investigations .... .Consider, sir, dispassionately, these observations---for a glimpse of this truth seemed to open before you when you observed, "that to see one half of the human race excluded by the other from all participation of government, was a political phenomenon that, according to abstract principles, it was impossible to explain." If so, on what does your constitution rest? If the abstract rights of man will bear discussion and explanation, those of woman, by a parity of reasoning, will not shrink from the same test: though a different opinion prevails in this country, built on the very arguments which you use to justify the oppression of woman---prescription.Consider---I address you as a legislator ---whether, when men contend for their freedom, and to be allowed to judge for themselves respecting their own happiness, itbe not inconsistent and unjust to subjugate women, even though you firmly believe that you are acting in the manner best calculated to promote their happiness? Who made man the exclusive judge, if woman partake with him the gift of reason?In this style, argue tyrants of every denomination, from the weak king to the weak father of a family; they are all eager to crush reason; yet always assert that they usurpits throne only to be useful. Do you not act a similar part, when you force all women,by denying them civil and political rights, to remain immured in their families gropingin the dark?49.According to the passage, in order for society to progress, women must______.A)enjoy personal happiness and financial security.B)follow all currently prescribed social rules.C)replace men as figures of power and authority.D)receive an education comparable to that of men.50.In the passage, the author claims that freedoms granted by society's leaders have___.A)privileged one gender over the other.B)resulted in a general reduction in individual virtue.C)caused arguments about the nature of happiness.D)ensured equality for all people.51.The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements aboutwomen in the eighteenth century?A)Their natural preferences were the same as those of menB)They needed a good education to be successful in society.C)They were just as happy in life as men were.D)They generally enjoyed fewer rights than men did.52.The intention for the passage is to dispute the idea_____A)women seem to be not naturally suited for the exercise of civil and politicalrights.B)men and women possess similar degrees of reasoning ability.C)women do not need to remain confined to their traditional family duties.D)the principles of natural law should not be invoked when considering genderroles.Passage 4 (Questions 53-56)The history of mammals dates back at least to Triassic time. Development was retarded. however, until the sudden acceleration of evolutional change that occurred in the oldest Paleogene. This led in Eocene time to increase in average size. larger mental capacity, and special adaptations for different modes of life. In the Oligocene Epoch, there was fun her improvement, with some appearance of some new lines and extinction of others. Miocene and Pliocene time was marked by culmination of severalgroups and continued approach toward modem characters. The peak of the career of mammals in variety and average large size was attained in the Miocene.The adaptation of mammals to almost all possible modes of life parallels that ofthe reptiles in Mesozoic time. and except for greater intelligence, the mammals do not seem to have done much better than corresponding reptilian forms. The bat is doubtless a better flying animal than the pterosaur. but the dolphin and whale ore hardly more fishlike than the ichthyosaur. Many swift-running mammals of the plains, like the horse and the antelope. must excel any of the dinosaurs. The tyrannosaur was a more ponderous and powerful carnivore than any flesh-eating mammal, but the lion or tigeris probably a more efficient and dangerous beast of prey because of a superior brain. The significant point to observe is that different branches of the mammals gradually filled themselves for all sorts of life, grazing on the plains and able to run swiftly (horse, deer, bison), living in rivers and swamps (hippopotamus, beaver). dwelling in trees (sloth, monkey). digging underground (mole, rodent), feeding on flesh in the forest (tiger) and plain (wolf), swimming in the sea (dolphin, whale, seal) and flying in the air (bat). Man is able by mechanical means to conquer the physical world and to adapt himself to almost any set of conditions.This adaptation produces gradual changes of form and structure. It is biologically characteristic of the youthful, plastic stage of a group. Early in its career, an animal assemblage seems to possess capacity for change, which. as the unit becomes old and fixed, disappears. The generalized types of organisms retain longest the ability to make adjustments when required, and it is from them that new, fecund stocks take origin---certainly not from any specialized end products. So, in the mammals. we witness the birth, plastic spread in many directions, increasing specialization, and in some branches. the extinction. which we have learned from observation of the geologic record of life is a characteristic of the evolution of life.53.In chronological order, the geologic periods are________ .A)Paleogene. Miocene, Triassic, MesozoicB)Mesozoic. Triassic, Paleogene. MioceneC)Miocene. Paleogene, Triassic, MesozoicD)Triassic', Mesozoic, Paleogene, Miocene54.From this passage, we may conclude that the pterosaur_______.A)resembled the batB)was a mammal that lived in the Mesozoic periodC)was a flying reptileD)evolved during the Miocene period55.That the mammals succeeding the reptile in geologic time were superior isillustrated by the statement that the__________.A)tiger has a brain that surpasses that of the tyrannosaurB)deer run. more swiftly than the lionC)whale is more fishlike than the ichthyosaurD)tiger is more powerful than the carnivorous reptiles56.The statements made by the writer are based on evidence ________A)found by studying fossil remainsB)found by comparing animals and reptilesC)found by going to different time periodsD)that cannot be definitely establishedPassage 5(Questions57-60)Socrates gives us a basic insight into the nature of teaching when he compares the art of teaching to the ancient craft of the midwife. Just as the midwife assists the bodyto give birth to new life, so the teacher assists the mind to deliver itself of ideas, knowledge, and understanding. The essential notion here is that teaching is a humble, helping art. The teacher does not produce knowledge or stuff ideas into an empty, passive mind. It is the learner, not the teacher, who is the active producer of knowledge and ideas.The ancients distinguish the skills of the physician and the farmer from those ofthe shoemaker and the house builder. Aristotle calls medicine and agriculture cooperative arts, because they work with nature to achieve results that nature is able to produce by itself. Shoes and houses would not exist unless men produced them; but the living body attains health without the intervention of doctors, and plants and animalsgrow without the aid of farmers. The skilled physician or farmer simply makes healthor growth more certain and regular.Teaching, like farming and healing, is a cooperative art which helps nature do what it can do itself --- though not as well without it. We have all learned many things without the aid of a teacher. Some exceptional individuals have acquired wide learning and deep insight with very little formal schooling. But for most of us the process of learning is made more certain and less painful when we have a teacher's help.One basic aspect of teaching is not found in the other two cooperative arts that work with organic nature. Teaching always involves a relation between the mind of one person and the mind of another. The teacher is not merely a talking book, a living phonograph record, broadcast to an unknown audience. He enters into a dialogue with his student. This dialogue goes far beyond mere "talk," for a good deal of what is taught is transmitted almost unconsciously in the personal interchange between teacher andstudent. We might get by with encyclopedias, phonograph records, and TV broadcasts if it were not for this intangible element, which is present in every good teacher-student relation.Speaking simply and in the broadest sense, the teacher shows the student how to find out, evaluate, judge, and recognize the truth. He does not impose a fixed content of ideas and doctrines that the student must learn by rote. He teaches the student how to learn and think for himself. He encourages rather than suppresses a critical and intelligent response.The student's response and growth is the only reward suitable for such a labor of love. Teaching, the highest of the cooperative arts, is devoted to the good of others. It is an act of supreme generosity. St. Augustine calls it the greatest act of charity.57.Socrates compares the art of teaching to the ancient craft of the midwifebecause______.A)both teaching and midwifery are lowly professionsB)the teacher delivers knowledge while the midwife delivers the babyC)both the body and the mind are of equal importanceD)both the teacher and the midwife playa helping role58.The skills of the physician and the farmer differ from those of the shoemaker andthe house builder in that_________.A)healing and fanning demand greater skillB)healing and fanning playa more important role in societyC)healing and farming need the cooperation of natureD)healing and farming command more respect59.The chief difference between a teacher and a farmer is that_________.A)teaching involves interaction between two mindsB)farming involves working with organic natureC)teaching transmits knowledge which is intangibleD)farming produces crops which are tangible60.According to the passage the role of a teacher is________.A)to evaluate, judge, and recognize the truthB)to make the student memorize what he teachesC)to impose his ideas and doctrines on the studentD)to encourage critical thinking in the student。
中南大学高等数学期末考试试卷(含答案)
中南大学高等数学期末考试试卷(含答案)
一、高等数学选择题
1．函数的定义域为.
A、正确
B、不正确
【答案】B
2．点是函数的间断点.
A、正确
B、不正确
【答案】A
3．由曲线，直线，轴及所围成的平面图形的面积为．
A、正确
B、不正确
【答案】A
4．设函数，则．
A、正确
B、不正确
【答案】B
5．是微分方程．
A、正确
B、不正确
【答案】A
二、二选择题
6．不定积分．
A、
B、
C、
D、
【答案】A
7．设，不定积分（1）
（2）（3）则上述解法中（）．
A、第（1）步开始出错
B、第（2）步开始出错
C、第（3）步出错
D、全部正确
【答案】A
8．设为上的连续函数，且，则定积分（）．A、
B、
C、
D、
【答案】D
一、一选择题
9．函数在点处连续．
A、正确
B、不正确
【答案】A
10．是偶函数．
A、正确
B、不正确
【答案】B
11． ( )．
A、
B、
C、
D、
【答案】D
12．（）．
A、
B、
C、
D、
【答案】C
13．微分方程的通解是（）．A、
B、
C、
D、
【答案】A
一、一选择题
14．设，则．
A、正确
B、不正确
【答案】B
二、二选择题
15．函数在点处连续．
A、正确
B、不正确
【答案】A。
2019中南机械设计考研试题共7页文档
中南大学2019年硕士研究生入学考试试题一．选择题：（30分）1.选择相同公称尺寸的三角形细牙螺纹和粗牙螺纹相比，细牙螺纹。
（）A.自锁性好，强度低B.自锁性好，强度高C.自锁性差，强度高D.自锁性差，强度低2.由试验知，有效应力集中，绝对尺寸，表面质量和表面强化只对零件的有影响。
（）A.应力幅B.平均应力C.应力幅和平均应力3.零件的工作安全系数为。
（）A.零件的极限应力比许用应力B.零件的工作应力比许用应力C.零件的极限应力比零件的工作应力D.零件的工作应力比零件的极限应力4.对于紧螺栓联接，当螺栓的总拉力F2和残余预紧力F1不变，若将螺栓由实心变成空心，则螺栓的应力幅σa与预紧力F0会发生变化：。
（）A. σa增大，F0应适当减小B. σa增大，F0应适当增大C. σa减小，F0应适当减小D. σa减小，F0应适当增大5.设计键连接的主要程序是。
a.按轮毂长度选择键的长度；b.按轴的直径选择键的剖面尺寸；c.按使用要求选择键的类型；d.进行必要的强度校核。
（）A.a b c dB.b a c dC.c b a dD.a c b d6.影响过盈配合联接承载能力最为敏感的因素是配合面的。
（）A.直径尺寸B.摩擦系数C.过盈量D.表面粗糙度7.工作条件与型号一定的V形带，其弯曲应力随小带轮直径的增大而。
（）A.降低B.增大C.无影响8.链传动张紧的目的是。
（）A.使链条产生初拉力，以使链传动能传递运动和功率B.使链条与链轮之间产生摩擦力，以使链传动能传递运动和功率C.避免链条垂度过大时产生啮合不良D.避免打滑9.圆柱齿轮传动，当齿轮直径不变，而减小模数时，可以。
（）A.提高轮齿的弯曲强度B. 提高轮齿的接触强度C. 提高轮齿的静强度D.改善传递的平稳性10.按有限寿命设计一对齿轮，如大、小齿轮的材料相同，热处理后表面硬度也相同，则接触疲劳强度破坏将发生在。
（）A.大轮B.小轮C.同时D.不一定11.蜗杆传动的传动比i为。
中南大学2019年硕士研究生入学考试试题
中南大学2019年硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目代码及名称：353卫生综合注意：1、所有答案（含选择题、填空题、判断题、作图题等）一律答在专用答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地点一律不给分。
2、作图题可以在原试题图上作答，然后将“图”剪切下来贴在答题纸上相应位置。
3、考试时限：3小时，总分：300分。
一、名词解释（每题5分，共100分）1、可耐受最高摄入量2、膳食指南3、食品安全4、食品腐败变质5、acid rain6、environment response gene7、iodine deficiency disorders8、涉水产品9、Occupational hazards 10、矽肺11、热射病12、放射病13、疫源地14、流行15、生态学研究16、患病率17、Randomized block design 18、Sample size19、Parameter estimation 20、偏回归系数二、单选题（每小题2分，共50分）1．蛋白质生物学价值是表示（）A．蛋白质在体内的吸收量B．蛋白质在体内的消化率C．摄入蛋白质增加体重的克数D．蛋白质被机体消化酶分解的程度E．蛋白质吸收后在体内被利用的程度2．中国居民膳食中膳食纤维的重要来源是（）A．肉类B．蛋类C．奶制品D．水果蔬菜E．精制米面3．关于老年人营养叙述正确的是（）A．易出现维生素摄入不足B．宜多吃蜂蜜等含果糖丰富的食物C．因肝肾功能下降，应降低蛋白质的供能比D．为防止超重和肥胖，老年人应保持能量负平衡E．由于消化吸收率降低，蛋白质的摄入量应高于中年人的RNI值4．黄曲霉毒素具有特殊亲和性的器官是（）A．脑B．肺C，胃D．肝脏E．心脏5．最容易污染海产食品的细菌是（）A．沙门氏菌B．变形杆菌C．副溶血性弧菌D．大肠埃希氏菌E．金黄色葡萄球菌6．下列砷化物中，毒性最强的是（）A．单甲基砷酸B．单甲基亚砷酸C．三甲基砷酸D．三氧化二砷E．砷酸钠7．下列常见的环境污染物中，不属于致癌物的是（）A．多环芳烃B．二噁英C．氯化消毒副产物D．藻毒素E．镉8．大气污染对健康的间接危害不包括（）A．臭氧层破坏B．酸雨C．温室效应D．大气能见度降低E．机体免疫力降低9．土壤污染的来源不包括（）A．大气污染物B．工业废水和生活废水C．固体废弃物D．化肥及农药的使用E．地质环境中区域性差异导致土壤中某些元素过高10．一般认为痛痛病是慢性镉中毒，镉进入人体的主要途径是（）A．饮水B．吃鱼C．蔬菜D．粮食E．空气11．手臂振动病的典型临床表现是（）A．皮肤大理石样斑纹B菌性骨坏死C．一过性手指变白D．多发性周围神经炎E．冷水复温试验阳性12．土法炼金可致（）A．铅中毒B．汞中毒C．砷中毒D．锰中毒E．砷化氢中毒13．驱汞治疗的首选药物是（）A．依地酸二钠钙B．二巯基丙璜酸钠C．二疏基丁二酸钠D．巯乙胺B．美篮14．有机磷农药中毒的机制，通常认为是因其抑制（）A．乙酰胆碱酯酶活性B．丁酰胆碱酯酶活性C ．直接作用于胆碱能受体D ．神经病靶酯酶活性E ．神经-肌接头传导15．依法认定为呼吸系统职业性肿瘤的致癌物是（ ） A ．砷及其化合物 B ．苯及其同系物 C ．镍及其化合物D ．氯乙烯E ．联苯胺16．开展实验流行病学研究最好采用“双育法”，目的是为了尽可能减少（ ） A ．选择偏倚B ．失访偏倚C ．观察偏倚D ．混杂偏倚17．并联试验可以提高（ ） A 真实性B 阳性预测值C ．特异度D 可花性E 敏感度18．下列哪一项属于第三级预防措施（ ） A ．遗传咨询 B ．产前检查C ．普查D ．即预E ．康复治疗19．流行病学研究的对象是（ ） A ．疾病B ．病人C ．人群D ．健康人E ．亚临床型病人20．以下哪一个不是流行病学的特征（ ） A ．群体特征 B ．以分布为起点的特征 C ．以治疗疾病为主的特征 D ．对比的特征E ．预防为主的特征21．正态性检验，按0.10α=水准，认为总体服从正态分布，此时若推断有错。
中南大学湘雅二院外科学(脊柱外)(3966)2019年考博真题试卷
二、名词解释（4×4分）
1.脊髓震荡2.脊髓休克3.脊髓运动单元4. Kummell分s disease
三、简答题（49分）
1.什么是寰枢关节脱位，如何分型？（10分）
（1）该患者的X线片和MRI特点是什么？
（2）该患者的初步诊断是什么，还需要完善哪些检查？
（3）该患者的治疗原则是什么？
（4）该患者的手术指征是什么？有哪些手术方式可以选择，其各自的优缺点是什么？
A. Osteoid osteoma B. Osteoblastoma C. Osteosarcoma D. Giant cell tumor
5. Which of the following is ture regarding postoperative spinal infection?
A. Infection is caused by hematogenous inoculation of the wound by skin flora.
A. Double major(DM) B. Triple major(TM) C. Double thoracic(DT)
D. Main thoracic(MT) E. Thoracolumbar/lumbar(TL/L)
4. A 18-year-old man presents to your office with chronic back pain that is relieved by the use of non-steroidal anti-anflammatory drugs(NSAIDs).CT scan demonstrates a 15-mm circular radiolucency surrounded by sclerotic bone changes.What is the most likely diagnosis?
中南大学写作课程考试答卷
中南大学网络教育课程考试《写作》试题考试说明：1.首先下载试题及《标准答卷模版》，完成答题后，答卷从网上提交。
2.答卷电子稿命名原则：学号.doc。
如：11031020512002.doc。
3.网上提交起止时间：2019年5月12日8：00—6月12日18：00。
试题：一、阅读下首诗，揣摩诗中意象的含义及其相互之间的意义关联，并试写 1首。
（20分）雨后李志平轻轻地你用垂满露珠的柳哨溅动恍如隔世的天外禅音茸长的睫毛浮动透明的彩虹宁静的灵魂卸去尘俗裸体飘进空山灵雨的仙居水做的骨头无妨泥做的骨头无妨我的眼眸溅满鸟鸣做你诗意的栖居二、分析下文在布局与写作技法上的特点，并就“作文与做人”写500字以下短文一篇。
（20分）作文与做人叶圣陶品德教育重在实做，不在于能说会道。
譬如去年高考的作文题是《先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐》，要是有位考生写得头头是道，有道理，有发挥，准能得高分。
但是当他离开考场，挤上公共汽车，就抢着靠窗坐下，明明有一位白发老太太提着菜蓝挤在他膝前，他只当没瞧见。
你说这位考生的作文卷上该不该得高分，依我说，莫说高分数，我一分也不给。
他连给老太太让个座的起码的好习惯都没有养成，还有资格谈什么“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”呢？也许有人说，你太认真了，那是作文，那是考试。
对，是考试，在汽车上给不给老太太让座，这才是真正的考试，他一分也得不到。
文当然是要作的，但是要紧的在乎做人。
三、以下面两则材料作由头，生发联想写一篇1000字以上的杂文。
（30分）1.成功秘诀——钢铁大王安祖——卡内基之所以受到世人的尊敬，除了因为他是成功的企业家外，还因为他在事业有成后，毫不吝啬地将私人庞大的财富捐赠给社会。
1919年他去世后，遗体埋葬在哈德逊河畔，墓碑上刻有他生前的亲笔铭：安眠于此地的人，懂得在自己的事业上，起用许多比他更优秀的人。
2.王安石是唐宋散文八大家之一，也是杰出的诗人。
有一次，他看到南方一位诗人写的一首诗中有“明月当空叫，黄犬卧花心”两句，不禁发笑，心想：明月怎么会叫呢？黄狗又怎么能卧花心上呢？于是信手将诗句改为：“明月当空照，黄犬卧花荫。
【2019年整理】行政法与行政诉讼法学考试复习题及参考答案
中南大学现代远程教育课程考试复习题及参考答案行政法与行政诉讼法学一、单项选择题1.公民、法人或者其他组织直接向人民法院提起行政诉讼，其诉讼时效应当在知道作出具体行政行为之日起的( ) A.一个月内 B.两个月内C.三个月内D.六个月内2．在我国行政复议中能作为法律适用的“依据”，但在行政诉讼中只能“参照”适用的规范性文件是( ) A.行政法规 B.地方性法规C.自治条例D.规章3.李某向工商分局申办营业执照，工商分局以材料不全为由一直未予办理。
李某遂向法院提出行政诉讼。
法院经审理认为李某符合法定条件，工商分局应予办理，于是法院判决工商分局在一个月内为其办理营业执照。
该判决属于( ) A.确认判决 B.变更判决C.撤销判决D.履行判决4.行政机关、法人或者其他组织申请执行生效的行政判决书的期限为( )A.三个月B.180日C.一年D.两年5.行政机关作出行政许可决定的时效是自受理行政许可申请之日起（）A.15日内B.20日内C.30日内D.60日内6.居住所在地在A区，而户籍地在B区的公民，被所在地为C区的公安局收容审查。
该公民对此不服而直接起诉于某法院（）。
A.该法院必定是A区人民法院B.该法院必定是B区人民法院C.该法院必定是C区人民法院D.该法院可能是A、B、C三区法院中的任何一个法院7.部门规章与地方政府规章对同一事项的规定不一致时，报（）A.全国人大常委会裁决B.国务院裁决C.国务院部、委裁决D.最高人民法院裁决8.国务院向获得国家科技进步奖的专家颁发500万元奖金，该行为属于（）A.行政给付B.行政补偿C.行政奖励D.行政许可9.下列选项中，属于双方行政行为的有（）A.某行政机关与某建筑工程队签订职工住房建筑承包合同B.某行政机关与某建筑工程队签订市政工程承包合同C.某行政机关向某农场发布粮食预订计划书D.某行政机关向某家具厂购买办公家具10．下列规范性文件中属于行政法规的是( )A．《中华人民共和国行政处罚法》(全国人大制定)B．《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚条例》(全国人大常委会制定)C．《国家公务员暂行条例》(国务院制定)D．《关于行政诉讼证据若干问题的规定》(最高人民法院制定)11．行政复议中，复议机关（）A.只进行合法性审查B.既进行合法性审查，也进行合理性审查C.有时进行合理性审查D.只对具体行政行为进行审查12．某公司经审核取得了“天燃气经营许可”，这种许可是行政法上的( )A．特许B．一般许可C．认可D．核准13．某区税务稽查大队公务员李某因参与聚众赌博被区公安分局处以7日拘留，本案中公安机关对李某的拘留行为属于( )A．行政处分B．人身强制C．行政处罚D．司法强制14．张某被当地公安机关违法拘留15日，事后他请求国家赔偿。
中南大学2019-2020学年第一学期《有机化学》(下)期末考试B卷
中南大学2019-2020学年第一学期《有机化学》（下）期末考试(闭卷)试卷（B卷）及参考答案满分：100分考试时间：120分钟任课教师:题号一二三四五六七总分得分评卷人复查人一、命名与写结构式（若为立体异构体，需表明构型，每小题1.5分，共15分）4. 5.6. 反-1-乙基-3-叔丁基环己烷（优势构象）7. 1-氯二环[2.2.2] 辛烷8. 3,5-二溴-2-硝基甲苯9. 烯丙醇10.（R）-2-甲基-1-溴丁烷（Fischer投影式）二、单选题（多选不给分，每小题1分，共15分）1．2．下列哪个化合物硝化时，主要得到间位产物？3．化合物苯甲醇（a）、二苯甲醇（b）、三苯甲醇（c）、甲醇（d）与溴化氢反应的活性顺序为：4．分子式C5H10Br, 1HNMR谱只有两个单峰，面积比2 ：3，其结构式是5.6．7．8. 下列化合物在酸性条件下最容易脱水生成烯的是：9.10．下列自由基，最稳定的是：（）B C DCH2CH23CHCH CH2CH CHCH2 11．下列双烯烃，能与顺丁烯二酸酐发生Diels-Alder反应的是：（）H2C CHCH2CH CH2A B C DCH212下列化合物进行亲核加成活性最高的是：（）A B C DCH3CHO CF3CHO CH3CCH3CH3CCH2CH3O O13．下列化合物中，不能发生碘仿反应的是：（）A B C DCH3CHO CH3CCH3OCH3CHCH3OHCH3CH2CHO14.下列化合物与无水氯化锌+浓盐酸反应速度最快的是（）A. B. CH3CH2OH C. CH3OH D.15下述反应不能用来制备α,β-不饱和酮的是：（）A.丙酮在酸性条件下发生羟醛缩合反应B. 苯甲醛和丙酮在碱性条件下发生反应C.甲醛和苯甲醛在浓碱条件下发生反应D. 环己烯臭氧化、还原水解，然后在碱性条件下加热反应三、完成下列反应式（只写主要产物，注意立体构型，每小题3分，共30分）1.2.3.4.5.CH3H3C CCH3OHCH3CHCH3OH-C(CH3)3-CH2CH3KMnO46.7.8.9.10.四、写出下列反应机理（每小题6分，共12分） 1.2.五、有机合成路线设计（每小题6分，共18分）1、 由乙烯合成乙酸乙酯2、由五个碳原子以下的有机物合成：3、由甲苯和两个C 的有机物为原料合成六、推断结构式（共10分）1. 有一旋光性化合物A(C 6H 10)，能与硝酸银的氨溶液作用生成白色沉淀B(C 6H 9Ag)。
【考博真题】中南大学2019年博士研究生英语入学考试试题+答案
中南大学2019年博士研究生英语入学考试试题试卷一（A）Part I Use of English ( 20% )Section A V ocabulary and Structure ( 10%，每题0.5分)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence, thereare four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completesthe sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet with a single linethrough the center.1.Johnson vows that if I the connection, he will settle in the village forthe rest of his life, and you know it is impossible to submit to such an extremitywhile any other alternative remains.A)stay on B)wait up C)indulge in D)persist in2.Paradoxically, Robinson's excessive denials of the worth of early works of sciencefiction suggest that she has become quite_________ them.A）offended by B) enamored ofC)unconvinced of D)encouraged by3.Even those who disagreed with Carmen's views rarely faulted her for expressingthem. for the positions she took were as _______ as they were controversial.A)thoughtful B)political C)subjective D)commonplaceually the first to spot data that were inconsistent with other findings, in thisparticular experiment she let a number of _________ results slip by.A)inaccurate B)verifiable C)redundant D)anomalous5.While Parker is very outspoken on issues she cares about, she is not ______; sheconcedes the strength of opposing arguments when they expose weaknesses inherentin her own.A)fickle B)arrogant C)fanatical D)unyielding6.Because no comprehensive _______ exist regarding personal reading practices. wedo not know. for example. the greatest number of books read in an individuallifetime.A)records B)instincts C)remedies D)proposals7.Before about 1960, virtually all accounts of evolution assumed most adaptation tobe a product of selection at the level of populations: recent studies of evolution, however. have found no ______this pervasive view of selection.A)departures from B)basis forC)bias toward D)precursors of8.As serious as she is about the bullfight. she does not allow respect to hersense of whimsy when painting it.A)inspire B)provoke C)suppress D)satisfy9.Whether you are male or female, if you your early and middle teenageyears you will probably recall many times when you stood in front of a mirror looking at yourself or worrying about your height, weight, or body shape.A)think back to B)considerate aboutC)trace backward D)in memory about10.Any government that governs the interests of the people is capable ofsolving various problems both at home and abroad.A)in association to B)by stick toC)in accord with D)in the case of11.The universal _________with all its profound and melancholy meaning assailedheavily Razumov, who, amongst eighty million of his kith and kin, had no heart to which he could open himself.A)aspiration B)inspiration C)attraction D) tenacity12.She is one of the few politicians who her principles, even though it makesher unpopular with the voters.A)strays around B)stays true toC)believes about D)conceals around13.To be sure I dawdled over a great many books that I had read before, and a numberof memoirs and ________, but I had no intense pleasure from reading in that time and have no passions to record of it.A)biographies B)novels C)documents D)fictions14.Ken his earlier poor performance by scoring two goals in the second half ofthe match.A)paid for B)shifted with C)redeemed D)stabbed into15.Philadelphia's rapid expansion in the nineteenth century gave it a wonderfully richlegacy of "Victorian" buildings and indeed the city has been described as "a museum of American Architecture".A)individually B)justly C)widely D)orderly16.The recent educational development has set the scene for our universities tothe notion that students are our most important clients.A)embrace B)refunding C)dispute D)interrupt17.It's hard to believe that in this country of, hunger could be a serious problem.A)productive B）prosperityC)promiscuous D)promptitude18.There can be no collapse in the property market because sellers have a real tosell if they can't make last year's prices.A)reluctance B)manipulationC)recommendation D)justification19.Even as it is, she was quite right: she was suffering and that was her _____, so tospeak, her capital which she had a perfect right to dispose of.A)rhythm B)fame C)asset D)morale20.I suppose it would be profanation to eat anything in this spick-and-span bower, soas I'm tremendously hungry, I propose an(a) ________," he added presently.A)postponement B)adjournmentC)adjustment D)compromiseSection B Cloze Test ( 10%，每题0.5分)Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.During recent years we have heard much about “race”: how this race does certain things and that race believes certain things and so on. Yet, the (21) phenomenon of race consists of a few surface indications.We judge race usually (22) the coloring of the skin: a white race, a brown race, a yellow race and a (23) race. But if you were to remove the skin you could not (24) anything about the race to which the individual belonged. There is (25) in physical structure, the brain or the internal organs to (26) a difference.There are four types of blood. All (27) are found in every race, and no type is distinct to any race. Human brains are the (28) . No scientists could examine a brain and tell you the race to which the individual belonged. Brains will (29) in size, but this occurs within every race. (30) does size have anything to do with intelligence. The largest brain (31) examined belonged to a person of weak(32). On the other hand, some of our most distinguished people have had(33) brains.Mental tests which are reasonably (34) show no differences in intelligence between races. High and low test (35) both can be recorded by different members of any race. (36) equal educational advantages, there will be no difference in average standings, either on account of race or geographical location.Individuals of every race (37) civilization to go backward or forward. Training and education can change the response of a group of people, (38) enable them to behave in a (39) way.The behavior and ideals of people (40) according to circumstances, but they can always go back or go on to something new that is better and higher than anything in the past.21.A) complete B)full C)total D)whole22.A) between B)from C)at D)with23.A) black B)green C)pink D)yellow24.A) speak B)talk C)tell D)mention25.A) something B)everything C)anything D)nothing26.A) display B)indicate C)demonstrate D) appear27.A) types B)ranks C)classes D)sorts28.A) same B)identical C)similar D)alike29.A) remain B)increase C)decrease D)vary30.A) Only B)Or C)Nor D)So31.A) ever B)then C)never D)once32.A) health B)body C)mind D)thought33.A) big B)small C)minor D)major34.A) true B)exact C)certain D)accurate35.A) results B)reports C)factors D)details36.A) Provided B)Concerning C)Given D)Following37.A) make B)cause C)move D)turn38.A) and B)unless C)though D)hence39.A) ordinary B)peculiar C)usual D)common40.A) change B)charge C)challenge D)cheerPart II Reading Comprehension ( 40%，每题2分)Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choicesmarked A, B, C and D. You should decide which is the BEST choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage 1 (Questions 41-44)The motivation for deep-space travel is shifting from discovery to economics. The past year has seen a flurry of proposals aimed at bringing celestial riches down to Earth. No doubt this will make a few billionaires even wealthier, but we all stand to gain: the mineral bounty and spin-off technologies could enrich us all.But before the miners start firing up their rockets, we should pause for thought. At first glance, space mining seems to sidestep most environmental concerns: there is (probably!) no life on asteroids, and thus no habitats to trash. But its consequences ---both here on Earth and in space---merit careful consideration.Part of this is about principles. Some will argue that space's "magnificent desolation" is not ours to despoil, just as they argue that our own planet's poles should remain pristine. Others will suggest that glutting ourselves on space's riches is not an acceptable alternative to developing more sustainable ways of earthly life.History suggests that those will be hard lines to hold, and it may be difficult to persuade the public that such barren environments are worth preserving. After all, they exist in vast abundance, and even fewer people will experience them than have walked through Antarctica's icy landscapes.There's also the emerging off-world economy to consider. The resources that are valuable in orbit and beyond may be very different to those we prize on Earth. Questions of their stewardship have barely been broached---and the relevant legal and regulatory framework is fragmentary, to put it mildly.Space miners, like their earthly counterparts, are often reluctant to engage with such questions. One speaker at last week's space-mining forum in Sydney, Australia, concluded with a plea that regulation should be avoided. But miners have much to gain from a broad agreement on the for-profit exploitation of space. Without consensus, claims will be disputed, investments risky, and the gains made insecure. It is in all of our long-term interests to seek one out.41.The central claim of the passage is that space mining has positive potential but____.A)it will end up encouraging humanity's reckless treatment of the environment.B)its effects should be thoughtfully considered before it becomes a reality.C)such potential may not include replenishing key resources that are disappearingon Earth.D)experts disagree about the commercial viability of the discoveries it could yield.42.As used in the sentence underlined (Paragraph 4), "hold" most nearly means________.A)maintain B)grip C)restrain D)withstand43.According to the passage the off-planet economy such as the future of space miningin future _______.A)is inconsistent with the sustainable use of space resources.B)will be difficult to bring about in the absence of regulations.C)cannot be attained without technologies that do not yet exist.D)seems certain to affect Earth's economy in a negative way.44.Which of the following statements provides the best evidence for the answer to theprevious question?A)Some will argue that space's "magnificent desolation" is not ours to despoil, justas they argue that our own planet's poles should remain pristine.B)The resources that are valuable in orbit and beyond may be very different tothose we prize on Earth.C)One speaker at last week's space-mining forum in Sydney, Australia, concludedwith a plea that regulation should be avoided.D)Without consensus, claims will be disputed, investments risky, and the gainsmade insecure.Passage 2 (Questions 45-48)No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is his first duty to follow his intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more even by the errors of one who, with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, than by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think. Not that it is solely, or chiefly to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking is required. On the contrary, it is as much or even more indispensable to enable average human beings to attain the mental stature which they are capable of. There have been, and may again be, great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mental slavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually active people. Where any people has made a temporary approach to such a character, it has been because the dread of heterodox speculation was for a time suspended. Where there is a tacit convention that principles are not to be disputed; where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up from its foundations and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinaryintellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.He who knows only his own side of the case knows little of that. His reasons may be good, and no one may have been able to refute them. But if he is equally unable to refute the reasons on the opposite side; if he does not so much as know what they are, he has no ground for preferring either opinion. The rational position for him would be suspension of judgment, and unless he contents himself with that. he is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world, the side to which he feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that he should hear the arguments of adversaries from his own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompanied by what they offer as refutations. That is not the way to do justice to the arguments. or bring them into real contact with his own mind. He must be able to hear them from persons who actually believe them; who defend them in earnest and do their very utmost for them. He must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form: he must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else he will never really possess himself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine in a hundred of what are called educated men are in this condition; even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything they know: they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently from them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess. They do not know those parts of it which explain and justify the remainder; the considerations which show that a fact which seemingly conflicts with another is reconcilable with it, or that, of two apparently strong reasons, one and not the other ought to be preferred.45.The best title for this passage is_____________.A)The Age of ReasonB)The Need for Independent ThinkingC)The Value of RefutationD)How People Think46.According to the author, it is always advisable to_________.A)have opinions which can not be refutedB)adopt the point of view to which he feels the most inclinationC)be acquainted with the arguments favoring the point of view with which hedisagreesD)ignore the accepted opinions of the vast majority47.According to the author, which of the following statements is true?A)Most educated people study both sides of a question.B)Heterodox speculation will lead to many errors in thinking.C)The vast majority of people who argue fluently are acquainted with only oneside of an issue.D)It is wise to get both sides of a debatable issue from one's teachers.48.It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agreewith which of the following statements?A)Excessive controversy prevents clear thinking.B)Periods of intellectual achievement are periods of heterodox speculation.C)The refutation of accepted ideas can best be provided by one's own teachers.D)In a period of mental slavery. no true intellectual thought is possible.Passage 3 (Questions 49-52)Contending for the rights of woman, my main argument is built on this simple principle, that if she be not prepared by education to become the companion of man, she will stop the progress of knowledge and virtue; for truth must be common to all, or it will be inefficacious with respect to its influence on general practice. And how can woman be expected to co-operate unless she knows why she ought to be virtuous? unless freedom strengthen her reason till, she comprehends her duty, and see in what manner it is connected with her real good? If children are to be educated to understand the true principle of patriotism, their mother must be a patriot; and the love of mankind, from which an orderly train of virtues spring, can only be produced by considering the moral and civil interest of mankind; but the education and situation of woman, at present, shuts her out from such investigations .... .Consider, sir, dispassionately, these observations---for a glimpse of this truth seemed to open before you when you observed, "that to see one half of the human race excluded by the other from all participation of government, was a political phenomenon that, according to abstract principles, it was impossible to explain." If so, on what does your constitution rest? If the abstract rights of man will bear discussion and explanation, those of woman, by a parity of reasoning, will not shrink from the same test: though a different opinion prevails in this country, built on the very arguments which you use to justify the oppression of woman---prescription.Consider---I address you as a legislator ---whether, when men contend for their freedom, and to be allowed to judge for themselves respecting their own happiness, it be not inconsistent and unjust to subjugate women, even though you firmly believe that you are acting in the manner best calculated to promote their happiness? Who made man the exclusive judge, if woman partake with him the gift of reason?In this style, argue tyrants of every denomination, from the weak king to the weak father of a family; they are all eager to crush reason; yet always assert that they usurp its throne only to be useful. Do you not act a similar part, when you force all women, by denying them civil and political rights, to remain immured in their families groping in the dark?49.According to the passage, in order for society to progress, women must______.A)enjoy personal happiness and financial security.B)follow all currently prescribed social rules.C)replace men as figures of power and authority.D)receive an education comparable to that of men.50.In the passage, the author claims that freedoms granted by society's leaders have___.A)privileged one gender over the other.B)resulted in a general reduction in individual virtue.C)caused arguments about the nature of happiness.D)ensured equality for all people.51.The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements aboutwomen in the eighteenth century?A)Their natural preferences were the same as those of menB)They needed a good education to be successful in society.C)They were just as happy in life as men were.D)They generally enjoyed fewer rights than men did.52.The intention for the passage is to dispute the idea_____A)women seem to be not naturally suited for the exercise of civil and politicalrights.B)men and women possess similar degrees of reasoning ability.C)women do not need to remain confined to their traditional family duties.D)the principles of natural law should not be invoked when considering genderroles.Passage 4 (Questions 53-56)The history of mammals dates back at least to Triassic time. Development was retarded. however, until the sudden acceleration of evolutional change that occurred in the oldest Paleogene. This led in Eocene time to increase in average size. larger mental capacity, and special adaptations for different modes of life. In the Oligocene Epoch, there was fun her improvement, with some appearance of some new lines and extinction of others. Miocene and Pliocene time was marked by culmination of severalgroups and continued approach toward modem characters. The peak of the career of mammals in variety and average large size was attained in the Miocene.The adaptation of mammals to almost all possible modes of life parallels that of the reptiles in Mesozoic time. and except for greater intelligence, the mammals do not seem to have done much better than corresponding reptilian forms. The bat is doubtless a better flying animal than the pterosaur. but the dolphin and whale ore hardly more fishlike than the ichthyosaur. Many swift-running mammals of the plains, like the horse and the antelope. must excel any of the dinosaurs. The tyrannosaur was a more ponderous and powerful carnivore than any flesh-eating mammal, but the lion or tiger is probably a more efficient and dangerous beast of prey because of a superior brain. The significant point to observe is that different branches of the mammals gradually filled themselves for all sorts of life, grazing on the plains and able to run swiftly (horse, deer, bison), living in rivers and swamps (hippopotamus, beaver). dwelling in trees (sloth, monkey). digging underground (mole, rodent), feeding on flesh in the forest (tiger) and plain (wolf), swimming in the sea (dolphin, whale, seal) and flying in the air (bat). Man is able by mechanical means to conquer the physical world and to adapt himself to almost any set of conditions.This adaptation produces gradual changes of form and structure. It is biologically characteristic of the youthful, plastic stage of a group. Early in its career, an animal assemblage seems to possess capacity for change, which. as the unit becomes old and fixed, disappears. The generalized types of organisms retain longest the ability to make adjustments when required, and it is from them that new, fecund stocks take origin---certainly not from any specialized end products. So, in the mammals. we witness the birth, plastic spread in many directions, increasing specialization, and in some branches. the extinction. which we have learned from observation of the geologic record of life is a characteristic of the evolution of life.53.In chronological order, the geologic periods are________ .A)Paleogene. Miocene, Triassic, MesozoicB)Mesozoic. Triassic, Paleogene. MioceneC)Miocene. Paleogene, Triassic, MesozoicD)Triassic', Mesozoic, Paleogene, Miocene54.From this passage, we may conclude that the pterosaur_______.A)resembled the batB)was a mammal that lived in the Mesozoic periodC)was a flying reptileD)evolved during the Miocene period55.That the mammals succeeding the reptile in geologic time were superior isillustrated by the statement that the__________.A)tiger has a brain that surpasses that of the tyrannosaurB)deer run. more swiftly than the lionC)whale is more fishlike than the ichthyosaurD)tiger is more powerful than the carnivorous reptiles56.The statements made by the writer are based on evidence ________A)found by studying fossil remainsB)found by comparing animals and reptilesC)found by going to different time periodsD)that cannot be definitely establishedPassage 5(Questions57-60)Socrates gives us a basic insight into the nature of teaching when he compares the art of teaching to the ancient craft of the midwife. Just as the midwife assists the body to give birth to new life, so the teacher assists the mind to deliver itself of ideas, knowledge, and understanding. The essential notion here is that teaching is a humble, helping art. The teacher does not produce knowledge or stuff ideas into an empty, passive mind. It is the learner, not the teacher, who is the active producer of knowledge and ideas.The ancients distinguish the skills of the physician and the farmer from those of the shoemaker and the house builder. Aristotle calls medicine and agriculture cooperative arts, because they work with nature to achieve results that nature is able to produce by itself. Shoes and houses would not exist unless men produced them; but the living body attains health without the intervention of doctors, and plants and animals grow without the aid of farmers. The skilled physician or farmer simply makes health or growth more certain and regular.Teaching, like farming and healing, is a cooperative art which helps nature do what it can do itself --- though not as well without it. We have all learned many things without the aid of a teacher. Some exceptional individuals have acquired wide learning and deep insight with very little formal schooling. But for most of us the process of learning is made more certain and less painful when we have a teacher's help.One basic aspect of teaching is not found in the other two cooperative arts that work with organic nature. Teaching always involves a relation between the mind of one person and the mind of another. The teacher is not merely a talking book, a living phonograph record, broadcast to an unknown audience. He enters into a dialogue with his student. This dialogue goes far beyond mere "talk," for a good deal of what is taught is transmitted almost unconsciously in the personal interchange between teacher andstudent. We might get by with encyclopedias, phonograph records, and TV broadcasts if it were not for this intangible element, which is present in every good teacher-student relation.Speaking simply and in the broadest sense, the teacher shows the student how to find out, evaluate, judge, and recognize the truth. He does not impose a fixed content of ideas and doctrines that the student must learn by rote. He teaches the student how to learn and think for himself. He encourages rather than suppresses a critical and intelligent response.The student's response and growth is the only reward suitable for such a labor of love. Teaching, the highest of the cooperative arts, is devoted to the good of others. It is an act of supreme generosity. St. Augustine calls it the greatest act of charity.57.Socrates compares the art of teaching to the ancient craft of the midwifebecause______.A)both teaching and midwifery are lowly professionsB)the teacher delivers knowledge while the midwife delivers the babyC)both the body and the mind are of equal importanceD)both the teacher and the midwife playa helping role58.The skills of the physician and the farmer differ from those of the shoemaker andthe house builder in that_________.A)healing and fanning demand greater skillB)healing and fanning playa more important role in societyC)healing and farming need the cooperation of natureD)healing and farming command more respect59.The chief difference between a teacher and a farmer is that_________.A)teaching involves interaction between two mindsB)farming involves working with organic natureC)teaching transmits knowledge which is intangibleD)farming produces crops which are tangible60.According to the passage the role of a teacher is________.A)to evaluate, judge, and recognize the truthB)to make the student memorize what he teachesC)to impose his ideas and doctrines on the studentD)to encourage critical thinking in the student。
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中南大学考试试卷及答案2019 学年二学期时间100分钟工科大学化学Ⅲ-1课程40学时2.5学分考试形式：闭卷专业年级：冶金工程、冶金工程试验、环境工程、化学升华2010级总分：100 分，占总评成绩70%注：此页不作答题纸，请将答案写在答题纸上！一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. H2和O2在绝热钢瓶中生成水的过程( )(A) ΔH = 0 (B) ΔU= 0 (C) ΔS= 0 (D) ΔG = 02. 在N2和O2混合气体的绝热可逆压缩过程中，体系的热力学函数变化值在下列结论中正确的是( )(A) ΔU= 0 (B) ΔA= 0 (C) ΔS= 0 (D) ΔG = 03. 下列诸过程可应用公式d U = (C p-nR)dT进行计算的是：( )(A) 实际气体等压可逆冷却(B) 恒容搅拌某液体以升高温度(C) 理想气体绝热可逆膨胀(D) 量热弹中的燃烧过程4. 今有298 K, pΘ的N2气（状态Ⅰ）和323 K, pΘ的N2气（状态Ⅱ）各一瓶，问哪瓶N2气的化学势大? ( )(A) μⅠ>μⅡ(B) μⅠ<μⅡ(C)μⅠ=μⅡ(D) 不可比较5. 稀溶液有一些特性的值主要决定于溶解在溶液中粒子的数目，而不决定于这些粒子的性质，一些特性溶液的特性叫稀溶液的( )(A) 一般特性(B) 依数性特征(C) 各向同性特性(D) 等电子特性6. 当某溶质溶于某溶剂中形成浓度一定的溶液时，若采用不同的参考态，则下列说法中正确的是：( )(A) 溶质的参考态化学势相同(B) 溶质的活度相同(C) 溶质的活度系数相同(D) 溶质的化学势相同7. 已知理想气体反应N2O5(g) == N2O4(g) + (1/2) O2(g) 的Δr H mΘ= 41.84 kJ⋅mol-1，ΔC p= 0，则增加N2O4平衡产率的条件是：（）(A) 降低温度(B) 提高温度(C) 提高压力(D) 等温等容加入惰性气体K，8. 设反应①SO2(g) + 0.5O2(g) === SO3(g)的标准平衡常数为Θ1,p反应 ② 2SO 2(g) + O 2(g) === 2SO 3(g)的标准平衡常数为Θ2,p K ，则Θ1,p K 与Θ2,p K 的关系为 （ ）(A) Θ1,p K =Θ2,p K (B) (Θ1,p K )2=Θ2,p K (C) Θ1,p K = (Θ2,p K )2 (D) (Θ1,p K )1/2=Θ2,p K9. 将pH=5.0 与pH=9.0的两种强电解质溶液等体积混合，其pH 值为 ( )(A) 1.0 (B) 13.0 (C) 7.0 (D) 1.510.已知K sp [Fe(OH)3] = 4×10-38，若用生成Fe(OH)3沉淀的办法除去溶液中的Fe 3+离子，当溶液的pH=3.0时，溶液中残存的[Fe 3+]为 ( )(A) 4×10–5 mol·L -1(B) 4×10–11 mol·L -1 (C) 1.6×10–10 mol·L -1(D) 2×10–20 mol·L -1二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 理想气体恒压膨胀使体积增大，ΔH 0，ΔS 0。
（填 >、< 或 =）2. 焦耳-汤姆逊系数的定义式μJ-T ＝ ；当μJ-T > 0时，表示经节流膨胀后体系温度 节流膨胀前体系温度。
（填高于、低于或等于）3. 体系Gibbs 自由能在确定温度下随压强的变化率=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛∂∂Tp G ，在确定压强下随温度的变化率=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛∂∂pT G 。
4. 已知某温度下，无CuSO 4溶于水时放热66.107 kJ·mol -1，而CuSO 4·5H 2O 溶于水时吸热11.506 kJ·mol –1，则反应CuSO 4+5H 2O === CuSO 4·5H 2O 在该温度下的热效应△r H m = kJ·mol –1。
5. 将5mol 的H 2(g)与4mol 的Cl 2(g)混合进行反应，生成了2mol 的HCl(g)。
则按照计量方程式H 2(g) + Cl 2(g) === 2HCl(g)计算，该反应的反应进度ξ = mol 。
6. 在298K 时，已知⑴H 2(g)在水中的亨利系数k 1大于⑵O 2(g)在水中的亨利系数k 2，则在相同的温度和压力下，若两者在水中的饱和溶液的溶解度用摩尔分数x 1和x 2表示时，则两者关系为：x 1 x 2。
（填 >、< 或 =）7. A 与B 形成溶液，在某温度下纯A 的饱和蒸气压为29.57kPa ，当溶液的组成为x B = 0.713时，溶液所对应的总蒸气压为29.39kPa ，且蒸气的组成为y B = 0.818，则该温度下，溶液中A 组元的活度a A = ；活度系数γA = 。
8. 对分解反应A(s) ====B(g) + 2C(g)而言，反应的标准平衡常数K p Θ与离(分)解压p 离之间的关系为 。
9. 根据酸碱质子理论，NH 3的共轭酸是 ，共轭碱是 。
10. 已知锌氨配离子[Zn(NH 3)4]2+的逐级稳定常数分别为：K 1 = 2.0×102，K 2 = 2.0×102，K 3 = 2.5×102，K 4 = 1.3×102则其第2级不稳定常数为 ，第3级累积稳定常数为 。
三、（本题15分）苯的正常沸点为353 K ，此时m vap H ∆(C 6H 6，353Ｋ)＝30.77 kJ·mol -1。
现将353 K 、p Θ下的1 mol 液态苯向真空恒温蒸发为同温同压下的苯蒸气(可视为理想气体)，试计算：(1) 此蒸发过程中苯吸收的热Q 和所做的功W ；(2) 苯的蒸发熵变m vap S ∆和蒸发吉布斯自由能变化m vap G ∆，并用相关热力学判据判断该蒸发过程是否可逆，是否自动；(3) 在298.15K 时苯的饱和蒸气压。
四、（本题10分）在298K 、p Θ条件下，环丙烷C 3H 6、石墨C 和氢H 2的标准燃烧焓变(Δc H m Θ)分别为-2092、-393.8和-285.84 kJ·mol -1。
已知丙烯C 3H 6(g)的标准生成焓变Δf H m Θ[丙烯] = 20.5 kJ·mol -1。
试求：(1) 环丙烷的标准生成焓变Δf H m Θ和标准生成热力学能变化量Δf U m Θ；(2) 环丙烷异构化成为丙烯反应 的恒压反应热效应Δr H m Θ和恒容反应热效应Δr U m Θ。
CH 2—CH 2 CH 2CH 3CH= CH 2 =====五、（本题15分）298.15 K时，将2 g某化合物溶于1 kg水中，测得其的渗透压与在298.15 K 将0.8 g葡萄糖(C6H12O6)和1.2 g蔗糖(C12H22O11)溶于1 kg H2O中的渗透压相同。
已知298.15 K下纯水的饱和蒸气压为 3.168 kPa，密度为997kg·m-3，水的凝固点降低常数fK=1.86mol-1·kg·K。
已知M C6H12O6＝180.16×10-3kg•mol-1；M C12H22O11＝342.30×10-3kg•mol-1(1) 求此化合物的摩尔质量和渗透压；(2) 此化合物溶液的蒸气压降低多少?(3) 此化合物溶液的冰点是多少?六、（本题10分）从NH3(g)制备HNO3的一种工业方法是，将NH3(g)与空气的混合物通过高温下的Pt催化剂以获得NO(g)，反应为4 NH3(g) + 5O2(g) === 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)设该反应的热效应不随温度改变而变化，请根据下表中的数据计算上反应在1073K下的标准平衡常数K pΘ和经验平衡常数K p。
NH3(g)H2O(g)NO(g)O2(g)Δf H mΘ(298.15K)/ kJ·mol-1-46.11 -241.82 90.25 0 S mΘ(298.15K)/ J·K-1·mol-1192.3 188.72 210.65 205.03七、（本题10分）欲配制500mL，pH=9.0，且含NH4+离子浓度为1.0mol·L-1的缓冲溶液，需相对密度为0.904，含NH3 26.0%(质量)的浓氨水多少毫升，固体NH4Cl多少克？已知氨水的碱常数K b = 1.7×10-5。
参考答案二、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. ( B )2. ( C )3. ( C )4. ( B )5. ( B )6. ( D )7.（ B ）8.（ B ）9. ( C ) 10. ( A )二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. > ， > ；2. Hp T ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛∂∂， 低于 ；3. V ， -S ；4. - 77.613 ； 5. 1 ；6. < ；7. 0.813 ， 1.14 ；8. 3274⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⨯=ΘΘp p K p离 9. NH 4+ ， NH 2- ；10. 4.0×10–3 ， 1.0×107 。
三、（本题15分）解：(1) 因是恒温向真空膨胀，所以 W = 0 （2分）又因 T 1=T 2，p 1 = p 2，则设计同始末态的恒温恒压蒸发过程与之对应：而H 是状态函数，∴ H ∆= 30770 J·mol -1 （1分）则 Q =U ∆=H ∆- p (V g -V 1) ≈H ∆- pV g=H ∆-nRT = 30770 -8.314×353 = 27835.16 J （2分）(2) 11m vap K mol J 18.8735330770--⋅⋅==∆S （2分） 0m vap m vap m vap =∆-∆=∆S T H G （2分） ΔS 环 = - Q/T 1K J 85.7835316.27835-⋅-=-= （1分） ΔS 隔 = ΔS + ΔS 环 = 87.18 -78.85 = 8.33 J·K -1 （1分）ΔS 隔 > 0，所以过程为不可逆的自发过程。
（1分）(3) 因温度变化很小，故可视m ap H v ∆为常数。
9291.135315.298)35315.298(30770)(ln 1212m r 12-=⨯-⨯=-∆=T T T T H p p （2分） 所以：Pa 53.147221013251453.01453.0212=⨯=⇒=p p p （1分）四、（本题10分）解：(1) 环丙烷的生成反应为3C(s) + 3H 2(g) ==== C 3H 6(g) （2分）所以Δf H m Θ[环丙烷] = -∑νi Δc H m Θ= 3Δc H m Θ[石墨] + 3Δc H m Θ[氢] -Δc H m Θ[环丙烷]= -3(393.8+285.84) + 2092 = 53.08 kJ·mol -1 （2分） 因为反应的∑νg = -2，而Δf H m Θ= Δf U m Θ+ RT ∑νg（1分） 所以Δf U m Θ[环丙烷] = Δf H m Θ[环丙烷] - RT ∑νg= 53.08 – 8.314×298×10-3×(-2)= 58.035 kJ·mol -1（2分） (2) 环丙烷异构化成为丙烯反应的恒压反应热效应Δr H m Θ = Δf H m Θ[丙烯] -Δf H m Θ[环丙烷]= 20.5 - 53.08 = -32.58 kJ·mol -1（2分） 因为反应的∑νg = 0，所以Δr U m Θ=Δr H m Θ = -32.58 kJ·mol -1（1分） 五、（本题15分）解：（1） M C 6H 12O 6＝180.16×10-3 kg·mol -1（1分） M C 12H 22O 11＝342.30×10-3 kg·mol -1（1分） 0.8g 葡萄糖 + 1.2g 蔗糖的物质的量：mol 10946.7103.342102.11016.180108.0333331-----⨯=⨯⨯+⨯⨯=n（2分） 1 kg 水的体积为V = 1/ρ = 0.001 m 3（1分） 则 Pa 7.196961015.298314.810946.733=⨯⨯⨯==--V nRTπ（2分） T ，V 相同 ∴ 该化合物的物质的量：n 2 ＝n 1 ＝7.946×10-3 mol故该化合物的摩尔质量：M 1 = W 1/n 1 = 2/(7.946×10-3) = 251.7×10-3 kg·mol -1 （2分） CH 2—CH 2CH 2CH 3CH= CH 2=====（2） 因 433B 10431.110016.18110946.7---⨯=⨯⨯≈x （1分） ∆p = p H 2O *·x B = 3.168×103×1.431×10-4 = 0.453 Pa （2分）(3) 因m B = 7.946×10-3/1 = 7.946×10-3 mol·kg -1∆T f = K f ·m B =1.86×7.946×10-3 = 0.015K （2分）T f = 273.15 - 0.015=273.135 K （1分）六、（本题10分）解：反应在298.15K 下的热效应为：Δr H m Θ(298.15K) = ∑νi Δf H m Θ= 6×(-241.82) + 4×90.25 - 4×(-46.11) - 5×0= -905.84 kJ·mol -1 （2分）反应在298.15K 下的熵变为：Δr S m Θ(298.15K) = ∑νi S m Θ= 6×188.72 + 4×210.65 - 4×192.3 - 5×205.03= 180.57 J·K -1·mol -1 （2分）由于反应的热效应不随温度改变而变化，说明反应的ΔC p = 0，因此该反应的热效应和熵变均为与温度无关的常数，所以1073K 下反应的标准吉布斯变化量为：Δr G m Θ(1073K) = Δr H m Θ(298.15K) - 1073×Δr S m Θ(298.15K)= -905.84 - 1073×180.57×10-3= -1099.59 （2分）则K p Θ(1073K) = exp[-Δr G m Θ(1073K)/RT ]= exp[1099.59×103/8.314×1073]= 3.397×1053 （2分）而K p (1073K) = (p Θ) ∑νi K p Θ(1073K)= p Θ×K p Θ(1073K) = 3.442×1058Pa （2分）七、（本题10分）解：所要配制的缓冲溶液为一元弱碱-弱碱盐的缓冲溶液，根据相关的计算公式有：b 43b b ]Cl NH ][OH []NH []][OH [][][][]OH [K K K ---=⇒=⇒=000盐碱盐碱 依题意，[OH -] = 10-5，[NH 4Cl]= 1.0，K b = 1.7×10-5， 故 59010710110550...]NH [3=⨯⨯=-- （2分） 500mL 该溶液中含有NH 3的物质的量为：mol ...,NH 32950505901=⨯=n （2分）浓氨水的相对密度为0.904，则1mL(即1cm 3)含NH 3 26.0%的浓氨水中所含NH 3的物质的量为：mol ...,NH 3013801790402602=⨯=n （2分） ∴ 所需浓氨水的体积为：mL ...,NH ,NH 33382101380295021===n n V （2分）而固体NH4Cl 的量为： g .....Cl NH Cl NH 447526553500150=⨯⨯=⨯⨯=M c W （2分）。