语言学的名词解释

When I was preparing the postgraduate entrance examination of NNU(Nanjing Normal University),some of these following concepts had been tested,but there's no specific or clear explanation in the textbook required by the in preparing the second-round examination I read them in other relevant books, I wrote down here for your they are useful to some of you.

1. Acculturation(同化过程） is a process in which members of one cultural group adopt the beliefs and behaviors of another group.

2. Adjacency pair（相邻语对）;a sequence of two utterances by different speakers in conversation. The second is a response to the first, such as question/answer sequences and greeting/greeting exchange.

3. affix: a bound morpheme that is attached to a stem and modifies its meaning in some way.

4. agreement (concord)（一致）: a grammatical phenomenon in which the form of one word in a sentence is determined by the form of another word which is grammatically linked to it. . in the sentence The boy goes to school every is an agreement in number between boy and goes.

（发音器官): the tongue,lips,and velum, which change the shape of the vocal tract to produce different speech sounds.

(体）: the grammatical category representing distinction in the temporal structure of an event. English has two aspect construction---the perfect and the progressive.(完成体和进行体)

(吐气）; the puff of air that sometimes follows the pronounciation of a stop consonant. . /p/ in the word pit.

（辅音）; a speech sound produced by partial or complete closure of part of the vocal tract, thus obstructing the airflow and creating audible friction. Consonants are described in terms of voicing, place of articulation, and manner of articulation.

9. converstional implicature（会话含义）:meanings that are explicable in the light of converational maxims.

competence（交际能力）; the ability to use language appropriately in social situations.

11. constituent（成分）: a syntactic unit that functions as part of a large unit within a sentence; typical constituent types are verb phrase, noun phrase, prepositional phrase and clause.

(格)：the grammatical category in inflectional languages by which the form of a noun or noun phrase varies for grammatical or semantic reasons. English has only one case distinction in nouns—the genitive case(所有格), but English pronouns have three forms that correspond to three of the six cases in Latin.

（小句）: a grammatical unit that contains a subject and a predicate. It may be a sentence or part of a sentence.

class（封闭词类）:a group of words whose membership is small and does not readily accept new members.

（创新词）: the construction and addition of new words.

(分布）: the set of positions in which a given linguistic element or form can appear in a language.