公共组织理论期末复习题

•The separation of politics and administration and an accompanying view of public administration as essentially the same as private administration made possible the transfer of theories of administrative management to the study of public organizations.P64.

•政治与行政的分离，以及相伴的将公共行政等同于私人管理的观点，使行政管理理论有可能用于公共组织研究。这种研究方法和价值观念的转换（虽然很多人不理解）没有什么能比将效率标准作为衡量公共组织成败的主要标准更明显的了。

•Gulick's language here is interesting. Unlike other writers, both before and after, who see efficiency as a neutral concept, an impartial and objective measure of a society's performance......Dwight Waldo (1948) holds that efficiency itself cannot be a value, that it must always be defined in terms of the particular purpose being served.

P66.

•古立克不同意将效率看作一个中立的概念、一个衡量社会绩效和公平客观的标准。

他认为效率是一种价值观念，一种可能会与其他价值相冲突、因而应该给予优先考虑的价值观念。与之相反，沃尔多则认为，效率本身不能作为一种价值观念，因为它必须依据其所服务的特定目标才能得以说明。

•Toward a democratic administration P68.

•迈向民主行政

•David M. Levitan: a democratic state must not only be based on democratic principles but also democratically administered, the democratic philosophy permeating its administrative machinery.P68.

•戴维·M·利维坦：民主国家不仅必须以民主原则为立国之本，而且还要有民主的行政，以及贯穿于行政中的民主理念

•Indeed, one might say that the ghosts of theories past still haunt the study of public administration, with its tales of politics-administration, scientific principles, and adminitrative efficiency. It remains to be seen when----if ever----we will develop and pursue new directions. P69.

•人们确实可以这样说，过去理论的幽灵——行政与政治二分神话、科学原理和行政效率——仍然困扰着公共行政研究。在追求和发展新的方向时，我们仍然能看到这些“幽灵”的影子。

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•This book will argue that public administration is concerned with managing change processes in pursuit of publicly defined societal values.P17.公共行政是指为谋求事先公众的社会价值观而对社会变革进程的管理。

•zone of indifference”冷漠区间

•Barnard recognizes that such cooperative systems depend on the participation of the individual and that the wants and desires of the individual, whether rational or not, must be met for cooperation to result. "If the individual finds his motives being satisfied by what he does, he continues his cooperative effort; otherwise, he does not".P96.

•巴纳德认为这种协调系统必须依靠个体的参与，为了组织的合作能获得结果，个体的需求和欲望无论理性与否，都必须得到满足。“当个体发现他的行为能够有效满足他的动机，那么他将继续努力合作；如果不能满足，他就将停止合作。”

•The maintenance of the organization, which is the chief function of the

executive,depends less on the design of formal structures of authority than on an understanding of human motivation.P96.

•组织的维持（这是经理人员的主要职责）依赖于对人的动机的理解，而不是权威的正式结构设计

•The Hawthorne Experiments霍桑实验

•These experiments held instead that the behavior of individual workers is the key to organizational work and that securing the cooperation of the employees is the central problem of organization.P98.

•这些实验提出了这样的观点：每个工人的个体行为都是组织工作的关键，而组织的中心问题是保证每个雇员的合作

From this perspective, the public bureaucracy is recognized not only as bing an arm of government but also as playing a significant role in the governmental process.要在这一观点看来，公共官僚机构不仅是政府的臂膀，而且在政府管理工程中发挥着重作用。

•P12

•McGregor's "Theory X and Theory Y"麦格雷戈的“X理论和Y理论”

•Based on these "Theory X" assumptions, an approach to management has developed that relies on rewards and punishment, incentives and threats, coercion and control. But McGregor holds that such an approach to management is ineffective, even in its "softest" versions, for it neglects the social and ego needs of individuals.P98-99.

•根据这种“X理论”的架势，管理的根本方法应该是报酬与惩罚、诱因与威胁、强迫与控制。但是麦格雷戈指出，这种管理方法哪怕是以“最弱”的形式表现出来都是无效的，因为它忽视了个人的社会层面和自我层面的需求。

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•The organizational principle to which these assumptions point is integration, the creation of conditions under which the individual's own objectives will be obtained at the same time that he or she contributes to the attainment of the organization's goals. The worker is to be integrated into the organization----that is, managers must take care to determine the needs and desires of their employees, perhaps through more open and participatory modes of conduct, and then help orient those individual objectives so that they can be best obtained through work toward the organization's objectives.P99.

•根据这些假设而导出的组织原则就是整合，也就是创造一种环境，使人在这种环境下既能够实现自己的目标，同时又能够达成组织目标。要把个人整合到组织中去，也就是说，管理者必须努力（也许可以通过更加开放和成员参与性更高的方法）确定组织成员的需求和欲望，然后协助个人确定其个人目标，使个人通过努力完成组织目标来充分实现自己的目标。

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•Argyris: Personality and Organization阿吉里斯：人格与组织

•Standard management practice, guided by the theory of formal organization, directly inhibits the growth of the individual. The specialization of tasks and the concentration of power and information that characterize formal organizations imply certain assumptions about the human personality--assumptions that better