英语语法基础知识
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英语语法基础知识
☆词类
1. 十大词类
实词:可以在句子里面充当成分,可以独立出现
1.名词n. 表示人和事物的名称,作主语、宾语等
2.代词pron. 代替名词数词等,作主语、宾语等
3.动词v. 表示动作,做谓语
4.形容词adj. 表示人或事物的特征,作定语、表语,译作“….的”
5.副词adv. 表示动作特征或性状特征,修饰动词,形容词或其它副词,做状语,译作“…地”
6.数词num. 表示数目或顺序,做主语、宾语、表语、定语等
虚词:不能独立出现
7.冠词art. 用在名词前帮助说明其意义,a / an / the
8.介词prep. 用在名词,代词等前面,说明它与别的词之间的关系
9.连词conj. 用来连接词与词或句与句
10.感叹词interj. 表示说话时的感情或口气
☆句子成分
1. 句子成分概述
组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分,既:主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。
1.主要成分:主语、谓语(必须有)
2.特定成分:宾语、表语、补语(在某种特定的句型里面出现)
3.附加成分:定语、状语(可有可无,可多可少)
2、句子各种成分的含义理解:
1)、主语:句子的主角,一个句子在说或讨论谁(啥),谁(啥)就是主语。主语一般放在句首。
(在“主+谓+宾”的句型结构中,主语是动作的执行者,宾语是动作的承受者。)
E.g:Tom is a doctor.
My father and my mother are teachers.
Today is my birthday.
I can see a desk in the room.
Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes.
Beijing is a good place to visit.
2)、谓语:动词作谓语,谓语必须是动词(be/情态/实意动词)。一般放在主语的后面。谓语要跟前面的主语在“人称”和“数”上保持一致,这叫主谓一致。
E.g:I am a teacher.
My parents work in a school.
You can swim.
Lucy doesn’t do homework every day
The apple tastes good.
He doesn’t like English.
I can’t j oin the club.
3)、表语:表语对前面的主语起表明、表达、表现、表示的作用。表明了主语的身份、特征或状态。(表语一般为名词或形容词,用于“主+系+表”的结构中。)
E.g:I am Lily.
I am a teacher.
That sounds interesting.
We must keep healthy.
My dream is to be a teacher.
My teacher looks excited.
4)、宾语:谓语动作的承受者就是宾语。(在“主+谓+宾”的句型结构中,主语是动作的执行者,宾语是动作的承受者。)
E.g:They sing songs.
The boy join the swimming club.
The little dog looked at me.
I have a book.
You like playing soccer.
He is reading a newspaper.
5)、定语:定语起修饰、形容作用,一般由形容词充当。(还可以由代词、数词充当)
E.g:It’s a beautiful car.
Beijing is a good place to visit.
I have two big eyes.
My father often takes a long walk.
I have two pens.
The red pen is Tom’s.
6)、状语:状语也起修饰作用,一般由副词或介词短语充当,在句中表示时间、地点、方式、条件、原因、结果、目的等。状语用来修饰动词、形容词。
(注:修饰动词的状语通常放在动词后。He runs quickly. 但有些副词如often,
always, usually 等作状语时则放在be动词、助动词和情态动词后,实义动词前。)E.g:He is very tall.
He runs quickly.
I often go to school at 7:00.
I often have lunch at school.
They sing this song in English.
The teacher smiled in his office.
If it rains tomorrow, we’ll stay at home.(条件状语从句)
We had to stay at home because of the rain.(原因状语从句)
I have to work hard so that I can pass the text.(目的状语从句)
7)、宾语补足语:用来补充说明宾语的动作或状态。
E.g:He made the boy laugh.
I found the dog running through our garden.
We call him Little Tiger
I find learning English difficult.(difficult是形容词做宾补)
I saw the kite up and down.(up and down是副词做宾补)
Tom made the girl cry.(cry是动词做宾补)
形容词和副词的用法区别:
形容词作定语修饰名词或代词。
副词作状语修饰动词或形容词。
E.g:1、I like the new book.(形容词作定语)
Lily is a happy girl.(形容词作定语)
2、He runs quickly.(副词作状语)