TOEFL阅读理解之十大题型
合集下载
相关主题
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
C. was able to swim well
D. could not have walked on land
A
6
It should be obvious that cetaceans——whales, porpoises, and dolphins——are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals.
dwelling mammals. ○ It cannot yield clues about the origins of cetaceans.
A
来自百度文库
7
再看一个例子：1790 saw the nation entering a new era of road development. Unable to finance road construction, states turned for help to private companies, organized by merchants and land speculators who had a personal interest in better communications with the interior.
A
13
最高级/绝对化 明显最高级/绝对化关系: -est/ 比较级 隐含最高级/绝对化关系: a. 自身含有最高级含义: maximum, minimum,
outstanding, extreme. b. 否定加比较: nothing can better than that c. 程度较深的词: surprisingly, amazingly,
○ Functional applied-art objects cannot vary much from the basic patterns determined by the laws of physics.
○ The function of applied-art objects is determined by basic patterns in the laws of physics.
这类问题实际考察的是对英文句子进行改 写（paraphrasing）的能力。原句与正确选 项之间一般存在三种关系：原文引用；同 义替换（同义词/反义词/结构转换）；对 原句内容的提炼与概括。
关键词定位法
A
4
先看两个例子：
As a meteorological term, “eye” describe a circular region at the center of a severe wind storm.
A
2
1. 改写题（ Paraphrasing）
Factual Information questions Negative Factual Information questions Sentence Simplification questions
A
3
① Factual Information questions
In paragraph 1, what does the author say about the presence of a blowhole in cetaceans?
○ It clearly indicates that cetaceans are mammals. ○ It cannot conceal the fact that cetaceans are mammals. ○ It is the main difference between cetaceans and land-
According to the passage, why did states need private companies’ help in road building?
A. The states were unable to build roads themselves financially B. Private companies could spend less time completing roads C. The states did not have as much equipment as private companies D. Private companies had more knowledge of the interior
People have difficulty observing this small and irregular area.
该例使用了结构转换进行同意转述。
A
5
OG：P42-7：Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land.
A
12
比较的逻辑关系
明显比较关系: as…as / more…than/ less…than
隐含比较关系: a. “变化”: change, vary, alter, modify, revise, increase,
decrease, crect, destroy, develop, improve, progress, advance, grow, degenerate, continue, remain, stay, stable b. “差异”: same, different. c. “超越”: surpass, exceed, transcend, excel.
A
9
四大 “显性”/ “隐性” 逻辑关系 因果/比较/最高级/否定 否定逻辑关系
明显否定关系: no, not, none, never, neither, deny
隐含否定关系: fail to, absent from, lack, lack of, refuse, few, little, 否定词缀less.
A
8
② Sentence Simplification questions
句子简化题与细节题在本质上类似，都是对原句的改写 句子简化题应注意两点：文间逻辑关系一致；核心信息点
一致 问题形式：Which of the following best expresses the
essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A
10
因果逻辑关系
明显因果关系: because, because of, since, for, as, due to, owing to, in that,
so, so that, as a result, therefore, there by, hence, consequently, accordingly.
prohibitively(修饰价格的high)
A
14
Passage Excerpt: “ … Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general from of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits. …”
A
11
隐含因果关系: a. 表示导致含义: lead to, cause, result, result in, give rise to, render,
produce, make, 使役动词, support, support, stimulate, spur, spark, fuel, motivate, prompt. b. 由……而来: come from, result from, originate, derive from, initiate from, stem from, be attibutable to, be responsive to. c. 反映,体现: reflect, present, suggest, show, imply, demonstrate. d. 考虑到…, 依赖…: give, considering, on account of, in view of, thanks to, according to, rely on, depend on, resort to. e. 条件关系: if, when, while, as, as soon as, as long as, 虚拟条件句. f. 分词短语\不定式\独立主格作状语
The hind leg of Basilosaurus was a significant find because it showed that Basilosaurus
A. lived later than Ambulocetus natans
B. lived at the same time as Pakicetus
As a meteorological concept, “eye” refers to a round area in the middle of an extreme wind disturbance.
该例使用了同义词进行同意转述。
Because this area is so small and irregular, it is difficult to observe.
TOEFL 阅读理解之十大题型
A
1
TOEFL阅读十大题型之再分类
1. 改写题（Paraphrasing） Factual Information questions (3-6 questions per set) Negative Factual Information questions (0-2 questions per set) Sentence Simplification questions (0-1questions per set) 2. 语篇纽带题（Text Connectors) Reference questions (0-2 questions per set) Insert Text question (0-1 questions per set) 3. 推论题 Inference questions (0-2 questions per set) Rhetorical Purpose questions (0-2 questions per set) 4. 篇章结构题（Text Structure） Prose Summary Fill in Table 5. 词汇题
D. could not have walked on land
A
6
It should be obvious that cetaceans——whales, porpoises, and dolphins——are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals.
dwelling mammals. ○ It cannot yield clues about the origins of cetaceans.
A
来自百度文库
7
再看一个例子：1790 saw the nation entering a new era of road development. Unable to finance road construction, states turned for help to private companies, organized by merchants and land speculators who had a personal interest in better communications with the interior.
A
13
最高级/绝对化 明显最高级/绝对化关系: -est/ 比较级 隐含最高级/绝对化关系: a. 自身含有最高级含义: maximum, minimum,
outstanding, extreme. b. 否定加比较: nothing can better than that c. 程度较深的词: surprisingly, amazingly,
○ Functional applied-art objects cannot vary much from the basic patterns determined by the laws of physics.
○ The function of applied-art objects is determined by basic patterns in the laws of physics.
这类问题实际考察的是对英文句子进行改 写（paraphrasing）的能力。原句与正确选 项之间一般存在三种关系：原文引用；同 义替换（同义词/反义词/结构转换）；对 原句内容的提炼与概括。
关键词定位法
A
4
先看两个例子：
As a meteorological term, “eye” describe a circular region at the center of a severe wind storm.
A
2
1. 改写题（ Paraphrasing）
Factual Information questions Negative Factual Information questions Sentence Simplification questions
A
3
① Factual Information questions
In paragraph 1, what does the author say about the presence of a blowhole in cetaceans?
○ It clearly indicates that cetaceans are mammals. ○ It cannot conceal the fact that cetaceans are mammals. ○ It is the main difference between cetaceans and land-
According to the passage, why did states need private companies’ help in road building?
A. The states were unable to build roads themselves financially B. Private companies could spend less time completing roads C. The states did not have as much equipment as private companies D. Private companies had more knowledge of the interior
People have difficulty observing this small and irregular area.
该例使用了结构转换进行同意转述。
A
5
OG：P42-7：Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land.
A
12
比较的逻辑关系
明显比较关系: as…as / more…than/ less…than
隐含比较关系: a. “变化”: change, vary, alter, modify, revise, increase,
decrease, crect, destroy, develop, improve, progress, advance, grow, degenerate, continue, remain, stay, stable b. “差异”: same, different. c. “超越”: surpass, exceed, transcend, excel.
A
9
四大 “显性”/ “隐性” 逻辑关系 因果/比较/最高级/否定 否定逻辑关系
明显否定关系: no, not, none, never, neither, deny
隐含否定关系: fail to, absent from, lack, lack of, refuse, few, little, 否定词缀less.
A
8
② Sentence Simplification questions
句子简化题与细节题在本质上类似，都是对原句的改写 句子简化题应注意两点：文间逻辑关系一致；核心信息点
一致 问题形式：Which of the following best expresses the
essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A
10
因果逻辑关系
明显因果关系: because, because of, since, for, as, due to, owing to, in that,
so, so that, as a result, therefore, there by, hence, consequently, accordingly.
prohibitively(修饰价格的high)
A
14
Passage Excerpt: “ … Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general from of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits. …”
A
11
隐含因果关系: a. 表示导致含义: lead to, cause, result, result in, give rise to, render,
produce, make, 使役动词, support, support, stimulate, spur, spark, fuel, motivate, prompt. b. 由……而来: come from, result from, originate, derive from, initiate from, stem from, be attibutable to, be responsive to. c. 反映,体现: reflect, present, suggest, show, imply, demonstrate. d. 考虑到…, 依赖…: give, considering, on account of, in view of, thanks to, according to, rely on, depend on, resort to. e. 条件关系: if, when, while, as, as soon as, as long as, 虚拟条件句. f. 分词短语\不定式\独立主格作状语
The hind leg of Basilosaurus was a significant find because it showed that Basilosaurus
A. lived later than Ambulocetus natans
B. lived at the same time as Pakicetus
As a meteorological concept, “eye” refers to a round area in the middle of an extreme wind disturbance.
该例使用了同义词进行同意转述。
Because this area is so small and irregular, it is difficult to observe.
TOEFL 阅读理解之十大题型
A
1
TOEFL阅读十大题型之再分类
1. 改写题（Paraphrasing） Factual Information questions (3-6 questions per set) Negative Factual Information questions (0-2 questions per set) Sentence Simplification questions (0-1questions per set) 2. 语篇纽带题（Text Connectors) Reference questions (0-2 questions per set) Insert Text question (0-1 questions per set) 3. 推论题 Inference questions (0-2 questions per set) Rhetorical Purpose questions (0-2 questions per set) 4. 篇章结构题（Text Structure） Prose Summary Fill in Table 5. 词汇题