高中高考英语阅读理解细节理解题的解题步骤及方法总结.docx

理解的解步和方法
一、教学引入
理解 .是高考英理解最重要的一型。

根据我的分，所有的理解型按照答案在文中出的位置和形式不通，可以分理解和主旨大意两大，而前一在整个量当中大概会
占到 80%甚至以上的比例。

二、理解的分
理解的答案往往不是文章中的在中的重复，而是根据文中的合理的推理或化得出的。

1．同，按照答案在原文中出的位置，理解可以分集中型理解和分散型理解。

（1）集中型：就文章的个提，答案在原文中出的位置一般也位于句或几句中。

因具体不同，出形式千万化，因而异。

如：
【 2010 江】 57. According to the passage, the ancestors of the Potter family most probably
【 2010 上海】 70.. As is mentioned in the card, the limitation of the research paper mainly lies in that
（2）分散型：目涉及到文章某一段或几段，甚至穿全文的各个位置，需要考生找文章中的多个。

注意，分散型理解并不意味着目的正确答案出在文章的不同位置，正确
答案往往也是关于文章的某一个句子或。

只是文章的干是关于不同的，需要我在定位的候某
一个区域。

分散型理解常的出方式有：
Which of the following is not true?
We can learn/infer from the passage that ⋯
Which of the follow ing is NOT mentioned about⋯?
也有因而异的，有些看似集中的其也分散在文中，需要考生仔定位。

如：
【 2010 江】 61. Some people are against killing wolves because.
原文所述的原因有很多段，而并不是个的句子。

2.就目形式而言，理解的表形式是多种多的，最常的有：
（1）文章：文中直接提
（2）指代判断：判断文中某个代或特定的指代关系
（3）表数据：目中的和数据行的算
（4）猜：推文中某个或的含
（5）序排列：文中出的正确的序或序
（6）度目的：作者在文中引入某个的目的，或某个或人物的度三、理解解方
法
三大法宝：序原、定位、排除法
1.把握解的序原。

一般来含目答案的位置与目的序是一致的，能帮助我小找范，大大提高效率。

我
做可以采用采用步步法，看一做一。

【2010 广】
C
Food sometimes gets poisoned with harmful things. A person who eats such food can get an illness called food poisoning. Food poisoning is usually not serious, but some types are deadly, The symptoms of food poisoning usually begin within hours of eating the poisoned food. Fever is one of the most common symptoms.
Certain microorganisms ( 微生物 ) cause most types of food poisoning. Bacteria and other microorganisms can poison eggs, meat, vegetables, and many other foods. After entering the body, these tiny living things release (放 ) poisons that make people sick.
Some chemicals can also cause food poisoning. They are often added to food while it is being grown, processed, or prepaid. For example, many farmers spray chemicals on crops to kill weeds and insects. Some people may have a bad reaction to those chemicals when they eat the crops.
Some plants and animals contain natural poisons that are harmful to people. These include
certain kinds of seafood, grains, nuts, seeds, beans, and mushrooms.
When people handle food properly, the risk of food poisoning is very small Microorganisms multiply rapidly in dirty places and in warm temperatures. This means that people should never touch food with ditty hands or put food on unwashed surfaces. Food should be kept in a refrigerator to stop microorganisms from
eat natural poisons, they must go to the hospital right away to have their stomachs emptied.
51.Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Food when poisoned can make people sick.
B. Food poisoning means death.
C. Food poisoning comes in varieties.
D. Food poisoning can be serious.
52.We know from the passage that the symptoms of food poisoning.
A. are always accompanied by a fever
B. are too common to be noted
C. can be noticed within hours
D. can be ignored
53.Food poi soning can be caused by all the following EXCEPT.
A. some chemicals
B. low tempertures
C. some tiny living things
D. certain natural materials
54.From Paragraph 5, we can learn that
A.mushrooms should not be eaten
B.vegetables are safer than meat and seafood
C.natural poisons are more dangerous than chemicals
D.different types of food should be handled differently
55.It can be inferred from the passage that
A.natural materials are safe in food processing
B.chemicals are needed in food processing
C.food poisoning can be kept under control
D.food poisoning is out of control
该篇文章除了最后一题是主旨大意题外，其他都是细节理解题，而且答案位置的先后顺序与题号顺
序是基本一致的。

2.通过定位词寻找出题点
定位词和主题句是英语阅读理解解题方法的最重要的两个要素，前者适用于解答细节理解题，后者用
于解答主旨大意题。

通过定位词解题，就是说我们在阅读题干的时候迅速的把题干中有标记意义的词
或词组划记出来，然后用这个词回到原文当中定位。

（1）什么词才算是定位词呢？
我们首先要关注的是表示人名、地名等的专有名词和表示年份、数字、百分数等的数词，以及题干
中出现的大写的名词。

如
【 2010辽宁】 64.According to California study, the low-scoring group might.
【 2010全国卷 II 】 51. Why are some Chinese likely to go skiing in the Europe?
【 2010辽宁】 61.What does the writer dislike most about dinner parties in New York?
【 2010全国 I 】 61. How did Christy McKinley know Ms. Schatzman’s opinion of the chi tea?
【 2010山东】 was created for.
【 2010湖南】 62,We can know that before 1995 Mary.
【2010 四川】 46. What is an advantage of the buildings meeting the Green Communities Standards?
在上面的例子当中，表示地名的California, New York, Europe ；表示人名的 Christy McKinley, Ms. Schatzman，表示时间的 1995 以及大写的特殊专有名词 , Green Communities Standards 等都是定位词，在原文当中都有出现，能帮助我们迅速地找找到出题点。

可是我们不一定每次都运气好碰到专有名词等，在没有上面这些类词的时候我们需要留意一些表示
实体意义，指代一件具体事物的具象的名词。

如：
【 2010 广东】 48. When your colleague brings about a problem, you should.
【 2010 江苏】 56. Which of the following do the surnames in the passage NOT cover?
【2010 全国 I 】 56. Where is the nearest parking place to Shakespeare’s Birthplace ?
【 2010 全国 I 】 66. Why do hoatzins collect together in smaller groups when the rainy season comes?
如果我们在题干中连一个实体名词都找不到的话应该怎么办呢？这时我们还可以关注题干中词义
鲜明的动词、形容词、副词等。

但是因为动词、形容词、副词的同义表达太多，题干中这些词往往是原
文中的同义表达或转化，需要引起我们的注意。

这个我们在下文中还会专门提到。

请看下面一个用形容
词、副词作定位词的例子：
在原文中我们可以找到对应的句子： Increasingly , the Indian elephant is angry: for many years, illegal hunters have attacked it and its home in the jungle has been reduced to small pieces of land. It is now fighting back.
在找定位词的时候，请同学们注意以下几点：
（1）文章中反复出现的专有名词是全文描述对象的中心，没有唯一出处，所以不能算是定位词。

我们如果发现大部分题干中都有这个专有名词的，就应该排除它作为定位词的可能。

如：
【 2010 全国 II 】 A 篇（文章略）
41. What would Brownie do when someone was ill in the family?
A. Look at them sadly.
B. Keep them company.
C. Play games with them.
D. Touch them gently.
42. We can infer from Paragraph 2 that Brownie __________.
A. world eat anything when hungry
B. felt sorry for her mistake
C. loved playing hide-and-seek
D. disliked the author ’s dad
43.Why does the author say that Brownie was more than just a family pet?
A. She was treated as a member of the family.
B. She played games with anyone she liked.
C. She was loved by everybody she met.
D. She went everywhere with the family.
44. Some people got frightened by Brownie when she__________.
A. smiled
B. barked
C. rushed to them
D. tried to be funny
45.Which of the following best describes Brownie ?
A. Shy
B. Polite
C. Brave
D. Caring
我们发现，这篇文章的每一个题目的题干中都有Brownie,因此Brownie不是定位词。

这也是在上面
讲第一类首选定位词的时候给出例子里全国卷I 的 56、 66 两题不把hoatzins
Shakespeare ’Birthplaces 当做定位词的原因。

他们虽然是特殊名词或专有名词，但是在文中反复出现，
没有定位价值。

（2）大多数时候我们选择的定位词都是名词，因为名词的可替代性相对较低，容易找到唯一出处。

但是我们所找的名词要尽量是实体名词，也就是能指代一件具体事物的名词。

一般来说，下面两类名词
都不可取。

a. 抽象词。

如opinion, idea, result, information, role, effect, trend, theory等等。

b.言语词。

如 statement, argument, comment, response, reaction, enquiry, answer， reason 等等。

如：
【2010 江苏】 60. According to the passage, some people in North America favor killing wolves for all the following reasons EXCEPT that.
文章所叙述的地区正是 North America , 因此在这个题干中 North America 不能算是定位词。

那么 reason 算
不算呢，它是一个言语词，在文章当中通常也是不出现的，不能算是定位词。

（3）并不是所有的我们在题干中找到的定位词在原文中都会对应出现，有些情况下，原文中出现
的只是题干定位词的转换形式。

在这种情况下，划出定位词并在脑中留下印象也有利于我们在浏览文章
是迅速发现文中定位词的对应形式，从而找到题目答案的位置。

一般来说，定位词的转换有下面几种形
式：
a. 同义改写。

题干将原文中的词或词组换成另外的词或者词组，词性和结构不变，意义相近。

如：
【2010 全国 II 】 A 篇
When I was six, Dad brou ght home a dog one day, who was called “ Brownie ”,Mybrothers and I all
loved Brownie and did different things with her. One of us would walk her, another would feed her ,then there
were baths, playing catch and many other games . Brownie, in return, loved each and every one of us. One thing that most touched my heart was that she would go to whoever was sick and just be with them. We always felt better when she was around.
41. What would Brownie do when someone was ill in the family?
A. Look at them sadly.
B. Keep them company.
C. Play games with them.
D. Touch them gently.
这里原文中的sick 被转换成了题干中的ill 。

【2010 广东】 A 篇
When I was growing up in America, I was ashamed of my mother ’Chinese English. Because of her English, she was often treated unfairly . People in department stores, at banks, and at restaurants did not take her seriously, did not give her good service, pretended not to understand her, or even acted as if they did not hear her.
41. Why was the author’ s poorlymotherserved ?
A. She was unable to speak good English.
B. She was often misunderstood.
C. She was not clearly heard.
D. She was not very polite.
我们发现原文中的treated unfairly与题干中的poorly served 意义相近，因此在浏览文章的时候就能
够注意到treated unfairly，并在这个定位词附近寻找正确答案。

【 2010 江苏】 D 篇
But the key issue is really money ． China is already spending hundreds of billions of yuan
on domestic railway expansion ．
68． According to the passage， the greatest challenge to the new high-speed railway plan is．
A ．technical issues
B ．safety of the system
C． financial problems D． maintenance of railway tracks
这里文章中的名词词组key issue 转换成了题干中的greatest challenge, 意义相近 .
【 2010 陕西】 B 篇
Tuesday s’Daily News said 29-year who left the spot q uickly after the rescue last Saturday.
51.What did Duret do shortly after the ambulance came?
A.He was interviewed by a newspaper
B.He asked his girlfriend for his dry clothes
C.He went to the hospital in the ambulance
D.He disappeared from the spot quickly
这里文章中的 quickly 转化成了题干中的 shortly
b.转变词性与结构 : 题干定位词并不一定与原文中相关词的词性和结构形式一致，而是做了一定的
概括与总结。

如将名词词组转化为意思相近的动词、形容词等等。

【2010 江西】 C
Confucius suggested Rule as a principle for the conduct of life: “Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you. ”He assumed that all men were equal at birth, though some potential than others, are that it was knowledge that set men apart. Socrates focused on individual, and thought that the greatest purpose of man was to seek wisdom. He believed that some had more potential to develop their reason than others did. Like Confucius, he believed that the superior class should rule the inferior(下层的)classes.
66. What made some people different from others according to Confucius ?
A. Family
B. Potential
C. Knowledge
D. Community
我们发现文章中的set men apart 即有题干中的different之意。

这里将一个动词词组转化成为一个形
容词。

因此看题干的时候如果划出了定位词different（ Confucius 在文中反复出现）就容易让我们定位到
set men apart 这里来。

我们已经了解了怎样在阅读题干是找出其中的定位词，现在让我们用高考真题来演练一下定位词是
如何帮助我们迅速解决细节理解题的。

【2010 江苏】 D 篇
It ’11 be a win-win project. For other countries ， the railway network will definitely create more opportunities for business ，tourism and so on ，not to mention the better communication among those countries.
For China ， such a project would not only connect it with the rest of Asia and bring some much-needed resources， but would also help develop China ’s far west． We foresee that in the coming decades ， millions of people will migrate to the western regions ， where the land is empty and resources unused ． With high-speed trains，people will set up factories and business centers in the west once and for a11 ． And they ’11 trade with Central Asian and Eastern European countries ．
67． China’s new high-speed railway plan will be a win-win project because．
A ．China will get much-needed resources and develop its western regions
B ．China and the countries involved will benefit from the project in various ways
C．China will develop its railway system and communication with other countries
D ． the foreign countries involved will develop their railway transportation，business and tourism
我们发现题干中的引号处的“ win-win project ”是一个特色比较鲜明的名词，对应到文章中马上找到
原词。

根据后面的for other countries和for China我们可以发现，中国的高速铁路计划应该是对外国和
中国双方都是十分有利的。

因此本题的正确选项应该为 B 选项。

精选文库
【 2010 湖南】 A 篇
HOW TO TAKE LIPITOR
DO ：
Take Lipitor as prescribed by your doctor ．
Try to eat heart-healthy foods while you take Lipitor．
Take Lipitor at any time of day, with or without food．
If you miss a dose( 一剂 )， take it as soon as you remember ． But if it has been more than 12 hours since
your missed dose， wait ． Take the next dose at your regular time ．
Don’t：
Do not change or stop your dose before talking to your doctor ．
Do not start new medicines before talking to your doctor．
58. If it has been over 12 hours since you missed a dose, you should.
A. change the amount of your next dose B, eat more when taking your next dose C.
have a dose as soon as you remember D. take the next dose at your regular time
这是一篇药品说明书，我们在58题的题干中发现了一个很典型的表示时间的定位词12 hours, 对应
到文中我们知道如果漏服了一剂药超过十二个小时以后应该在下一次正常服药的时候服一次药即可。

因
此这里应该选择 D 选项。

【2010 全国 II 】 A 篇
Brownie turned out to be more than just our family pet, she went everywhere with us .People would stop
and ask if they could pet her. Of course she’ d let anyone pet her. She was just the most lovable dog. There were many times when we’ dbe out walking and a small child would come over and pull pm her hair. she never
barked(吠 ) or tried to get away. Funny thing is she would smile. This frightened people because they thought
she was showing her teeth. Far from the truth, she lovely everyone.
44. Some people got frightened by Brownie when she__________.
A. smiled
B. barked
C. rushed to them
D. tried to be funny
这个题目的题干中我们只能找到动词frightened 有可能充当定位词。

在文中我们浏览frightened 所
在的前一句和后一句发现，Brownie是因为“微笑”的时候露出牙齿才吓到别人的，所以本题应该选择
A选项。

请注意：离散型细节理解题的解题步骤和技巧基本上与集中型是一致的，但是离散型细节理解题在
题干中除了告知特定的目标段落之外，往往找不到定位词。

这就需要我们在题干找不到定位词时，迅速
的浏览一下选项，在选项中找到定位词。

例如：
【2010 山东】 C 篇
Rae Armantrout, who has been a poetry professor at the University of California San Diego(UCSD) for
two decades, has won the 2010 Pulitzer Prize in the poetry category for her most recent boo k,“ Versed”.
“ I ’ m delighted and amazed at how much media recognition that thePulitzer brings, as compared to even
the National Book Critics Award, which I was also surprised and delighted to win,” said Armantrout.
“ Fora long time, my writing has been just below the media radar, and to have this kind of attention,
suddenly, with my 10th book, is really surprising.”
Armantrout, a native Californian, received her bachelor’ s degree at UC Berkeley, where she studied with noted poet Denise Levertov, and her ma ster ’ s in creative writing from San Francisco State University. She is a
founding member of Language Poets, a group in American poetry that analyzes the way language is used and
raises questions to make the reader think.
In March, she won the National Boo k Critics Circle Award for“ Versed.”
“ This book has gotten more attention,” Armantrout said,“ but I don’ t feel as if it’ s better The first half of“ Versed” focuses on the dark forces taking hold of the United States as it fought the war
against Iraq. The second half looks at the dark forces casting a shadow over her own life after Armantrout was
diagnosed with cancer in 2006.
Armantrout was shocked to learn she had won the Pulitzer but many of her colleagues were not.
Armantrout is a unique voice in American poetry,” said Seth Lerer, head of Arts and Humanities at UCSD.
“ Versed ”published, by the Wesleyan University Press, did appear in a larger printing than her earlier
works, which is about 2,700 copies. The new edition is scheduled to appear in May.
66. According to Rae Armantrout, ____________.
A. her 10th book is much better
B. her winning the Pulitzer is unexpected
D. she likes being recognized by her readers
我，是一个离散型理解，干中没有明的定位（文章主人公是Rae Armantrout ，全文穿她的，所以 Rae Armantrout 不是定位）。

所以我个候需要快速地一下看看有
没有我需要的定位。

快速之后，我分了10th，Pulitzer ，surprised，recognized 作定位。

根据出序原，我然后着些文章的开，很快就了些定位在文中出
的位置。

A 属于度推，Rae Armantrout 只是她的第十部作品她感到十分意外，并不
意味着部作品就更秀。

C 媒体惊于她的作品，而上原文“⋯ Iwas also surprised and delighted to win,明”是Rae Armantrout 自己她的感到惊，所以C是断章取地文章作
了的理解。

D recognized 我在原文中并没有找到，我也不能推出她喜受到者的同，
因此 D 也是度推。

3.排除法
排除法是解答理解的另一个重要的方法。

因有的候如果是填空我做，我也不能填出正确答案，
但是如果出四个我的，我可以通比排除。

那么怎通排除法做呢？
（ 1）正确的特征
正确然一般不是原文照搬，但是一般是原文的改写，意思不。

如一个同，把否定
改肯定，把肯定改否定等。

【 2010 江】 68. According to the passage, the greatest challenge to the new high-speed railway plan
is.
A. technical issues
B. safety of the system
C. financial problems
D. maintenance of railway tracks
我在原文中了定位greatest challenge 的化形式key issue。

原文是的But the key issue is money. 我知道遇到折我重点要看的是折的后半部分，本的正确答案
上是 money 的形式。

所以我可以本的正确答案C。

光了解了正确特点不，我更需要知道什么是的，才能洞察出者的出意，避有意我置的
陷阱。

那么干究竟有哪些特点呢？
（ 2）的特征
a．冠李戴：把 A 事物的特点成是 B 事物的，企混淆听。

【2010 江】 A 篇
Other early surnames came·from people ’s occupations. The most common occupational name is Smith, which means a person who makes things with iron or other metals. In the past, smiths were very important workers in every town and village. Some other occupational names are: Carter — a person who owned or
drove a cart; Potter—a person who made pots and pans.
57. According to the passage, the ancestors of the Potter family most probably _______.
A. owned or drove a cart
B. made things with metals
C. made kitchen tools or contains
D. built houses and furniture
B 是指Smith 个姓氏而不是Potter，根据定位所指示的句子，我Potter 是指生
和罐等厨房用具的，所以 C 。

然些器具都是金属的，但是以生金属制品特点更确
切的是 Smith 。

b.断章取：抓住一个字眼或做文章，作者本意歪曲的理解。

c.度猜：文中并没有出和一致的直接信息，文意行了不切的度猜。

【2010 全国卷 II 】 B 篇
When you ’re lying on the white sands of the Mexican Riviera, the stresses(力 ) of the world seem a million miles away. Hey, stop! This is no vacation-you have to finish something!
Here lies the problem for travel writer and food critic(家),Edie Jarolim“I always loved traveling and always liked to eat, but it never occurred to me that I could make money doing both of those things,”Jarolim said. Now you can read her travel advice everywhere in Arts and Antiques, in Brides, or in one of her there books, The Complete Idiot ’s Travel Guide to Mexican Beach Resorts.
Her job in travel writing began some eight years ago. After getting a PhD in English in Canada, she took a Test Frommer’s travel guides, passed it, and got the job. After working at Frommer ’s, Jarolim worked for a while at Rough Guides in London, then Fodor ’s, where she fell so in love with a description of the Southwest of the U.S. that she moved there.
completing her tasks and writing reviews of restaurants at home in Tucson, Arizona.
As adventurous as the job sounds, the hard part is fact-checking all the information. Sure, it ’s great to write about a tourist attraction, but you ’d better get the local( 当地的 )museum hours correct or you could really ruin someone’s vacation.
48.What do we know about Jarolim from the text?
A ．She is successful in her job
B ． She finds her life full of stresses
C．She spends half of her time traveling
D ．She is especially interested in museums
这是一个分散型细节理解题，干扰选项分布在文章各处。

B 选项针对首段中的stress 进行了断章取
义的理解，其实首段只是作者的一个引入，跟主人公Jarolim 无关； D 选项则抓住最后一句的museum 企图迷惑大家。

Jarolim 必须把当地博物馆的开放时间弄清楚，并不意味着她对博物馆特别有兴趣。

至于B 选项说她花了一半的时间旅行时原文中没有出现的信息，属于出题者的主观过度猜测。

因此本题的正确
选项应是 A 选项。

c. 把已然说成未然（或把未然说成已然）：本来文中还没有发生的事在选项中变成了已经发生的事，
或者反之。

d.选项与原文事实相反：选项所叙述的内容与原文所提到的完全相反
【2010 山东】 D 篇
D
Batteries can power anything from small sensors to large systems. While scientists are finding ways to make them smaller but even more powerful, problems can arise when these batteries are much larger and heavier than the devices themselves. University of Missouri(MU) researchers are developing a nuclear energy source that is smaller, lighter and more efficient.
“To provide enough power, we need certain methods with energy density( 密度 )，”said Jae kwon, assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering at MU. “The radioisotope( 放射性同位素 ) battery can provide power density that is much higher than chemical batteries. ”
Kwon and his research team have been working on building a small nuclear battery, recently the size and thickness of a penny, intended to power various micro/nanoelectromechanical systems(M/NEWS).Although nuclear batteries can cause concerns, Kwon said they are safe.
“People hear the word ‘nuclear’and think of something very dangerous,”he said. “However, nuclear power sources have already been safely powering a variety of devices, such as pace-makers, space satellites and underwater systems.”
His new idea is not only in the battery ’s size, but also in its semiconductor( 半导体 ). Kwon ’s battery uses a liquid semiconductor rather than a solid semiconductor.
“The key part of using a radioactive battery is that when you harvest the energy, part of the radiation energy can damage the lattice structure( 晶格结构 ) of the solid semiconductor, ”Kwon said. “By using a liquid semiconductor, we believe we can minimize that problem. ”
Together with J. David Robertson, chemistry professor and associate director of the MU Research Reactor, Kwon is working to build and test the battery. I n the future, they hope to increase the battery ’s power, shrink its size and try with various other materials. Kwon said that the battery could be thinner than the thickness of human hair.
74. According to Jae Kwon, his nuclear battery.
A. uses a solid semiconductor
B. will soon replace the present ones
C. could be extremely thin
D. has passed the final test
这也是一个离散型细节理解题，需要我们在做题时先浏览一下选项对选项中的关键词有所印象，然
后在回到原文中寻找对应部位。

在本题里 A 选项说 Kwon 的电池用的是固态半导体，而根据定位词找到
的倒数第三段最后一句显示他的电池用的是更为先进的液态半导体，所以 A 选项是与原文事实相反的；
D 选项说电池已经通过了最后的测试，而最后一段第二句谈到测试时说道Kwon 正在努力制造和测试电池，所以 D 选项把未然变成了已然，应该排除。

B 选项是对原文的过度猜测，无法推测出这种原子电池
能够迅速地替代现在的电池。

因此本题的正确答案应该选 C 选项，在最后两句中我们了解到这种电池可
能变得很轻薄。

四、总结
除法这三大法宝。

在做题时，按照题号顺序在相应的区域寻找答案。

先看题干，标出题干中的定位词，
然后根据找到的定位词回到原文寻找定位词在文章中的出处。

在遇到模棱两可，难以作出选择的答案是，不妨采用排除法。

这就要求我们对正确选项的特点干扰项的特点都有一个较全面的了解。

只要同学们用
好了这三大法宝，在考试中集中注意力，仔细审题，我相信在解答细节理解题时一定会有游刃有余，得
心应手的感觉。