环境污染与治理知识点

环境污染与治理

环境：是相对于某一事物来说，是指围绕着某一事物（通常称为主体）并对该事物会产生某些影响的所有外界事物（通常称其为客体），即环境是指相对并相关于某项中心事物的周围事物。

Biosphere：The entire part of earth's land, soil, water & atmosphere in which living organism are found is called biosphere。The combined area lithosphere, hydrosphere of & atmosphere is known as biosphere. Ecological footprint：The amount of biologically productive land and water needed to indefinitely supply the people in a given area with renewable resources。Also includes the land and water necessary to absorb and recycle wastes and pollution。（Per capita ecological footprint：Average ecological footprint of an individual in a given area）。

Sustainable living：The ability of the earth’s various natural systems and human cultural systems and economies to survive and adapt to changing environmental conditions indefinitely."（可持续发展被定义为：“能满足当代人的需要，又不对后代人满足其需要的能力构成危害的发展。提出可持续发展的四大支柱是经济、社会、环境和文化，只有四个方面协调发展，才能实现可持续发展）。（太阳能、生物多样性、化学循环）

自然资本（natural capital）：Our lives and economies depend on energy from the sun and natural resources and natural services (natural capital) provided by the earth.

水的自然循环和人为循环：

Important Contaminants Of Concern In Wastewater Treatment ：Suspended solids (SS)：Lead to the development of sludge deposits and anaerobic conditions when untreated wastewater is discharged into the aquatic environment. Nutrients (P, N2&C)：When discharged into the aquatic environment, these nutrients

can lead to the growth of undesirable aquatic life. When discharged in excessive amounts on land, they can also lead to the pollution of groundwater.

Priority pollutants ：Organic and inorganic compounds selected on the basis of their known or suspected carcinogenicity, or high acute toxicity. Many of these compounds are found in wastewater

Refractory organics ：These organics tend to resist conventional methods of wastewater treatment. Typical examples include surfactants, phenols, and agricultural pesticides.

Heavy metals：Heavy metals are usually discharged to wastewater from commercial and industrial activities and have to be removed if the wastewater is to be reused. Dissolved inorganics：Inorganic constituents such as calcium, sodium, and sulfate are added to the original domestic water supply as a result of water use and may have to be removed if the wastewater is to be reused.

Characteristics Of Wastewater

Physical Characteristics（Total Solids：Analytically the total solids content of a wastewater is defined as all the matter that remains as residue upon evaporation at 103 to 105°C. Odors：Wastewater may contain either odorous compounds or compounds that produce odor during the process of wastewater treatment.Temperature：The temperature of water is a very important parameter because of its effect on Chemical reactions and reaction rates in treatment process. Aquatic life. Color：Color of industrial wastewater varies according to the type of industry. Most colored matter is in a dissolved state.. Turbidity：Turbidity, a measure of the light-transmitting properties of water, is another test used to indicate the quality of wastewater discharges and natural waters with respect to colloidal and residual suspended matter.）