常用的前缀和后缀

常用的前缀和后缀

1、常用前缀
aero-：concerning the air of aircraft
plane—aeroplane
space—aerospace

anti-：against；opposite of
nuclear—antinuclear
matter—antimatter
war—antiwar

auto-：of or by oneself
biography—autobiography
criticism—autocriticism

be-：to treat as the stated thing
friend—befriend
little—belittle

bi-：two；twice；double
lingual—bilingual
cycle—bicycle

bio-：concerning living things
chemistry—biochemistry
sphere—biosphere

by-，bye-：less important
produce—by-produce
way—byway

centi-：hundredth part
grade—centigrade
meter—centimeter

co-：together，with
author—coauthor
exist—coexist

col-：( used before l ) together，with
location—collocation

com-：( used before b，m，p ) together，with
passion—compassion

con-：together，with
centric—concentric
federation—confederation

contra-：opposite
diction—contradiction
natural—contranatural

cor-：( used before r ) together，with
relate—correlate
respond—correspond

counter-：opposite
act—counteract
attack—counterattack

cross-：across；going between the stated things and joining them
country—crosscountry
breed—crossbreed

de-：showing an opposite；to remove；to reduce
code—decode
value—devalue

dis-：not；the opposite of
advantage—disadvantage
agree—disagree
honest—dishonest

em-：( used before b，m，p ) to cause to become
body—embody
power—empower

en-：to cause to become；to make
danger—endanger
large—enlarge

ex-：former ( and still living )
minister—ex-minister
wife—ex-wife

extra-：outside；beyond
curricular—extracurricular
ordinary—extraordinary

fore-：in advance，before；in or at the front
arm—forearm
warn—forewarn

il-：( used before l ) not
legal—illegal
literate—illiterate

im-：( used before b，m，p ) not
moral—immoral
possible—impossible

in-：not
direct—indirect
sensitive—insensitive

infra-：below in a range；beyond
red—infrared
structure——infrastructure

inter-：between；among
change——interchange
national——international

intra-：inside，within；into
city——intracity
department——intra-department

ir-：（used before r）not
regular——irregular
responsible——irresponsible

kilo-：thousand
gram——kilogram
meter——kilometer

macro-：large，esp. concerning a whole system rather than
particular parts of
economics——macroeconomics
structure——macrostructure

mal-：bad or badly
function——malfunction
treat——maltreat

micro-：extremely small
computer——microcomputer
electronics——microelectronics

mid-：middle
day——midday
night——midnight

mini-：small；short
bus——minibus
skirt—

—miniskirt

mis-：bad or badly；wrong or wrongly
fortune——misfortune
understand——misunderstand

mono-：one；single
plane——monoplane
tone——monotone

multi-：more than one；many
purpose——multipurpose
national——multinational

non-：not
resident——non(-)resident
sense——nonsense

out-：outside；beyond
live——outlive
door——outdoor

over-：too much；above；additional
head——overhead
time——overtime

poly-：many
centric——polycentric
syllabic——polysyllabic

post-：later than；after
graduate——postgraduate
war——postwar

pre-：before；in advance
pay——prepay
war——prewar

pro-：in favor of，supporting
America——pro-America
abortion——pro-abortion

pseudo-：not real；false
name——pseudonym
science——pseudoscience

re-：again；back to the former state
unite——reunite
use——reuse

self-：by means of oneself or itself；of，to，with，for，or in
oneself or itself
employed——self-employed
taught——self-taught

semi-：half；partly
circle——semicircle
final——semifinal

step-：not by birth but through a parent who has remarried
mother——stepmother
children——stepchildren

sub-：under，below；less important；part of the stated bigger
whole
divide——subdivide
section——subsection

super-：more，larger，greater than usual
market——supermarket
natural——supernatural

tele-：at or over a long distance；by or for television
communication——telecommunication
screen——telescreen

therm(o)-：concerning heat
chemistry——thermochemistry
meter——thermometer

trans-: across, on or to the other side of ; between
Atlantic—transatlantic
plant—transplant

tri-: three; three times
angular—triangular
cycle—tricycle

ultra-: beyond; very, extremely
modern—ultramodern
sound—ultrasound

un-: not
certain—uncertain
fortunate—unfortunate

under-: too little; below
develop—underdevelop
sea—undersea

uni-: one, singer
form—uniform
directional—unidirectional

vice-: next in the rank; below
chairman—vice-chairman
president—vice-president

2.常用后缀
（1）名词后缀
-ability，-ibility
able—ability
flexible—flexibility

-age
post—postage
short—shortage

-al
arrive—arrival
refuse—refusal

-an，-ian，-arian
library—librarian
music—musician

-ance，-ence
appear—appearance
refer—reference

-ancy，-ency
emerge—emergency
expect—expectancy

-ant，-ent
apply—applicant
correspond—correspondent
-cy
accurate—accuratcy
private—privacy

-dom
king—kingdom
free—freedom

-ee
employ—employee
interview—interviewee

-er，-or，-ar
paint—painter
beg—beggar

-ery
brave—bravery
slave—slavery

-

ese
China—Chinaese
Japan—Japanese

-ess
actor—actress
waiter—waitress

-ful
hand—handful
spoon—spoonful

-hood
child—childhood
man—manhood

-ics
electron—electronics
linguist—linguistics

-ion，-ition，-ation
collect—collection
observe—observation

-ism
Marx—Marxism
socialist—socialism

-ist
psychiatry—psychiatrist
violin—violinist

-ity，-ty
cruel—cruelty
pure—purity

-ment
move—movement
retire——retirement

-ness
dark——darkness
happy——happiness

-ology
climate——climatology
future——futurology

-ship
friend——friendship
scholar——scholarship

-sion，-ssion
decide——decision
expand——expansion

-th
grow——growth
wide——width

-ure
close——closure
expose——exposure

(2)动词前缀
-en
deep——deepen
fast——fasten

-ify
class——classify
simple——simplify

-ize，-ise
modern——modernize / modernize
popular——popularize / popularize

(3)形容词后缀
-able，-ible
suit——suitable
question——questionable

-al
nature——natural
structure——structural

-an，-arian，-ian
suburb——suburban
Canada——Canadian

-ant，-ent
differ——different
please——pleasant

-ary，-ory
advise——advisory
custom——customary

-ate
consider——considerate
fortune——fortunate

-en
gold——golden
wood——wooden

-ese
China——Chinese
Japan——Japanese

-free
care——carefree
duty——duty-free

-ful
care——careful
pain——painful

-ic，-ical
atom——atomic
psychology——psychological

-ish
girl——girlish
child——childish

-ive
create——creative
support——supportive

-less
hope——hopeless
pain——painless

-like
child——childlike
lady——ladylike

-ly
man——manly
month——monthly

-ous，-ious
danger——dangerous
poison——poisonous

-some
tire——tiresome
trouble——troublesome

-ward
down——downward
up——upward

-y
guilt-guilty
noise-noisy

(4)副词后缀
-ly
easy-easily
heavy-heavily

-ward，-wards
east-eastward(s)
north-northward(s)

-wise
clock-clockwise
other-otherwise



常见的否定前缀有：un-、non-、in-、dis-、a-、de-、under-、anti-、counter-。根据其语义功能的不同分为四类：non-、in-、a-的意义相当not；de-属于逆转前缀，它把词干所表示的动作进颠倒；under-
是表示“不充分”、“不完全”的程度前缀；anti-和 counter-表示一种反对的态度。例如：
(1) atypically: not typically
decode: to discover the meaning of something written in a code
undermanned: not having enough workers
counterattack: an attack made to stop, oppose, or return an enemy attack
Un-和 dis-各有两种语义功能

。以 un-为例，如处于形容词、-ed 分词、-ing 分词三类词干前，其意义相当于 not；处于动词和名词词干前，则属于逆转前缀。
In-和 a-根据词干的不同其形式会有所变化。In-常出现在源于拉丁语或法语的词干前，il-在[l前，ir-
在[r]前，im-在唇音前。In-、il-、ir-、im-这些变体呈互补分布，由于同化作用，这些前缀的结束音与词干的开始音很相似。A-与出现在元音和辅音[h]前的 an-属于同样的情况。

英语中只有三个否定后缀：-less、-free、-proof。-less 和-free 类似，都表示 not 和 without 之意，其句
法功能都是把名词转变成形容词。例如：
hatless: not wearing a hat
salt-free: without salt
-proof 的词干常为名词，词干加上-proof 后用作形容词或动词。例如：
a bulletproof car: a car designed not to be harmed by bullets
to bulletproof a car: to make a car bulletproof