翻译讲义

虚拟语气

一、虚拟语气用于非真实条件句

由if引导的非真实条件句表示对现在、过去、将来事实进行假设时，主从句的谓语动词如下：

与现在事实相反的假设

If they were here, they would help you.

If I had the money, I would buy a new printer.

与过去事实相反的假设

If she had worked harder when she was young, she would have succeeded.

The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.

表示对将来的假设

If you succeeded, everything would be all right.

If you should/were to succeed, everything would be all right.

二、虚拟语气用于宾语从句中

1. 用于宾语从句，要熟记一些反应主观意愿的动词：

suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, desire, insist, advise, beg, decide, deserve, determine, prefer, recommend, require, urge, vote, ask, desire, suppose

上述动词后面跟宾语从句时，其谓语动词采用（should）+动词原形来表示虚拟语气。

1.I suggest that he (should) set off straight away.

我建议他直接出发。

2.He demanded that the aggressor troops (should) be withdrawn immediately.

他要求占领军马上撤出。

2. wish 表示强烈的主观愿望，其宾语从句通常要用虚拟语气

wish 后的宾语从句可用三种谓语动词形式表示虚拟：

（1）一般过去时（即were型虚拟）表示对现在情况的假设；

（2）过去完成时表示对过去情况的假设；

（3）“would + 动词原形”表示对将来的愿望。

例句：1. I wish I remembered his address. （与现在事实相反）

2.I wish we had travelled yesterday when the weather was fine. （与过去事实相反）

3.I wish you wouldn’t talk like that (与将来相反)

三、虚拟语气用于It is + adj./ n. + that结构中

此结构的形容词和名词包括：

advisable, appropriate, basic, desirable, elementary, essential, fitting, fundamental, imperative, important, impossible, incredible, natural, necessary, obligatory, proper, strange, urgent, vital, a pity, a shame, no wonder that…,

虚拟语气形式：从句的谓语动词为（should）+ 动词原形

1.It is necessary that he be sent to prison at once.

他必须被送往监狱。

四、虚拟语气用于表语从句及同位语从句中

以下这些名词后的表语从句及同位语从句中应该用虚拟语气，谓语动词的形式为（should）+ 动词原形

advice, decision, desire, demand, idea, importance, instruction, necessity, motion, order, preference, proposal, recommendation, resolution, request, requirement, suggestion

1.The professors gave orders that the test be finished before 10:30.

教授们指示考试必须在十点半以前完成。

2.His proposal is that the dam be built at the foot of the mountain.

他建议在山脚下修筑大坝

五、虚拟语气用于状语从句中

状语从句中谓语动词用：(should ) + 动词原形。

这种虚拟形式仅限于lest, in case 或for fear that 引导的目的状语从句中。

例句：

1.Here is some money in case you should need it.

这里有些钱以防你万一需要。

2.He is working hard for fear that he fall behind.

他努力工作生怕落在人后。

3.She obeyed her husband in everything lest he should be angry.

她事事顺从丈夫，唯恐他生气。

六、虚拟语气用于某些特定结构

用于if only, would rather + 从句, as if/though, It is (high/ about) time that…等结构中。

1. if only要是……就好了

if only + could/ would do 对将来的虚拟

were doing

if only + 一般过去时对现在的虚拟

if only + 过去完成时对过去的虚拟

例句：

1.If only he were alive.

2.If only the explosion had not happened

2. would rather that 宁愿，但愿

1）表示与现在事实相反的愿望would rather that + S2 + 过去式

例：He would rather it were winter now. 他但愿现在时冬天。

2）表示对将来的愿望would rather that +S2 + 动词原形

例：We would rather that he take his train. 我们但愿他乘这列火车。

3）表示与过去事实相反would rather that +S2 + 过去完成时