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翻译资格考试中级口译复习讲义整合

翻译资格考试中级口译复习讲义整合如何高效有质量的备考中级口译呢今天小编给大家带来了翻译资格考试中级口译复习讲义，希望能够帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

翻译资格考试中级口译复习讲义学术头衔系列除了含“正〞“副〞级别的高级职称和中级职称外，还有初级职称如“助理〞，“助理〞常用 assistant 来表示，例如：助理教授 assistant professor助理研究员 assistant research fellow助理工程师 assistant engineer助理编辑 assistant editor助理馆员 assistant research fellow of... (e.g. library science) 助理教练 assistant coach助理农艺师 assistant agronomist还有一些行业的职称头衔，其高级职称不用“正〞或“副〞表示，而直接用“高级〞或“资深〞来表示，我们可以用 senior 来称呼，例如：高级编辑 senior editor高级工程师 senior engineer高级记者 senior reporter高级讲师 senior lecturer高级教师 senior teacher高级农艺师 senior agronomist翻译资格考试中级口译复习讲义当然，有些英语职位头衔，如 manager 和 headmaster，其副职头衔可冠以assistant，例如：副总经理 assistant / deputy general manager; assistant / deputy managingdirector大堂副理(宾馆)assistant manager副校长(中小学)assistant headmaster以 director 表示的职位的副职常以 deputy director 表示。

此外，secretary, mayor, dean等头衔的副职也可冠以 deputy，例如：副秘书长 deputy secretary-general耐书记 deputy secretary副市长 deputy mayor副院长 deputy dean翻译资格考试中级口译复习讲义电大 college courses broadcast on television 垫付 advancement, payment onaccount 电话号码升位 upgrade telephone number电话会议 teleconference电话会议呼叫 Conference calling电话勒索 telephone extortionist.电老虎 electricity guzzler; big power consumer点面结合 integrate point and sphere点名册 roll book电脑病毒 computer virus电脑犯罪 computer crime电脑校对机 electronic-brain co llator电脑空间 cyberspace电脑聊天 cyberchat电脑盲 computer illiterate电脑迷 mouse potato点球 penalty kick电视电影 made-for-television movie (A total of 28 Primetime Emmy Awards,especially those involving made-for-television movies and miniseries that werepreviously excluded from the live broadcast, will be presented live by CBStelevision during the Sept. 20 event, according to a report on the Dailynewswebsite. 《每日新闻》网站报道称，美国哥伦比亚电视台将于 9 月 20 日现场直播黄金时段节目艾美奖颁奖典礼。

实用翻译讲义——文稿演示

5. 严复的《天演论》不仅在国内首次全面系统介绍了进化论，使其在大众中得以普及，它更是一个痛感时弊，唤醒国人救亡图存，与天争胜的醒世之作。

6. 20世纪以来，实用翻译为排除跨文化交际中遭遇的语言和文化障碍起到了更加积极的作用。1993年成立的欧盟（European Union），目前共有11种官方语言。这意味着欧盟的所有文件都会译成11种官方语言版本。
实用翻译
Translation of Practical Writings

I
总论
1.1圣经：通天塔（The Babel）的故事《圣经· 旧约· 创世记》第11章节录创11:1 那时，天下人的口音、言语，都是一样。创11:2 他们往东边迁移的时候，在示拿地（古巴比伦附近）遇见一片平原，就住在那里。创11:3 他们彼此商量说：“来吧！我们要作砖，把砖烧透了。”他们就拿砖当石头，又拿石漆当灰泥。

徐光启译的《泰西水法》使西洋农田水利技术传入中国； 1866年美国传教士高第丕的夫人编译的《造洋饭书》把西餐引入中国。此外还有介绍机械工程学的《远西奇器图说》、在社会政治生活中强烈反响的《万国公法》以及医学、化学、地理学等方面的各种译著。所有这些实用类翻译都对近代中国社会、文化和科技发展产生了重大影响。

创11:4 他们说：“来吧！我们要建造一座城和一座塔，塔顶通天，为要传扬我们的名，免得我们分散在全地上。” 创11:5 耶和华降临，要看看世人所建造的城和塔。创11:6 耶和华说：“看哪！他们成为一样的人民，都是一样的言语，如今既作起这事来，以后他们所要作的事，就没有不成就的了。创11:7 我们下去，在那里变乱他们的口音，使他们的言语彼此不通。”

文秘专业英语培训资料

文秘专业英语培训资料Professional Business English Training for Secretaries Introduction:As a secretary, it is essential to have strong English language skills in order to effectively communicate with colleagues and clients. In this training program, we will cover various aspects of professional business English, including writing skills, vocabulary, grammar, and communication techniques. By the end of this program, secretaries will be equipped with the necessary knowledge and skills to excel in their roles and contribute to the success of their organizations.1. Writing Skills:1.1 Email writing: Secretaries will learn how to write clear and concise emails, using appropriate greetings, subject lines, and formatting. They will also be taught how to structure their emails to convey their message effectively and professionally.1.2 Report writing: This section will focus on teaching secretaries how to write comprehensive and well-structured reports. They will learn how to gather and analyze data, present information in a logical manner, and write executive summaries.1.3 Meeting minutes: Secretaries will learn how to take accurate and concise meeting minutes, highlighting the main discussions and decisions made during the meeting. They will also learn how to format and distribute the minutes to relevant stakeholders.2. Vocabulary:2.1 Business terminology: Secretaries will be introduced to common business terms and jargon used in the professional world.They will learn how to use these terms appropriately in their oral and written communication.2.2 Industry-specific vocabulary: Depending on the industry they work in, secretaries will learn industry-specific vocabulary relevant to their organization. This will enable them to better understand and communicate with colleagues and clients.3. Grammar:3.1 Review of grammar rules: Secretaries will review essential grammar rules, such as tenses, articles, and sentence structure. Emphasis will be placed on common mistakes and how to avoid them.3.2 Sentence construction: This section will focus on teaching secretaries how to construct clear and grammatically correct sentences. They will learn techniques to improve sentence flow and coherence.4. Communication Techniques:4.1 Active listening: Secretaries will learn how to actively listen to colleagues and clients, ensuring they fully understand their needs and requirements. They will also learn how to ask relevant questions to clarify any uncertainties.4.2 Telephone etiquette: This section will cover basic telephone etiquette, including proper greeting, tone of voice, and effective communication over the phone.4.3 Body language: Secretaries will learn how to understand and interpret body language, enabling them to better communicate and build rapport with colleagues and clients.Conclusion:By mastering the skills taught in this training program, secretaries will be able to communicate more effectively and professionally in both written and oral English situations. These skills will not only enhance their performance as secretaries but also contribute to the overall success of their organizations. It is recommended that secretaries regularly practice and reinforce these skills to ensure continuous improvement.5. Cultural Awareness:5.1 Cross-cultural communication: Secretaries will learn the importance of understanding different cultures and how it affects communication in a professional setting. They will be taught strategies to effectively communicate with colleagues and clients from diverse cultural backgrounds, such as adapting their communication style and being mindful of cultural differences in business practices.5.2 Business etiquette: This section will cover the proper etiquette in business settings, including greetings, introductions, and appropriate behaviors during business meetings and events. Secretaries will learn the cultural norms and expectations that should be adhered to in their organization and industry.6. Time Management:6.1 Prioritization: Secretaries will learn techniques to prioritize tasks effectively, ensuring they are completed in a timely manner. They will learn how to assess the urgency and importance of tasks and allocate their time accordingly.6.2 Organization skills: Secretaries will be taught methods to maintain an organized workspace and system for managing documents, emails, and appointments. This will help them stay ontop of their responsibilities and ensure they are able to access information quickly when needed.7. Professionalism and Integrity:7.1 Professional conduct: Secretaries will understand the importance of maintaining high standards of professionalism in their roles. They will learn about appropriate behaviors, dress codes, and ethics in the workplace.7.2 Confidentiality: Secretaries will be educated on the importance of maintaining confidentiality in their work, especially when handling sensitive information. They will learn protocols for handling confidential client and company information to ensure it remains secure.8. Problem-Solving and Decision Making:8.1 Analytical thinking: Secretaries will be trained to think critically and analyze situations and information to come up with effective solutions. They will learn how to identify problems, gather information, evaluate options, and make informed decisions.8.2 Proactive approach: Secretaries will learn to anticipate problems and take proactive measures to prevent or minimize them. They will also be taught problem-solving techniques to address issues that arise in a calm and efficient manner.9. Customer Service Skills:9.1 Interpersonal skills: Secretaries will learn how to effectively interact with clients and provide exceptional customer service. They will be taught techniques to build rapport, actively listen toclient needs, and handle difficult situations professionally.9.2 Clear and concise communication: Secretaries will learn how to communicate information clearly and concisely to clients, ensuring they understand the message and are satisfied with the service provided.10. Continuous Improvement:10.1 Self-assessment: Secretaries will learn the importance of self-assessment and reflective practice to identify areas for improvement. They will be encouraged to regularly reflect on their performance, seek feedback, and take steps to enhance their skills and knowledge.10.2 Professional development opportunities: Secretaries will be informed of professional development opportunities, such as workshops, conferences, and online courses, to further enhance their skills in business English and related areas. They will be encouraged to take advantage of these opportunities to continuously update their knowledge and stay current with industry trends.Conclusion:This comprehensive training program equips secretaries with the essential skills and knowledge to excel in their roles as effective communicators and contributors to their organizations. By consistently practicing and reinforcing these skills, secretaries will not only enhance their own professional growth but also contribute to the success and productivity of their organizations. Continuousimprovement and proactive learning are key to staying relevant and successful in today's dynamic business environment.。

文秘专业英语1-12单元社交礼仪中文译文

文秘专业英语1-12单元社交礼仪中文译文Unit 1Part Five: Social Etiquette面试该如何着装面试时给未来雇主留下的第一印象非常重要。

面试官对你的判断首先取决于你的外表和着装。

这就是你为什么要职业化着装的原因，即使将来的工作环境是很随意的。

也许你想知道什么样的第一印象不仅算得上好，而且是棒极了。

求职者如果着西装、系领带会比穿着破旧的牛仔裤和T恤衫给别人留下的印象好得多。

男人的面试装西服（单色- 海军蓝或者深灰色）长袖衬衣（白色或者与西服配套的颜色）皮带领带深色短袜，保守、稳重风格的皮鞋少许或者没有首饰整齐，职业化的发饰少用刮胡水修剪整齐的指甲文件夹或公文包女士的面试装西服（海军蓝，黑色或深灰色）西装套裙有足够长度，确保你能很舒适地就坐配套的女士长袖衬衫式样稳重的鞋子少量的首饰（不配戴叮当作响的耳环或满手腕的手镯）职业化的发型中色的袜裤淡妆和淡淡的香水干净、整齐修剪的指甲文件夹或者公文包Unit 2Part Five: Social Etiquette了解办公室礼仪和行为举止1.控制说话音量。

特别留意你说话是否大声。

无论是当面谈话还是打电话都应想到关上办公室门并且降低音量。

2.将私人电话和邮件降低到最低限度。

时刻记住有其他人在周围并且这是公共场所。

不要将公司电话、传真、邮件用于不恰当的事情或是私事。

、3. 避免在别人宁可自己处理事情时迫不及待地试图提供你的帮助。

a)与别人分享一些专业方面的信息这很好，但是说闲话就不对了。

仅与合适的对象、上司和管理阶层的人直言不讳地讨论一些私人问题。

b)注意你周围散发的气味。

在社交场合少喷科隆香水。

c)避免食用味道很重的食品和香料，它的味道能在整个办公室散发。

7. 让你的个人工作空间始终保持整洁、干净。

一般说来，东西少点会更好。

8.使用公共空间时要注意客气和礼貌，比如说休息室或者厨房。

9. 尽量使所有共用物品维护得像“新的一样”，所借物品应及时归还。

文秘专业英语课件Unit 11.doc

文秘专业英语Entertaining ClientsUnit 11http://www.dutpg Study Objectives学习用英语了解客人娱乐方而的需求学习用英语向客人介绍娱乐活动内容了解欣赏剧院演出的基本礼仪掌握感谢信及投诉信的写作格式与规范Tips for Entertaining Your ClientsAs a secretary, maybe you are always thinking about how to entertain your clients so they remember you or your company, there are many ways to do this. Here are for your referenceG am e tickets or participating in outdoor sports are a tim e- proven strategy but not everyone likes sports.A dinner at a fency nestauiantisahv ays a potential deal clincherIndoor wcieation activities Like a special party or ball are en j)yed by som e people. Tips for Entertaining Your ClientsTry som etiling unusual^ like opera which may give your client an once-in-a- lifetime experience・ But the problem goes with opera is they don5t know what's going on when they attend a performance. All you have to do, really, is to select a good piece, find out all about it, and be your customer's guide. Instruct them before each act, tell them the story, explain about the moments they should pay especial attention to, throw in a couple of nuances and tips, relate some of the piece's history, etc .ContentsPart One Dialogues Part One DialoguesPart Two Useful Expressions Part Two Useful ExpressionsPart Three Simple Writing Part Three Simple WritingPart Four Exercises Part Four ExercisesPart Five Social Etiquette Part Five Social EtiquetteDialoguesSusan is asked to accompany the clients, Mr. and Mrs. Blair from USA to enjoy a famous Beijing Opera Performance — Farewell My Concubine at the White Swan Theater. Now they come in the theatre・Dialogue OneS: Susan Brown T: Tony Blair J: Jennie BlairS: This way, please. Mr. and Mrs. Blair.T: Oh, Ladies first.S: Thank you. Here we are. Take your seats please.Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5DialoguesDialogue OnePart 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5J: Susan, what5 s the name of tonights ?S: It's a famous traditional piece of Beijing Opera 一and in Chinese, it is called as ba wang bieTjT: What will the story tell us?S: The episode is set at the end of the Qin dynasty, which ran from 221 to 206 BC. Er-shi has lost control ofthe nation, and theoppressed people have taken up arms in rebellion against the evil ruler. Farewell My Concubine22.霸王别姬The despotic Emperor33.专制的暴君theatrical piece11.剧冃DialoguesDialogue OneThe countryas a few heroes emergedfrom the chaos to proclaim themselves kings. Among them, two great military leaders contended for supremacy, Xiang Yu, the King of Chu, and Liu Bang, the King of Han. In a crucial battle with his rival, Liu Bang, in 202 BC, Xiang Yu is caught in an encirclement. His troops run out of food, and when they hear their native songs sung by the enemy encamped around them they are convinced that their homeland has been occupied and their countrymen have joined Liu Bang.Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5broke into separate spheres of power44.权利四分五裂DialoguesDialogue OneXiang Yu feels that the end is near and drinks with his favorite concubine Yuji forthe last time. Yujifor him.Then she cuts her own throat with his sword. , Xiang Yufights his way to the Wujiang River and, when all his men have fallen, takes his own life.T: Sounds like a beautiful, solemn and stirring epicS: That?s right.Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5performs a sword dance55.表演舞剑Grief-stricken66.悲伤过度的DialoguesDialogue OneJ: Susan, it's said that Beijing Opera is your national opera, isrf t it?S: Yes, it is. And it is proclaimed by to be one of the world'sT: We once heard about it in the Chinatown of San Francisco, but actually we Americans know very little about it.J: What's more, its facial make-up, costumes, head-dresses, the singing and acting are very strange to us.Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5UNESCO77.联合国教科文组织"Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Human Beings8■8.人类口述和非物质遗产代表作DialoguesDialogue OneS: It^s understandable because Beijing Opera has such a long history than most of other operatic forms in China. It has been existing over 200 years.T: No wander it is so popular in your country.T: Susan, what does that painted face represent?Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5DialoguesDialogue OneS: Oh, Painted face is called as• Each role, according to their sex, ageand disposition, is characterized by different designs. T: So the audience can easily tell what kind of character an actor is performing. S: Yes, you said it.J: Sounds so fantastic!Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5“Jin" which represents a rough, frankcharacter in the opera. And female roles are called as u Dan^\ male roles are “Sheng：and clowns are "ChoiT99 •常代表剧中粗犷?率直的角色?女角儿被称为“旦",男角儿为“生"，丑角儿为DialoguesDialogue TwoPart 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5Susan is asked to accompany the clients, Mr. and Mrs. Blair from USA to enjoy a famous Beijing Opera Performance 一Farewell My Concubine at the White Swan Theater. Now they come in the theatre.S: Susan Brown T: Tony Blair J: Jennie BlairS: Mr. and Mrs. Blair, both of you are , I guess maybe youare sport fans, aren't you?J: Yes, we are.Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5in very good shape11.体形很好DialoguesDialogue TwoPart 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5S: Mr. Blair, you must be very tired after these days' busy work at the exhibition. Would you like to relax yourself a little bit?T: That^s great. During the past four days, I have been up to my neck and Fm beat. What do you suggest?S: Do you like to do some setting-up exercises?T: God, youhave • Why not? Jennywhat's your opinion?taken my word right out of your mouth22 •你正好说出了我想说的话Dialogue TwoPart 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5J: OK, Fd love to. But where shall we go?S: I am told there is a newly-opened modern recreational center in our city let's go.(After a twenty-minute drive, they arrive over there.)S: Here we are, come in please.J: Gosh, It，s so big inside.DialoguesDialogue TwoS: Yes, it's a with all the latestrecreational sportsapparatus — treadmills, leg extension, incline trainer, abdominal bench, calf, chestpress, cycling equipment, and that sort of things. And on the second floor, there aresome other special training rooms, like yoga aerobics, swimming-pool and karate, etc. T: Sounds so interesting. OK, come on, Susan and Jenny, let?s.Fll try from this cycling equipment firstly and I likethe feeling of riding bicycle.Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5well-equipped gymnasium33.一个设施完备的健身房get to start working out44.开始做健身运动DialoguesDialogue TwoJ: Well, I prefer Yoga at this moment. You know, Fm a Yoga fan. How about you, Susan? S: Me too. But why do you like it so much?J: The majority of practitioners of yoga are primarily interested in improving health and fitness. But for the Indians, maybe their ultimate goals are toS: Getting physical immortality? Maybe it is just a good wish in their heart.(After one hour's exercises, they meet again.)Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5get physical immortality5■5.达到一种永恒的身体健康状态Dialogue TwoJ: Hey, Tony! What^s your feeling now?T: Very good. But Susan, is there a sauna room here?S: Yes, there are two excellent saunas on the second floor. By the waytowels and finish sauna soap. And afterwards youcan relax with beer or soft drinks and some pastries in the After-Sauna Room, andenjoy the light music.T: Wonderful. Thank you for taking us to such a good place, You see, combining exercise with the diet may be the most effective way to lose weight.S: That5s right.Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5there5 s a free supply of66俛费供应DialoguesNew Wordsaerobics [el5r[JbIksJ n.有氧操apparatu s [7 ApE5 relt [s]n.装置，器具calf [kB:f] n. 小腿训练机concubine l5kNkjubaIn]妾，妃子，情人costume [5kstju:mJ n.服装，剧装crucial [5kru:Fl] a. 关键的，决定性的despotic [dl5sptlk] a. 专横的，暴虑的emerge [i5m\:dV] v. 出现Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5DialoguesNew Wordsencamp [In5kAmp] v.宿营，扎营encirclement [In5s\:klm[nt]n.包围epic [5eplk] n. 史诗,叙事诗gymnasium ldVIm5neIzilm]n.体育馆，健身房immortality [7ImC:5tAlEti]n.不朽intangible [In5tAndVEbl] a.无形的karate [k[5rB:ti] n.空手道practi ti oner [prAk5 tIF[n []n.联系者，从业者Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5DialoguesNew Wordsproclaim [pr[5klelm] v.宣称rebellion [rI5belj[n] n.叛乱，反抗recreational[7rekri5eI[F[nl] a.休养的，娱乐的sauna [5sR:n[] n. 桑拿sphere [sfT[] n. 范围，领域stirring [5st\:rIN] a. 活泼的supre macy [su:5 prem [ si ]n.至高，主权sword [sC:d] n.剑，刀Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5DialoguesNew Wordstheatrical [Wi5AtrIkl]a.戏剧的treadmill [5tredmll]n.踏车,跑步机-troop [tru:p] n. 军队yoga [5j[Jgll n.瑜珈abdominal bench 腹部训练椅be beat 累垮了chest press 胸部推举机cycling equipment 健骑机Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5Dialogues New Wordsincline trainer legextension上斜跑步机腿部伸展机setting-up exercises sports apparatus up to one^s neck 健身运动体育器械忙得不可开交Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5DialoguesWord Bankacrobatics and circus 杂技和马戏get in shape 做健身运动at the dancing hall 在舞厅at the bar 在酒吧at music hall 音乐厅at nightclub 夜总会at the theater / musical hall 在剧院/音乐厅bowling 保龄球billiards 台球snooker 斯诺克台球croquet 门球go kart 玩卡丁车go sightseeing 观光listening to symphony 听交响你；picnic 野餐spending holidays 度假Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5DialoguesWord Banksurfing the internet 上网playing chess 下棋gymnastics 体操taking a walk and jogging 散步与慢跑boating and fishing 划船与垂钓mountaineering and rock climbing 登山与攀岩skating 滑冰hiking 远足singing Karaoke 唱卡拉OK squash 壁球watching circus performance 看•马戏表演visiting an art exhibition 参观艺术展览water sports and seaside games 水上和海滨游乐项冃whitewater rafting 水上漂流X-game 极限运动Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5Useful Expressions城市人越来越喜欢上网吧？1 • The cyber cafe has won increasing popularity among city people. 听一场完美的音乐会或欣赏一场舞剧确实是一种令人难忘的经历？2.Enjoying a perfect concert or a dance-drama is really an unforgettableexperience.Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5For Describing Recreational Activities人们在唱卡拉OK时是如此地投入以致于他们完全没有顾及别人的感受？3.When people sing Karaoke, they are so intoxicated with their own singing that they never care how others are feeling.Useful ExpressionsPart 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5你可以去健康俱乐部进行瘦身运动，很多坐办公室的人都很热衷于它？4.You may get in shape at a health club, which is a popular activity for officeworkers.打高尔夫球是有钱人玩的一种很奢侈的运动？5.Playing golf is a luxurious form of recreation for wealthy consumers. 玩卡丁车是一种很刺激的运动？6.Go Kart is a very stimulating sport.For Describing Recreational ActivitiesUseful ExpressionsPart 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5中国音乐很成熟也非常精彩，有着独特的风格和乐器？7.Chinese music is so mature and marvelous, which has unique style andmusical instruments.现在的年轻人都非常喜爱极限运动，因为他们都把它看成是在体力和脑力方面挑战自我的一种方式？8.X-games are really in vogue among young people because they take thegames as a way to challenge themselves, physically and mentally.For Describing Recreational ActivitiesUseful ExpressionsPart 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5人们都喜欢与水亲近，水上运动能将他们带进碧蓝的水域?金色的沙滩?高高的椰子树林，让他们看到躺在五彩缤纷的遮阳伞下看日出？日落的皮肤黝黑的泳者？9.People love to be close to the water and the water sports bring them intothe blue water, the golden sand, tall coconut trees, dark-skinned swimmers under the shadow of colorful umbrella watching the sunrise and sunset.For Describing Recreational ActivitiesUseful ExpressionsPart 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5喝茶能让人明冃？提神，饮茶的传统已完全融入到了儿乎每一个中国人的生活中?而商人和老人则是茶楼的常客？10.Drinking tea helps to improve eyesight and increase alertness, the customof drinking tea is deeply ingrained in almost every Chinese. But businessmen andthe elder are teahouse frequent visitorsFor Describing Recreational ActivitiesUseful ExpressionsTalking About Entertainments 你确实对流行咅乐很有欣赏力?1.You really have an ear for pop music. 我想你常常跳舞吧？2.I suppose you dance much.Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5只是为了消遣一下？3.Just for entertainment.你需要去运动锻炼一下？4.You need to workout.Useful ExpressionsPart 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 我喜欢各种健身活动，像大多数的体育运动,去体育馆活动z类的事情？5.I like lots of different keep-fit activities like that 一most sports, going to thegym, that kind of thing.棒球是我最喜欢的体育运动?你最喜欢的是什么？6.Baseball is my favorite sport. What's your favorite? 我建议我们今晩我们去看一场拳击比赛，那会很精彩的？7.I suggest us to go to a boxing match this night. It will be a good fight. 我喜欢钓角和打猎，但是不喜欢游泳？8.I like fishing and hunting,but I don't like swimming. Talking About EntertainmentsUseful Expressions今天下午你有兴趣夕慈砺？9.Would you be interested in going to the horse races this afternoon?Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 你闲暇时做什么?你有什么爱好吗？10.What do you do for recreation? Do you have a hobby?Talking About EntertainmentsSample WritingSection 1: A Letter of ThanksAlways send notes or thank-you letters in the following situationsfor sym pathy letters, flow ers, or cardsto the hostess after a party thatw as hosted in your honorfor gifts that w ere received by m ailafter being entertained by your boss or your business pailnersgifts received during a hospital stay after being hosted as a hou seguest tornotes orgifts of congratulations.Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5Sample Writing当收到表示同情Z意的信函?花束或者卡片时;当女主人专门为你举办了一个晚会时；当收到了邮寄的礼品时；当你的老板或者生意伙伴给你安排了娱乐活动吋；住院收到了礼物时；当被主人在家里款待时；当收到表示祝贺的便条或者礼物时？Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5Section 1: A Letter of ThanksSample WritingSamplePart 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5Dear Sirs,Having been guided on a tour of your St. Petersburg plant by Mr. Kingsley, I must say that I am thoroughly impressed with your operations and personnel. I don't believe I have ever viewed a more efficient, smooth running, and cost efficient program such as yours. I was particularly impressed with the procedure you have implemented to monitor quality control.Sample WritingSamplePart 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5All of your employees were extremely courteous and went out of their way to explain various functions and answer my inquiries. I would be most appreciative if you would extend a special thank you from me to Mr. Kingsley for showing me every courtesy, including a delightful lunch at the Boards Club.I shall be presenting my findings to my associates on the 30th, and will let you know what develops.Yours sincerelyHenry SmithHenry SmithGeneral ManagerABC CompanySample WritingA report is divided into five areas:Terms of Reference: This section gives background information on the reason for the report. It usually includes the person requesting the report.Procedure: The procedure provides the exact steps taken and methods used for。

SENTY口译课上讲义

SENTY口译课上讲义（一）一、关于英译汉使用技巧讲解翻译练习二、口译技巧收集之26个有意思的英语经济名词三、关于英语中常用的比喻词组的总结一．关于英译汉使用技巧讲解翻译练习Commercial cargoes are transported by highway，water and rail 。

One recent innovation is “containerized” cargo. At the factory，crates of goods are placed in large metal containers on wheels ，and the containers are sealed and hitched to trucks to be taken to railroad centers or ports ，where large cranes lift them on to freight cars，barges or ships.商业货物由公路，水路与铁路来运输，近来发明了“集装箱”货运。

在厂家就把货物装入带轮子的大型金属集装箱内，装箱密封后，挂在卡车后拉到铁路编组站或港口，用大吊车装上货物车厢，驳船或轮船。

Crime is partly a result of bad material conditions ：certainly it is most prevalent among people whose lives are not satisfactory in obvious ways---people without a settled home ，with parents separated or divorced ，victims of various kinds of misfortune ，including poverty and lack of education 。

文秘unit1翻译

商英09A班:吴小玲、陈苑玲、何凤、尹春园、曾芳莉
除了以上所述,秘书还应当做各种各样的工作,首先秘书应当为上司预约客人和掌握上司的行程安排。

他／她应该尽全力接待和帮助来访来电的客人，在必要情况下把他们引荐给上司或相关人士。

秘书应该拟定出差旅程表并协调上司的旅程要求。

其次，秘书在上司不在时应当努力采取授权，利用主动性和判断力发现需要注意的事项是一个授权和处理的方式以便将因上司不在所造成的负面影响降到最低限度。

另外，秘书还应当对来函来电进行分类阅读和注释，并附上适当的文件以便促使必要行动。

他／她应当撰写信函报告的行政签名，也要以口头或书面的形式为上司准备沟通概要。

秘书在准备会议、工作项目和报告时应当收集和摘录信息和支持数据，她/他必须懂得修正和编辑材料并以草稿的形式呈送给其他人。

另外，秘书人员应该具备处理好办公室工作的能力。

她/他应该擅长于保存文档、记录管理系统和其他的办公流程。

秘书另外的一个职责是为上司做好安排和安排会议。

秘书要担任会议记录员负责记录信息和分发资料给与会者。

她/他可以监督或聘用其他职员，挑选或者推荐采购日常办公
用品和设备和开支账目记录、财务记录和机密文件。

文秘英语第一讲

• Unit Seven Making Business Arrangements: • ---know what arrangements a secretary has to make in a company. • ---know how to make these arrangements • --- learn the skills and the points that secretaries should pay attention to while doing these arrangements • 学会有过本课程的教学，使学生能够掌握一定的相关行业实用写作文体、实用口语，提高和掌握文秘英语交流的基本技能和涉外英语交际能力。 • 1、听力能力要求：能基本听懂正常语速的电话、对话等，并能结合具体语言环境，理解所听内容的深层含义。 • 2、阅读能力要求：能读懂一般难度的英语文章，能够承担办公室中常见的涉外活动中的英语阅读和翻译工作。
6. 教学媒体和教学方法
• 本课程的教学媒体以文字教材和光盘教材为主，辅以的网上辅导资料。学习方式以课堂讲授和学生课后自学为主。学生应认真学习文字材料，按课程要求完成教材中的各项练习，并核对答案，学会借助工具书解决学习中所遇到的问题。在学习过程中，应针对同一份语言材料，结合所学办公室文秘知识，进行多种形式的口、笔头操练，做到举一反三、温故知新、融会贯通，以提高听、说、读、写、译语言综合运用能力。
• 全书分为10个单元，围绕两条主线展开：一是秘书基本专业知识的介绍，二是对学习者语言技能和实际操作技能的培养。 • 每个单元围绕一个主题编写，全书十个单元基本涵盖了秘书工作的基本知识。每个单元包括以下几个部分： • 第一部分，“听力与会话”（Listening and Speaking），旨在培养学生的涉外英语口语交际能力，内容涉及会面介绍、接听电话、接待来访、活动安排、商务旅游、访问等。

文秘学讲义

应用文常用术语开端用语：主要用于文章开头，表示发语、引据。

为、为了、为着、查、接、顷接、根据、据、遵照、依照、按、鉴于、关于、兹、兹定于、今、随着、由于。

称谓用语用于表示人称或对单位的称谓第一人称：我、我单位、本人、本公司、我们。

第二人称：你、你局、贵公司。

第三人称：他、该公司、该项目递送用语：用于表示文、物递送方向上行：报、呈。

平行：送。

下行：发、颁发、颁布、印发、发布、下达。

引叙用语：用于复文引据悉、接、顷接、据、收悉。

拟办用语：用于审批拟办拟办。

责成、交办、试办、办理、执行。

审批：同意、照办、批准、可行、原则同意。

经办用语：用于表明进程。

经、业经、已经、兹经。

过渡用语：用于承上启下。

鉴于、为此、对此，为使、对于、关于。

期请用语：用于表示期望请求。

上行：请、恳请、拟请、特请。

平行：请、拟请、特请、务请、如蒙。

下行：希、望、尚望、请、希予、勿误。

第一章文秘学文秘工作古已有之，源远流长。

在我国，文秘工作已有近3000年的历史。

如今，秘书这一职位是我国党政机关、企事业单位普遍设置的一个行政职位，在世界范围内也成为最广泛的社会职业之一，在政府工作、企业工作和其他工作中起着不可或缺的重要最用。

但是，作为研究文秘工作规律的文秘学，还是一门年轻的学科，确立中国特色的文秘学理论体系，仍旧是一项艰巨的工作。

第一节文秘学的涵义文秘学是一门以秘书工作和秘书活动为学科对象的新兴社会科学，它以研究秘书的全部职能为中心，从理论与实务两方面对文秘工作内容、职责、一、秘书的涵义秘书，是一种职务名称，指处于枢纽地位，主要以办公、办会、办事来辅助决策并服务于领导的人员，是领导的参谋和助手。

（一）“秘书”词义演变“秘书”一词，由来已久。

但在我国古代，秘书是指物而不是指人，最早出现“秘书”一词，当在汉代。

《汉书》中多处述及：“光禄大夫刘向校中秘书”（《汉书·成帝纪》），“诏向领校中五经秘书”（《汉书·刘向传》），“游博学有俊材，……与刘向校秘书”（《汉书·叙传》）。

文秘unit2翻译

商英09A班：尹春园曾芳莉何凤吴小玲陈苑玲（Para.1）正如在家里和社交活动中有礼节规范一样，办公室也有恰当的行为规范。

那些有意或无意违反这些规章制度的人正显示了他们欠缺为他人考虑(的意识)，无论是哪种方式(有意或是无意的)，当他们把外界公认的做法丢弃时，这是最令人尴尬的，也是最难的甚至不可能赢得他人的信任、尊重以及合作。

因此遵守恰当的办公礼节是很重要的。

(para.3)道德规范没有了道德规范，工作和生活就会变得混乱不堪。

比如说，跟外人讨论同事的私事是很不礼貌的。

这样是很危险的，因为有些竞争者可能会勒索那些隐藏秘密的人，强迫他们泄露公司的机密。

(para.4)公司必须保持一定程度的隐私和秘密。

因此，在公众场合或在外人面前讨论公司事务被认为是一种禁忌甚至是一种显然的惯例。

和其他办公室的同事在办公室内讨论公司事务是更加不明智的。

闲言碎语是在任何情况下都是不受欢迎的。

最安全的规则是永远不要在自己的办公室外背地里谈论同事和公司事务。

(para.5)正确的办公室保护措施和道德规范问题是形影相随的。

确保重要的文件和档案文件夹锁在橱柜或其他柜子里。

不要把机密信件和其他资料放在桌面上有可能被别人看到的地方，认真保管草稿、笔记和速记笔记本。

也要注意处理资料的方式。

丢进废纸篓的任何东西都容易被别人取回（恢复利用）。

花点时间把那些不用了的碳复写纸和影印本撕毁。

涉外文秘英语翻译和作文

Ⅲ. English-Chinese TranslationDirections: Translate the following into Chinese: (20 marks)1. Mr. Graber believed, therefore, that it might be advisable to consider setting up some research into these inspection methods. Several important sales campaigns were about to be launched, and, in addition, it was hoped that a number of trade delegations visiting Switzerland in the near future would place large orders for office equipment with Schweibeur and its associates. So there was a need to reduce poor quality as soon as possible. (7marks)2. Mr. Graber referred to a trip round the world that he would be making within the next twelve months. He would be visiting many Schweibeur associates and subsidiary companies and look forward to seeing all those present once again, in their own countries. (3 marks)3. In the discussion that followed, Mr. Aguirre said that he had also had reports about poor quality in some items. He thought that research into this problem could be very beneficial, and considered that it would probably show that a majority of supervisors were not flexible enough in their methods. Mr. Fox agreed that there was a case for looking into the whole problem in detail, and confirmed that many inspection staff might be rather conservative in their methods. Perhaps because they tended to be older employees. Miss Lachenal agreed that this opinion was probably correct, and suggested some aspects of the problem that might be examined by the research team. Some detailed discussion of these followed. (10 marks)Ⅲ. English-Chinese TranslationDirections: Translate the following into English: (20 marks)1．因此，格雷贝尔先生认为我们应该对检测手段进行研究（1），几种重要的销售方案将被采用（1），而且希望不久来瑞士访问的代表团（1）能与Schweibur 公司及它的合作伙伴（1）签订大批订单购买办公设备（1）。

文秘英语第二讲

• fax machines: 传真机 • scanners: 扫描仪 • copiers: 复印机
Unit 1 The Roles of a Secretary
• 此外，秘书必须要在工作中操作不同的办公设备，例如计算机、传真机、扫描仪和复印机。秘书要确保从办公室传达出去的信息是正确的。
Unit 1 The Roles of a Secretary
• managerial adj. 经理的; 管理上的; 经营上的 Managerial means relating to the work of a manager. e.g. She was promoted into some kind of managerial job. 她被提拔去做某种管理工作。
Unit 1 The Roles of a Secretary
• dissemination n.散布; 传播 To disseminate information or knowledge means to distribute it so that it reaches many people or organizations. e.g. He promoted the dissemination of scientific ideas. 他推动了科学观念的传播。
• New words & expressions: • invaluable adj. 非常宝贵的; 极为有用的 If you describe
something as invaluable, you mean that it is extremely useful. e.g. I was able to gain invaluable experience over that year. 在那一年里我有幸获得了非常宝贵的经验。 • scanner n. (用来将图片或文件复制到电脑上的)扫描仪 A scanner is a piece of computer equipment that you use for copying a picture or document onto a computer. e.g. The card reader is compatible but the scanner is incompatible with my computer system. 这个读卡机与我的电脑系统兼容，但扫描机不兼容。

Unit Eight Employment文秘英语课件

2021/1/14
A good sleeping bag is essential for every camper. 一个好的睡袋对每个露营者来说都是必不可少的。
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本句中，lock in意为“锁定，固定”。请看下例：
Your success will help us lock in profits. 你的成功能够帮助我们锁定利润。
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2. Knowing as much as possible about the company’s past performance and future plans can make your interview more interactive and could be just the leg-up
interview D. twenty minutes to half an hour early
before the interview
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Notes to the Text
1. Successful interviewing will be essential in order for you to lock in an offer. 本句中，essential意为“基本的，必须的” 。请看下例： It is essential for us to know all the facts before we make the final decision. 在我们做出最后决定之前，了解所有的事实是必要的。
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The parents are trying to bridge the generati on gap with their children．父母都在设法弥合与他们孩子之间的代沟。（本句中bridge 为动词，意为“连接，沟通

《翻译》讲义

《翻译》讲义一、翻译的定义与重要性翻译，简单来说，就是将一种语言所表达的内容用另一种语言准确、完整地再现出来。

它不仅仅是语言符号的转换，更是文化、思想和情感交流的桥梁。

在当今全球化的时代，翻译的重要性愈发凸显。

无论是国际政治、经济贸易、文化交流，还是日常生活中的影视作品、文学作品、科技文献，都离不开翻译。

一个准确、流畅的翻译能够促进不同国家和民族之间的相互理解与合作，消除语言障碍，推动人类文明的共同进步。

二、翻译的类型1、口译口译是一种即时性的翻译形式，包括同声传译和交替传译。

同声传译要求译员在讲话者讲话的同时进行翻译，对译员的反应速度、语言能力和心理素质都有极高的要求。

交替传译则是在讲话者讲话暂停或结束后进行翻译，相对来说给译员留有一定的思考时间。

2、笔译笔译则是将书面的源语言文本转换为目标语言的文本。

笔译涵盖了众多领域，如文学、科技、法律、医学等。

不同领域的笔译有着不同的特点和要求，需要译员具备相应的专业知识。

三、翻译的原则1、忠实原则忠实于原文的内容和风格是翻译的首要原则。

这意味着译员要准确理解原文的意思，包括词汇、语法、逻辑关系等，不能随意增减或改变原文的信息。

2、通顺原则翻译出来的目标语言应该通顺流畅，符合目标语言的语法和表达习惯，让读者能够轻松理解。

3、文化适应性原则不同的语言往往承载着不同的文化内涵。

在翻译过程中，要充分考虑到目标语言的文化背景，避免因文化差异而导致的误解。

四、翻译的技巧1、词汇的选择在翻译词汇时，要根据上下文和语境选择最恰当的词汇。

有时候，一个源语言词汇可能有多个对应的目标语言词汇，需要根据具体情况进行筛选。

2、句子结构的调整由于源语言和目标语言的句子结构可能不同，在翻译时需要对句子结构进行适当的调整，以保证译文的通顺和逻辑清晰。

3、意译与直译相结合直译是指按照原文的字面意思进行翻译，意译则是根据原文的意思进行灵活的翻译。

在实际翻译中，往往需要将两者结合起来，以达到最佳的翻译效果。

对文秘的评价英语文章带翻译

对文秘的评价英语文章带翻译原文：Secretary, an administrative position commonly set up in government organs, enterprises and institutions in China, is also one of the most extensive social occupations in the world, and plays an indispensable role in social development. In recent years, secretarial science has become one of the majors set up in major colleges and universities, and it is also a common course.For secretaries, work experience is the most valuable. The longer they work, the more they see the world, and the more problems they encounter, the more experience they have accumulated, the more experience they have, and their ability to deal with problems and affairs will be enhanced. Now the Secretary has become more and more professional. He not only needs to master the working skills of the office, but also can show a certain sense of responsibility without being reminded by the boss, show initiative and excellent judgment in practical actions at work, and make decisions within the scope of authority. This is also why the demand for secretaries is rising.Secretaries play a variety of different roles in the office, which can be said to be an important role in the office. They serve as a link between the preceding and the following, and coordinate services in obeying, serving leaders and serving the grass-roots level. Therefore, they have high requirements for their professional quality.The basic functions of secretarial work require that secretaries should be meticulous and thoughtful in all aspects of their work. Therefore, as an important role of the office, secretaries must have "generalists" and "generalists", and have strong professional qualities. How secretaries position themselves is crucial in their work. Secretary: within the scope of authority granted by the leaders, you can't overstep the boundaries and levels. It's the secretary who should do what he can, and it's not suitable for the Secretary to overstep his authority; For their own positioning, is limited, can not see themselves too high or too low, too high will have no motivation, aimless, too low, will have no self-confidence, often deny themselves; The most important thing is that thousands of people should not overstep their authority. As a secretary, you need to properly position yourself and examine yourself. It's really not easyto be a secretary. In addition to having the most common writing, foreign language and computer skills, business secretaries and political secretaries often need to have strong communication and coordination skills and keen insight and judgment. They really need to be exquisite. In the secretarial class, everything I heard told me such a message: secretarial work is like a machine running at high speed every day. It's hard to be a good secretary. People who don't have good Kung Fu really can't do it. Female secretaries are even more difficult to be. On the one hand, they have to withstand the pressure of public opinion, on the other hand, they have to bear the burden of work. If their psychological quality is slightly poor, they will not be able to do this job well. Now I know that it is wrong to unilaterally think that female secretaries are for youth. However, I think the secretarial profession really needs to start from a young age. First, because young people have energy and physical strength, they are very useful in the face of high-intensity secretarial work. Second, with the growth of age and length of service, women's advantages of being meticulous and considerate become more prominent. They are more resourceful and patient than youngpeople. We are all temporary secretaries. Secretaries are just a springboard to higher officials and more opportunities. Many successful people in shopping malls and political circles are working from secretaries step by step.We should have confidence in the secretarial industry. We are not afraid of a low starting point or a bad job. This is my new evaluation of secretaries.译文：文秘，在我国政府机关，企事业单位普遍设置的一个行政职位，在世界上也是最广泛的社会职业之一，对社会发展起着不可或缺的作用。

文秘翻译大纲 (1)

兰州城市学院文化翻译专业理论课教学大纲（040386）文秘翻译总学时：36 学分：2周学时：2 课程属性：任选编制依据：2012版人才培养方案开课单位：外国语学院先修课程：初级，中级，高级笔译，口译后续课程：无编写人：冯智娇编写时间：2014年8月一、课程的性质本课程是为英语专业学生开设的专业任选课，是一门理论知识传授与实践技能培养相结合的综合性课程。

本课程主要通过系统的、精选的典型翻译材料，讲授文秘翻译中涉及的翻译现象，并结合相关翻译材料进行练习，提升学生的文秘翻译水平。

本课程旨在帮助学生学习掌握文秘相关知识，结合英语翻译中的翻译方法和技巧，更好地处理文秘翻译中存在的各类问题。

二、教学目的文秘翻译课程旨在培养学生文秘类翻译实践能力。

本课程以培养高级应用型人才为出发点，结合学生毕业后的工作实际，教授学生文秘人员所需要的翻译技能。

通过将文秘相关知识与翻译方法技巧相结合，使学生了解文秘翻译工作中涉及的翻译技巧和方法，提高学生对文秘工作文稿的解构、分析能力，进而更好地提升此领域的翻译水平。

三、教学内容《文秘翻译》课程内容主要包括文秘工作大体介绍，文秘英语，文秘英语的翻译方法和技巧，涉外文书的翻译等。

四、学时分配五、教学方式本门课程的教学方式主要采用了教师讲授及学生自主学习相结合的方式，利用现代网络教育资源为学生提供生动、有效的引导，并结合相关练习巩固授课内容。

教学过程基本按照以下模式：回顾上次授课内容，讲述本次课程内容重点，相关翻译练习，作业集体批改及教师授课总结与反馈。

六、教材及教学参考书[1]. 陈莉萍，专门用途英语研究. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2000.[2]. 冯庆华，实用翻译教程. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1995.[3]. 陆瑜芳，秘书学概论. 上海：复旦大学出版社，2001.[4]. 江晓云，SUP秘书英语．长沙：中南工业大学出版社．1999．[5]. 孙林根．实用秘书英语教程．上海：东方出版中心．2000．[6]. 王毅．秘书英语．北京：高等教育出版社．2003．七、教学基本内容及要求第一章：文秘工作简介1.教学基本要求学生应掌握文秘工作的大致内容，包括文秘的含义和特征，了解文秘工作的内容和作用。

秘书文秘相关外文翻译(节选)

中文3000字，1650单词，9500英文字符出处：Institute of Research, Development and Commercialization, UniversitiTeknologi MARA 原文THE DIFFERENCES IN THE SECRETARIAL JOB FUNCTIONS AND COMPETENCIESBETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIV ATE SECTORN Zulkifli，R Hj. Ehsan，Z Abdul RahmanAbstractThis study was conducted to identify the differences of the secretarial job functions and competencies between public and private sectors in Malaysia. Additionally, from the results obtained, the needed changes to improve the implementations of public sector service and productivity are also examined and suggested for improvement. The scope of the study was the secretarial staffs in the public and private sector employed in Ipoh, Kinta Valley, Perak. The secretarial staffs' position in the public sector is under the title Administrative Assistant (Secretarial). A set of questionnaires consisted of close-ended questions were used to gather the needed information. The main instruments used for this study is the questionnaire. The questionnaires were tested for face and content validity. The questionnaires were personally distributed to all the respondents in the public and private sectors in Ipoh, Perak and specific time was given for them to answer the questionnaires. From the results obtained via questionnaires, the finding shows that there are significant differences in the job functions and job competencies aspects between the public sector and private sector. Most of the respondents agreed regarding the essentiality of the job qualification which consists of skills, knowledge and abilities (SKA's) to perform the job functions. It was also found that several aspects such as the secretarial job governance are discussed and emphasized. Finally, the discussion retrieved from the data analysis suggested several recommendations includes the perspective of change to the public sector from the relevant and revised entry level requirements, salary scheme restructuring, career advancement opportunities and the systems to improve and organized the secretarial job functions within the public sector organizations based on the successful story and criteria implemented by the private sector organizations.Background of the StudyWith the advent of office technologies in recent years, the secretarial job functions have widely expanded and showing increase responsibility not only to their job functions and competencies, hence also to their organizational commitment. A lot of articles today elucidate the essentiality of how the title "secretary" has expanded and growing; from the normal office assistant or managers assistant to the office manager and become one of the most important person in the organization.Hellerstein (1995) noted that secretaries working in pools support one or more departments and office technologies act as a bridge to mid-management jobs. Furthermore, their salaries and career opportunities now compete with other executive level positions. It clearly defined that secretarial functions were growing rapidly and encountered enormous changes. Unfortunately, the emergence of changes frequently occurred mostly in the private sectors which enable managers and professionals to operate more independently and the technology redefined the secretary's roles and career path.Enormous comparison can identified with regards to the practices and implementation of the secretarial position between the Malaysia public sectors (i.e. Government Agency) and the privatesectors. The private sectors offered the secretarial staffs with interesting salary schemes and opportunities due to the emerging variety of secretarial functions and tasks involving the office and organizations. Secretarial duties were not only limited to the basic traditional functions such as dictating and typing only, but they also performed managerial functions such as planning, organizing, directing and controlling in assisting the management. However, the Malaysian public sectors still overlook the evolution to these secretarial job functions.The Malaysian public sectors classified the secretarial post as a clerical service with minimum job descriptions which can lead to unprofessional workforce. The entry requirements necessitate for this job is only SPM holder with minimum qualification. In fact the Shorthand/Trengkas speed tests are still the qualifying tests for acceptance into the public sectors. With reference to the .my, the secretarial position still undertaken by the public sectors is Administration Assistant (Secretarial) with low salary scheme. The job specification enlisted dictation, typing and handling records as their main tasks.Statement of the ProblemThe evolution of the secretarial job functions was expanded and they will no longer single-tasking involving secretaries in the organization. The private sector demanded secretaries or executives to function proactively, while the public sector still seeks and used the service of typical secretarial functions. Recently, the demand of labor that is capable of handling, synthesizing and creating new knowledge was increased, while the space for traditional manual work is replaced by automation and mechanization (Pyoria, 2005).The secretarial duties were performed very differently in public and private sectors.The secretarial functions in the public sector were quite insignificant although Aziz Husain (2002)stated the importance of secretaries in the public sector to be professional in their career for the betterment of the organizations and departments. Yet, it is still unaccomplished. In the world towards global agenda and IT concentration, the organizations needed to embrace themselves with a multitalented and knowledgeable workforce, especially in the secretarial position.This study attempted to compare the secretarial job functions and competencies between public and private sectors and to determine whether there is a need for change in the secretarial job functions and competencies in the public sector.Research ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to make a comparison of the secretarial job functions and competencies between public and private sectors in Kinta Valley, Perak and to determine whether changes are needed in the secretarial job functions and competencies in the public sector.The specific objectives were to:1. determine the issues regarding the secretarial job functions in the public and private sectors;2. determine the levels of secretarial competencies required by the public and private sectors;3. identify the levels of secretarial job governance applied by the public and private sector;4. examine the differences in the secretarial job functions between public and private sectors;5. examine the differences in the secretarial competencies between public and privatesectors.Research Questions1. What are the secretarial entry requirements that appear to be relevant in meeting the jobfunctions required by the public and private sectors?2. What are the levels of secretarial job functions among public and private sectors?3. What are the levels of secretarial competencies required by the public and private sectors?4. What are the levels of secretarial job governance applied by the public and private sectors?5. Are there any differences in the secretarial job functions between public and private sectors?6. Are there any differences in the secretarial qualifications between public and privatesectors?Definition of Secretarial Job Functions and CompetenciesSecretarial job functions were defined as the list of tasks to perform the responsible and administrative duties for the supervisors. The secretary and administrative assistant also provide high level of administrative support for an office in the organizations. According to Raja Munirah (2001), the roles of administrative support personnel such as secretaries and administrative assistant have changed significantly recently due to the corporate downsizing, economy politics, workplace diversity and technology. The secretarial job functions have become wider, which several conventional job duties such as dictation and transcription have already diminished. The staffs were encouraged to participate in multiple tasks to reinforce their professionalism and skills. The title "secretary" also is slowly diminished and rise to more standard and high level position in the organization.Meanwhile, secretarial competencies referred to the listed requirements and qualifications that embodied the knowledge, skills and ability performing the secretarial jobs. (NCSC, 2008). The ability to acquire appropriate knowledge, skills and abilities in order to do the jobs has become essential necessity to enhance jobs effectiveness in recent era. However, in Malaysia there were differences in delivering and applying the information regarding job functions and also competencies between public and private sectors. It appeared that the public sectors are having very limited descriptions and demands regarding the functions and requirements of secretarial and administrative functions.It was very contrast with the public sectors in western organizations, whereby they have a very detailed explanation and it was published for public reference. According to Razali Mat Zin (1997) the Malaysian Public Sectors must not only discharge its responsibilities with excellence, but must continue to increase its capabilities to function effectively.FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONSRate of Survey ReturnQuestionnaires were personally distributed to 135 respondents. 65 were the Administrative Assistant (Secretarial) Grade N17, N22 and N32 meanwhile another 70 were the Secretarial staffs in private sectors engaged in legal businesses in Ipoh, Perak. From this number of questionnaire distributed to the respondents of public sector, 30 questionnaires or 46% were received before the due date while another 10 questionnaires or 15% were received after the first follow up. Meanwhile, for the private sector, 45 questionnaires or 64% were received before the due date while another 15 questionnaires 2 1 % were received after first follow up. The total questionnaires analyzed for the public sector were 40 out of 65 (61.5%) which consists of 20 questionnaires from Grade N17 staff, 8 questionnaires from Grade N22 staff and 12 questionnaires from Grade N32 staff. Furthermore, the total questionnaires analyzed for the private sectors were 60 out of 70 (86.5%) from various secretarial job titles.Descriptive Statistics of the Secretarial Job FunctionsTable 4.11 shows the overall summary of the descriptive statistical analysis for all statements involved in the secretarial job functions in the public and private sector. The analysis involved theuse of the minimum, maximum values, the mean, the median and the standard deviation scores. Based on the 5-point scale used, the findings indicated that the range was between 2.00 to 4.56. The mean score for the job functions was 3.5344 (SD=.97022), which represented that the respondents agreed that the secretarial job functions listed are important. From the respondents' opinion, they agreed to the listings of secretarial job functions given in the questionnaire, and majority of the public and private sectors respondents' awareness regarding the implementations and essentiality of the job functions to their daily work schedule are increased.译文公共部门和私营部门中秘书的工作职能和能力方面的差异作者：Zulkifli N, Abdul Rahman Z.摘要本研究旨在识别马来西亚的公共和私营部门中秘书的工作职能和能力之间的差异。

文秘Unit4翻译

商英09A班尹春园吴小玲陈苑玲何凤曾芳莉
Para.1麦当劳是一个以回馈他们居住和生活的社区为传统而成立的一个组织。

领导艺术和做正确的事成为了麦当劳的传统并贯穿于他们45年的历史之中，。

为了达到成为世界上最好的快餐店的目标，完善服务和增强管理，麦当劳对员工做出了一系列承诺。

他们对教育的承诺，保证质量和安全,承担社会义务。

事实上，麦当劳致力于为员工创造一个既能体现个人价值，又能受到别人尊重的环境，对员工的表现给予认可和奖励并为他们提供有意义的提升机会。

麦当劳也具有五项原则来确保他们信守承诺。

以下是一些麦当劳在他们的管理中做出的承诺。

Para.4五项原则1)尊重和认可。

经理按照员工想要的方式来对待他们。

员工受到尊重和重视。

员工良好的工作表现，额外的努力，团队合作和顾客服务都得到正式认可。

2)价值和领导行为。

每一位员工都对公司表现出最大的兴趣。

他们彼此交流坦诚，相互理解并尊重他人的不同观点。

他们接受个人问责制。

他们教与学。

3)有竞争力的工资和福利。

工资与当地市场一样或高于当地市场的工资水平。

他们重视工资和福利。

4)学习，提升和个人发展。

员工得到教授技能和一生受用的价值的工作经验。

麦当劳为员工提供他们所必需的提高个人技能和进行专业训练的工具和条件。

5)完成工作的资源。

员工有他们需要服务顾客的资源。

餐厅为良好的客户经验充分配备了职员，也为员工提供了灵活的工作时间，使其工作和生活保持平衡，且有时间参加培训。