(完整版)英国文学简史期末测验考试复习要点刘炳善版(英语专业大必备)
英国文学史刘炳善版
John Dryden
All for LoveAntonyand Cleopatra An Essay of Dramatic Poesy
Part 4. The eighteenth Century
Joseph Addison艾迪生
英国文学
Part 1. Old and medieval
Beowulf贝尔武甫(the national epic of the English people) stricking feature: alliteration, metaphors and understatements.
William Langland威廉。兰格伦
名诗：London;The Tiger
Robert Burns彭斯1759-1796
Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect苏格兰方言诗集
名诗：The Tree of Liberty自由村;Scots Wha-Hae苏格兰人;The Two Dogs两只狗;Holy Willie’s Prayer威利长老的祈祷;My Heart’s in the Highlands我的心呀在高原;A Red,Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰;John Anderson约翰·安德生,My Jo;A Man’s A Man for A’That不管身在何处都须保持尊严;Robert Bruce’s March toBannockburn
John Bunyan班扬1628-1688
The Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程;
The Life and Death of Mr Badman培德曼先生的一生
英国文学史及选读复习提纲
英语专业《英国文学》复习要点教材名称：英国文学史主编：刘炳善出版社：上海外语教育出版社第一章古英语和中古英语时期1、古英语时期是指英国国家和英语语言的形成时期。
最早的文学形式是诗歌，以口头形式流传，主要的诗人是吟游诗人scop。
到基督教传入英国之后，一些诗歌才被记录下来。
这一时期最重要的文学作品是英国的民族史诗《贝奥武夫》，用头韵体写成。
2、古英语时期（1066—1500）从1066年诺曼人征服英国，到1500年前后伦敦方言发展成为公认的现代英语。
文学作品主要的形式有骑士传奇，民谣和诗歌。
在几组骑士传奇中，有关英国题材的是亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士的冒险故事，其中《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》代表了骑士传奇的最高成就。
中世纪文学中涌现了大量的优秀民谣，最具代表性的是收录在一起的唱咏绿林英雄罗宾汉的民谣。
3、最重要的诗人是被称为“英国诗歌之父”的乔叟，代表作是《坎特伯雷故事集》，取得了很高的艺术成就。
他首创了诗歌的双韵体----每两行压韵的五步抑扬格，后被许多英国诗人采用。
乔叟用伦敦方言写作，奠定了用英语语言进行文学创作的基础，促进了英语语言文学的发展。
第二章文艺复兴时期1. 文艺复兴运动源于14世纪的意大利，后遍及欧洲各国，在英国兴起较晚。
“文艺复兴”一词原意是指古希腊，罗马文学艺术的复苏，但事实上决不是简单的对古希腊罗马文学艺术的学习模仿。
文艺复兴运动的核心思想是人文主义思想，表现为尊重人的尊严和力量，关注现世生活，鼓励人们对幸福生活的追求。
代表的是新兴资产阶级反封建，反教会的思想和要求。
文艺复兴运动的思想家，人文主义者是托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More），他的作品《乌托邦》描绘了一个理想的未来社会，他因此被认为是空想社会主义的先驱。
2. 文艺复兴时期的英国文学得到了空前的发展，在诗歌，散文和戏剧方面尤其兴盛。
诗歌方面，新的诗体形式如十四行诗，无韵体诗被介绍到英国。
莎士比亚除了戏剧创作之外也是一位伟大诗人，著有两部叙事诗，两部长诗和154首十四行诗。
英国文学简史期末考试复习要点-刘炳善版
英国文学史资料British Writers and WorksI。
Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages<Beowulf>贝奥武夫：the national epic of the Anglo—SaxonsEpic： long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated。
e。
g。
Homer's Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features：ing alliterationDefinition of alliteration： a rhetorical device， meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵）Some examples on P5ing metaphor and understatementDefinition of understatement： expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideasGeoffery Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟1340（?)~1400（首创“双韵体"，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。
约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden)称其为“英国诗歌之父"。
代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》.)The father of English poetry。
《英国文学简史》考研刘炳善版考研复习笔记和考研真题
《英国文学简史》考研刘炳善版考研复习笔记和考研真题第1章早期和中世纪的英国文学1.1 复习笔记早期英国文学Early English LiteratureⅠ.Background Knowledge—The Making of England（背景知识——英国的形成）1．The Roman Conquest (55B.C.-410A.D.) 罗马征服（公元前55年—公元410年）A. Brief Introduction（简介）Before the Roman Conquest, the early inhabitants in the island we call England were Britons, a tribe of Celts.In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar, the Roman conqueror. Britain was not completely subjugated to the Roman Empire until 78 A.D. But at the beginning of the fifth century, the Roman Empire was in the process of declining. In 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned.罗马征服之前，在英格兰岛上居住的早期居民被称为不列颠人（Britons），不列颠人是凯尔特（Celt）部落的一支。
公元前55年，该岛被罗马的朱利尤斯·凯撒（Julius Caesar）侵略。
直到公元78年，不列颠才完全臣服于罗马帝国，但是在5世纪初，罗马帝国开始没落。
公元410年，所有的罗马军队撤离该岛。
B. Influence（影响）①The Roman mode of life was brought into Britain while the native Britons were treated as slaves.②The Romans brought Christianity to the island and this religion was spread widely. (This is a profound religious effect up to today).③Roman road was built for military purposes.④Along the Roman roads, many towns grew up, London was one of them, and it became an important trading center.①罗马人的生活方式被带到了英国，而当地的不列颠人却沦为奴隶。
英国文学期末考试复习要点
英国文学期末考试复习要点1 .英国最早的居民：凯尔特人Celts2 .英语语言起源于盎格鲁萨克斯ANGLO-SAXON部落融合统一之后，发展于诺曼征月艮NormanConquest之后。
3 .古代文学两个分支（异教徒文学Pagan和基督文学Christian EOWULF文学地位（英国的民族史诗nationalepicof England）,人物角色（Beowulf,Grendel,Grendel'smother,Fire Dragon,Wiglef），修辞手法（头韵法alliteration,暗喻metaphor,低调陈述understatement）4 .诺曼征服人物WilliamtheConqueror,骑土Romance文学年代（中世纪14th-16TH）,《高文和绿衣骑士的故事》SirGawain andtheGreenKnight（亚瑟王传说最佳作品）mattersof Fitain。
骑士的优良传统美德P.21选段，反映的是英国的故事（忠诚loyalty）5 .威廉朗莱德WilliamLangland作品《耕者皮尔斯》PiersthePlowman（十四世纪以梦境dreamvision呈现的作品）6 .乔叟Chaucer地位（诗歌之父Fatherof EnglishPoetry）,主要作品TheCanteberryTales,文学贡献（英雄双行体HeroicCouplet,净化purifiedLONDON音dialect）,葬于西敏寺大教堂WestminsterAbbey,为此建立诗人角Poet'sCorner；《坎特伯雷故事集》主要人物（32朝圣者pilgrims）,选作P45（时间April,地点TabardInn,人物，巴斯妇人的故事WifeofBath）,抑扬五步格iambicpentameter （轻音unstressedsyllable+t音stressedsyllable7 .实行政教分离者（亨利八世HenryVIII）ReligiousReformation:TheKingbroke.托马斯摩尔ThomasMore的《乌托邦》offwiththePope.Utopia,宣扬财产property与困境poverty分离和建立理想国度idealstate。
刘炳善英国文学简史复习提纲
刘炳善英国文学简史复习提纲刘炳善的《英国文学简史》是一本介绍英国文学发展历程的经典教材，概述了英国文学的重要人物、作品和流派。
以下是一个复习提纲，旨在帮助你回顾和理解这本书的内容。
一、古英国文学时期（公元前7世纪-公元1066年）1.早期史诗作品：《贝奥武夫》、《克赖斯人的诗歌》等。
2.宗教文学：《贝德的致辞》、《入埋土地的经文》等。
3.亚瑟王传说：《亚瑟王之死》、《卢梭勒》等。
二、中英文学时期（1066年-1485年）1.诺曼底征服后的影响：法语文学的传入。
2.米德尔英语文学：《切阿通匹恩的罗曼斯》等。
3.文人和教士的作品：《福尔莫尔的诗集》、《金马伦的伊莎贝拉》等。
三、文艺复兴时期（1485年-1603年）1.文艺复兴思潮的传入。
2.威廉·莎士比亚及其作品：《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等。
3.其他重要诗人和作品：约翰·米尔顿的《失乐园》、培根的《新科学》等。
四、十七世纪文学（1603年-1660年）1.皇家主义文学：本·琼森的《包涵的破碎》等。
2.牧歌诗和骑士诗：约翰·唐纳的《简·卡特琳之歌》等。
3.讽刺文学：约纳森·斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》等。
五、启蒙运动时期（1660年-1798年）1.小说的发展：丹尼尔·笛福的《鲁滨逊漂流记》、萨缪尔·理查森的《帕梅拉》等。
2.詹姆斯·汤姆逊和约翰·洛克的作品。
3.威廉·布莱克和威廉·华兹华斯的浪漫主义作品。
六、浪漫主义时期（1798年-1832年）1.华兹华斯、柯勒律治和拜伦的作品。
2.珀西·比希·雪莱、约翰·济慈和简·奥斯丁的作品。
3.疲软派和托马斯·哈代的作品。
七、维多利亚时期（1832年-1901年）1.查尔斯·狄更斯和查尔斯·达尔文的作品。
2.奥斯卡·王尔德和罗伯特·路易斯·史蒂文森的作品。
(完整)英国文学史刘炳善版重点整理
莎士比亚
1564-1616
1.he isone of the foundersof realismin world literature。
2。his dramatic creation often used themethodofadaptation。
3。his long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting。
From everyone according to his capacities， to everyone according to his need； separation of town and country; the importance of labour for every member.
Book one: contemporary England labouring class poor, the rich greed and luxury， ruler eager for war
Book two： ideal commonwealth in some unknown ocean property in held in common, there is no poverty
Chaucer’s English， now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. He is a master of word—pictures。
Chaucer'scontribution to English poetry:1。introduced fromFrance the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the heroic couplet)。2.is the first great poet who wrote in the English language.3。hemakethe dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech。
刘炳善《英国文学简史》(第3版)笔记和考研真题详解-第一章至第二章【圣才出品】
第1章早期和中世纪的英国文学1.1复习笔记早期英国文学Early English LiteratureⅠ.Background Knowledge—The Making of England（背景知识——英国的形成）1.The Roman Conquest(55B.C.-410A.D.)罗马征服（公元前55年—公元410年）A.Brief Introduction（简介）Before the Roman Conquest,the early inhabitants in the island we call England were Britons,a tribe of Celts.In55B.C.,Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar,the Roman conqueror.Britain was not completely subjugated to the Roman Empire until78A.D.But at the beginning of the fifth century,the Roman Empire was in the process of declining.In 410A.D.,all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned.罗马征服之前，在英格兰岛上居住的早期居民被称为不列颠人（Britons），不列颠人是凯尔特（Celt）部落的一支。
公元前55年，该岛被罗马的朱利尤斯·凯撒（Julius Caesar）侵略。
直到公元78年，不列颠才完全臣服于罗马帝国，但是在5世纪初，罗马帝国开始没落。
公元410年，所有的罗马军队撤离该岛。
B.Influence（影响）①The Roman mode of life was brought into Britain while the native Britons weretreated as slaves.②The Romans brought Christianity to the island and this religion was spread widely.(This is a profound religious effect up to today).③Roman road was built for military purposes.④Along the Roman roads,many towns grew up,London was one of them,and itbecame an important trading center.①罗马人的生活方式被带到了英国，而当地的不列颠人却沦为奴隶。
考研英国文学复习要点(参照教材刘炳善《英国文学简史》)
Part One: Early and Medieval English Literature1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）2. Romance （名词解释）3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story4. Ballad（名词解释）5. Character of Robin Hood6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)Part Two: The English Renaissance8. The Authorized Version of English Bible and its significance（填空选择）9. Renaissance（名词解释）10.Thomas More——Utopia11. Sonnet（名词解释）12. Blank verse（名词解释）13. Edmund Spenser“The Faerie Queene”; Amoretti (collec tion of his sonnets)Spenserian Stanza（名词解释）14. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies”（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读）15. Christopher Marlowe (“Doctor Faustus” and his achievements)16. William Shakespeare可以说是英国文学史中最重要的作家，一定要看熟了。
刘炳善英国文学简史复习要点
刘炳善《英国文学简史》复习要点Part One: Early and Medieval English Literature1. Beowulf：national epic of the English people；Denmark story；alliteration, metaphors and understatements (此处可能会有填空,选择等小题)2. Romance （名词解释）3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story4。
Ballad(名词解释）5。
Character of Robin Hood6。
Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned，only 24 finished; written in Middle English；significance; form: heroic couplet)7. Heroic couplet （名词解释）Part Two：The English Renaissance8. The Authorized Version of English Bible and its significance（填空选择）9. Renaissance(名词解释）10.Thomas More—-Utopia11. Sonnet（名词解释）12. Blank verse（名词解释）13. Edmund Spenser“The Faerie Queene"；Amoretti (collection of his sonnets）Spenserian Stanza(名词解释)14. Francis Bacon “essays" esp。
英国文学简史 刘炳善笔记
Part 1：Early and medieval English literatureChapter 1: the making of England1 the Britons2 the Roman Consequent3 the English Consequent4 the social condition of the Anglo-SaxonsChapter 2: Beowulf<Beowulf>贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsEpic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.e.g. Homer’s Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features:1 Using alliteration2 Using metaphor and understatementDefinition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵）Some examples on P5Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideasChapter 3: Feudal England1 the Norman Conquest:①the Danish invasionKing Alfred: the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle②the Norman Conquest:Marks the establishment of feudalism in England\2 Feudal EnglandSocial features of the Feudal England：Two classes（landlord and peasant）The miseries of the peasant：Black DeathThe raising of 13813 the Romance: knightFamous three:King ArthurSir Gawain and the Green KnightBeowulfChapter 4 William LanglandPiers The Plowman耕者皮尔斯:a picture of feudal England①the exposure of the ruling classes②the story of the Cat and Rats③the marriage of lady Meed④the condition of the peasants⑤the search for truth⑥a representative of the most oppressed section of the peasantryArtistic features:It is written in the form of a dream visionUsing symbolismOral literatureBallad: is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.The Robin Hood BalladChapter 6 Geoffery Chaucer英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。
【全文】英国文学期末考试简答、论述题(含答案)
精选全文完整版可编辑修改V. Give a brief answer to the following questions. (20%)1. Discuss the theme of Wuthering Heights。
2. Say something about John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim Progress.①The Pilgrim Progress, written by John Bunyan, was written in the old-fashioned, medieval form of allegory and dream. It became an immediate success upon its publication.②The allegory depicts the Puritan struggle for freedom of worship, the eternalstruggle of man to find unity with God. The purpose is to urge people to seek salvation through constant struggle with their weaknesses and social evils.③The book is ranked as one of the greatest allegories in English language. Itsets a standard in story-telling with vivid characterization and natural dialogue.It becomes a landmark for later works such as Thackeray’s Vanity Fair, and Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Celestial Railroad.3. Say something about Hamlet.①Hamlet is generally regarded as the most representation of Shakespeare’sartistic creations and the summit of the Renaissance drama.②It is not a simple revenge play but a tragedy of humanist ideals crushed bycruel reality. It addresses the fundamental question of the meaning of human existence, with Hamlet’s meditation on life and death at the centre.③It portrays the social realities in England at the end of the 16th century andthe start of the 17th century.4. Say something about Robinson Crusoe.①The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, which is oftenshortened as Robinson Crusoe, was based on the true experience.②It is an interesting picaresque novel about an 18th century English adventurer.Crusoe is practical, religious and mindful of his profit. He resembles the rising bourgeoisie at the earliest stage of its development.③In depicting Crusoe’s efforts and growth on the island, the novel glorifiesboth physical and mental labor. The novel also shows the author’s attitude towards colonialism and Negro slavery.1. Discuss the theme of Wuthering Heights5. Say something about Paradise Lost and its theme.7. Say something about The Canterbury Tales.The Canterbury Tales is written in middle English created by Chaucer. The pronunciation and spelling are quite different from those in modern English, but the reading of the Tales is not as difficult as it first appears for the modern reader.It is sometimes argued that the greatest contribution that The Canterbury Tales made to English literature was in popularizing the literary use of the vernacular English. Chaucer’s poetry, along with the poetry of his other pee r writers, helped standardize the London Dialect and establish English as the literary language of the country.Chaucer was one of the first English poets to use the five-stress line, a decasyllabic cousin to the iambic pentameter, in much of his work. This arrangement became one of the standard poetic forms in English. He is father of English poetry.9. Say something about Bacon’s Of Studies.①Bacon was one of the greatest minds in an age of giants. His compact style withwise ideas has won him populariti es. His famous essays in students’ bibliography include ”Of Study”,” Of Beauty” and “Of Truth”.②Of Study discusses the function and method of reading. It is one of Bacon’smost frequently quoted essays.③The essay is known for its clearness, brevity and f orce of expression. Thediscussions are clearly presented. The first sentence points out the three functions. Then it discusses some wrong opinions about study, the importance of experiment in study, the various methods to read, the role of discussion and notetaking. The essay also argues that study is different fields can bring all sorts of benefits and improve spiritual defeats.④Bacon has employed various rhetorical devices in the essay: metaphor makes theessay rich; parallelism makes it sinewy; and contrast makes it persuasive. 10. Say something about Paradise Lost and its theme.（同上第⑤题）14. Say something about Gulliver’s Travels.①Gulliver’s Travels, as Swift’s highest achievement, is considered to be asatirical examination of the human nature, man’s p otential for depravity and the dangers of misuse of reason.②The novel gives an unparalleled sarcastic depiction of all the social vicesof the early 18th century. In spite of his contempt for the rulers and social evils, Swift cherished a great love for the common people.③Gulliver’s Travels is a fantasy, and at the same time, a realistic work offiction, including four voyages.18. Say something about the poem I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud.①I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud,also known as “The daffodils”, was written byBritish romanticist William Wordsworth.②The poet described his heartfelt happiness as he saw the beautiful daffodilsand sang high praises of nature.③Its rhyme scheme is ababcc.④The poem can be divided into two parts: the first part describes the sceneryand the second part expresses the poets’ emotion. We can see daffodils everywhere, and the poet compares them to the stars in the sky. He is immensely influenced by the beauty and the memory of the daffodils is imprinted in his mind, which brings back happiness when he feels lonely, dull or depressed.22. Say something about the poem Ode to a Nightingale.Ode to a Nightingale, written by John Keats under a plum tree in the yard of his friend out of “a tranquil and continual joy”in the nightingale’s song, contains his poetic feeling on the song of the nightingale. The poem is not about the bird only, it is about human experience in general. The principal stress of the poem is a struggle between ideal and actual: nature and the human, art and life, freedom and bondage, waking and dream.23. Say something about Pride and Prejudice.Pride and Prejudice, written by Jane Austen, ha long been a favorite of both readers and critics and is often regarded as Jane Austen’s consummate achievement27. Say something about Jane Eyre.①Jane Eyre, written by critic realism novelist Charlotte Bronte, is a frank andpassionate story of the love between a governess and her master, a married man, Mr. Rochester.②The novel is written in the first person and contains authentic autobiographicalexperiences.③Jane Eyre has many merits. It is the first governess novel in English literature.It is one of the most popular works of the working middle class women. It announces30. Say something about Tess of the D’Urbervilles.①Tess of the D’Urbervilles is the twelfth novel by Thomas Hardy. It tells themisery and tragedy of Tess. It deals with such themes as injustice of human existence, social classes and social status of women in Victorian England.②It questions society’ sexual mores by portraying a heroine who is seduced bythe son of her employer and is not considered a pure and chaste women by the rest of society.③Thus it is an attack on the hypocritical morality of the society an d thepolitical status quo in English.38. Say something about Charles Dickens.Charles Dickens is a British critical realist in Victorian Age. Charles Dickens was the son of a navy clerk. When he was fifteen, he left school and entered a lawyer’s office. In 1834, his lifework of writing began. The novel Pickwick Papers brought him into the first rank of the most popular novelist of his day. The rest of his life was work without rest.①The first period of his literary career: This period is referred to the yearsfrom 1836-1841, which is marked for youthful optimism. The main novels in this period are: Pickwick Papers, Oliver Twist and The Old Curiosity Shop.②The second period of his literary career: the second period, which began from1842, was a period of excitement and irritation. In this period, he visited America and was shocked by the corruptive influence of wealth and power there. The main novels are: Dombey and Son, David Copperfield.③The third period of his literary career: Dickens’ works in this period showintensifying pessimism. His main novels in this period are: Great Exceptions,A Tale of Two Cities.39. Say something about John Milton.Milton is the greatest writer of the seventeenth century. In his life and literary career the two dominant historical movements of Renaissance and Reformation combined and received their most intense and intelligent expression. He towers over his age just as Shakespeare towers over the Elizabethan Age and Chaucer over the Medieval Age. His works mainly include Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.41. Say something about Geoffrey Chaucer.The 14th century is called “Age of Chaucer”. Chaucer is acclaimed not onlyas “the father of English poetry”, but also the father of English fiction”.His masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, is one of the most famous works in all literatures.43. Say something about Jane Austen.①Jane Austen was the first English Woman novelist.②Austen was born in Hampshire, a small town in southwest England. She was educatedat home and led a quiet life. Austen wrote altogether 6 novels, among which the most important ones are Pride and Prejudice, Sense and sensibility and Emma.③Jane Austen was popular all through the 19th century. She died in 1817 at theage of 42.45. Say something about Thomas Hardy.①Hardy was born in Dorset, which he called Wessex in his novels. His principlenovels are the Wessex novels. Among his famous novels, the best-known are Tess of the D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure.②Other works by Hardy include The Return of the Native, Far From the MaddingCrowd and The Mayor of Casterbridge.48. Say something about George Bernard Shaw.Bernard Shaw was the greatest dramatist in English literature in the 20th century.He used stage to criticize the evils of capitalism.His major plays include Man and Superman, Major Barbara and Pygmalion.Shaw is a critical realist writer and a humorist. His plays deal with contemporary social problems.53. What is the theme of The Waste Land?The theme of the poem is modern spiritual barrenness, the despair and depression that followed the First World War, the sterility and turbulence(动荡)of the modern world, and the decline and breakdown of Western culture.1. Discuss the theme of Wuthering Heights5. Say something about Paradise Lost and its theme.VI. Write no less than 120 words on each of the following topics in English.3. Thomas Hardy, living at the turn of the century, is often regarded as a transitional writer. In him we see the influence from both the past and the modern. Tess of the D’Urbervilles is one of his greatest works. Try to discuss the fate of Tess in this work.The discussion about the fate of Tess in Tess of the D’Urbervilles.Tess of the D’Urbervilles is Thomas hardy’s representative work, as a transitional writer, his work reflect the profound changes about the social economic, politic, moral, customs and the tragic fate about the people(especially the fate of women)which caused by the capitalism intrudes England rural towns, it reveals the hypocrisy of bourgeoisie moral, legal and religion.Tess of the D’Urbervilles concentrate on the ‘character and environment. The heroine Tess while clever beauty, diligent and kind, but as a victim of she finally was on the gallows. So what are the reasons? Here we analyze her tragic fate from the following 3 aspects:Firstly, the tragic fate of Tess first comes from the capitalist society.In the furious conflict between individual and environment, Tess's fate is inevitably miserable. Tess lived in the Victorian period as British capitalism intrudes England rural countries. Though she is diligent and kind, clever beautiful girl, but as a laborer, a powerless of agricultural workers without money and social status, naturally will be affected by the capitalist society of oppression and reproach. With the capitalist invasion, those who own a small piece of land and production material of peasants are forced to, and then go bankrupt. Visible, Tess's tragic fate and her economic poverty are closely linked. This is one the social reason.Secondly, unjust laws system is also a factor in Tess tragedy. In capitalist society, the legal system are protect the exploiting class profits while oppress powerless workers. From the story, we knew that Alec is a domineering, do evil young guy, he was protected by the injustice law while the beautiful and diligent Tess was killed, it shows the underclass counteractions people in society is impossible to get treated fairly.Thirdly, Tess's destruction is closed linked with the hypocrisy of religion .Alec's characters, revealed the hypocrisy of religion. He is on the business, is a bourgeois upstarts and carnal "person". He set a trap to seducea Tess, but using the biblical allusions to blame them. Later he was turnedinto a good cleric. Who advised Visible, in capitalist society, religion isthe reactionary ruling class anesthesia, cheating, and a fool of working people.Marx once said: "with artificial Christian." Religion is bourgeois reproach and defiled women provided theoretical basis.Fourthly, Tess is also a victim of the bourgeoisie hypocritical moral. From the story, Angel is the representative of bourgeoisie hypocritical moral, though he is a liberal thought of intellectuals, but he has a deep psychological ingrained in traditional ethics and morality. his own dissolute behavior was forgived by Tess, but he did not forgive Tess on the situation the fault is not Tess, but Alec. He has not a little sympathy on Tess, which force Tess came back to Alec.Fifthly, Tess’s tragic is also related by her own personality.Tess is a brand-new woman created by hardy, she has dual personality. On the one hand, she dares to against the hypocrisy of traditional moral and religious, On the other hand, cannot completely get rid of the traditional ethics of their own. Because Tess was born in a peasant family, remaining some of the old farmer on moral and destiny view that she appeared when traditional moral against the weak side. when she treated with the secular public opinion, she also think herself is guilty. Tess, as a certain historical period of the individual, must be particular historical period of social consciousness and moral concepts, she thought and action are bound by age and social consciousness.From above all, the tragedy of Tess have social reason also have her own personality reason, but all these reasons are directly linked with the bourgeoisie society, it’s the kinds of reflects of the society. Her destroy is inevitably in the bourgeoisie society.6. Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe is a very influential novel in the enlightenment period of the English literature. It depicts Crusoe as a figure of middle class who makes success through his hard work. Discuss the social reason why the novel becomes so successful.Robinson Crusoe is supposedly based on the real adventure of an Alexander Selkirk who once stayed alone on the uninhabited island Huan Fernandez for five years. Factually, the story is an imagination. In the story the author describes inviting plots of Robinson Crusoe who survives and lives quite well on an island after the shipwreck. In Robinson Crusoe, Defoe traces the growth of Robinson Crusoe from a naïve and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. The realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson here is a real hero: a typical eighteenth century English middle-class man, with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist. Robinson Crusoe is an adventure story in the spirit of the time. So when it was published, people all liked that story, and it became an immediate success.7. In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen explored three kinds of motivations of marriage the middle-class people had in the second half of the 18th century. Say something about this novel and try to make a discussion about the three kinds of motivations with specific examples from the novel. Make comments on Austen’s attitude towards these motivations.First, there is marriage merely for fortune, money and social rank. This is to be found in Miss Bingley’s pursuit of Darcy, Lady de Bourgh’s intention to marriage between her daughter and Darcy, and in Charlotte Lucas’marriage to Mr.Collins. The snobbery and vanity of the rich and the practicality of the poor gentry women are fully accounted for.The second is the tendency to marry for beauty, attraction and passion regardless of economic conditions or personal merits. This is generally known as Mr.Bennet and Mrs. Bennet who has a beautiful face but an empty head and of their youngest daughter Lydia to the handsome, charming but morally weak and penniless Wickham. The terrible aftermath of such marriage is only too obvious in the marriage of the two generations of the Bennet.Lastly comes the idea marriage, which is a love match with considerations of the lover’s personal merits and economic conditions. Such perfect happinessis to be found in the marriage of Darcy and Elizabeth and that of Mr.Bingley and Jane, although the satisfaction of both the personal and economic conditions like this is really a bit too idealistic.What Jane Austen tries to say is that it is wrong to marry just for money or for beauty, but it is also wrong to marry without consideration of economic conditions. Of the three types, she prefers the the last one. And in the last type, she seems to give her particular preference to the marriage of Darcy and Elizabeth.28. What is the social significance of The Canterbury Tales?The Canterbury Tales has its social significance in several ways. ①It represents the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie people’s right to pursue earthly happiness is affirmed by Chaucer. ②the ideas of humanism are shown in C haucer’s praising of man’s energy ,intellect, wit and love of love. ③Chaucer exposed and satirized the evils of the time. ④the corruption of the church is vigorously attacked. ⑤Chaucer showed sympathy for the poor to some extent. ⑥Chaucer established the language of literature.36.John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress is generally regarded as a religious allegory. Say briefly about thisbook and what does the work symbolically concern? What is the predominant metaphor that is carried on through the whole work? And what is the author’s purpose in writing such a book?A. It concerns the search for spiritual salvation.B. “That life is a journey” is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines.C. The author’s purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and to seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weakness and all kinds of evils.ment on Jane Austen’s characte ristics of her novels.1. Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists. She drew vivid and realistic pictures ofeveryday life of the country society in her novels.2. Jane Austen’s main concern is about human beings in their personal relations, human beingswith their families and neighbors. Stories of love and marriage provide the framework for all her novels and in them woman are always taken as the major characters.3. Jane Austen’s work has a very narrow literary field. She confines herself to small countryparishes, whose simple country people become the characters of her novels, but within her own field, she is unrivaled.4. Her novels show a wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire. Her plots are straight-forward.There is little action. Her characters are like real living creatures, with faults and virtues mixed as they are in real life. Jane Austen is successful in the employment of irony and frequent use of witty and delightful dialogues.。
(完整版)刘炳善《英国文学简史》完整版笔记(免费)
英国文学简史完全版A Concise History of British LiteratureChapter 1 English Literature of Anglo-Saxon PeriodI. Introduction1. The historical background（1）Before the Germanic invasion（2）During the Germanic invasiona. immigration;b. Christianity;c. heptarchy.d. social classes structure: hide-hundred; eoldermen （lord）– thane - middle class （freemen）- lower class （slave or bondmen: theow）;e. social organization: clan or tribes.f. military Organization;g. Church function: spirit, civil service, education;h. economy: coins, trade, slavery;i. feasts and festival: Halloween, Easter; j. legal system.2. The Overview of the culture（1）The mixture of pagan and Christian spirit.（2）Literature: a. Poetry: two types; b. prose: two figures.II. Beowulf.1. A general introduction.2. The content.3. The literary features.（1）the use of alliteration（2）the use of metaphors and understatements（3）the mixture of pagan and Christian elementsIII. The Old English Prose1. What is prose?2.figures（1）The Venerable Bede（2）Alfred the GreatChapter 2 English Literature of the Late Medieval Ages I.Introduction 1. The Historical Background.（1）The year 1066: Norman Conquest.（2）The social situations soon after the conquest.A. Norman nobles and serfs;B. restoration of the church.（3）The 11th century.A. the crusade and knights.B. dominance of French and Latin;（4）The 12th century.A. the centralized government;B. kings and the church （Henry II and Thomas）;（5）The 13th century.A. The legend of Robin Hood;B. Magna Carta （1215）;C. the beginning of the ParliamentD. English and Latin: official languages （the end）（6）The 14th century.a. the House of Lords and the House of Commons—conflict between the Parliament and Kings;b. the rise of towns.c. the change of Church.d. the role of women.e. the Hundred Years' War—starting.f. the development of the trade: London.g. the Black Death.h. the Peasants' Revolt—1381.i. The translation of Bible by Wycliffe.（7）The 15th century.a. The Peasants Revolt （1453）b. The War of Roses between Lancaster and Yorks.c. the printing-press—William Caxton.d. the starting of Tudor Monarchy（1485）2. The Overview of Literature.（1）the stories from the Celtic lands of Wales and Brittany—great myths of the Middle Ages.（2）Geoffrye of Monmouth—Historia Regum Britanniae—King Authur. （3）Wace—Le Roman de Brut.（4）The romance.（5）the second half of the 14th century: Langland, Gawin poet, Chaucer. II. Sir Gawin and Green Knight.1. A general introduction.2. The plot.III. William Langland.1. Life2. Piers the PlowmanIV. Chaucer1. Life2. Literary Career: three periods（1）French period（2）Italian period（3）master period3. The Canterbury TalesA. The Framework;B. The General Prologue;C. The Tale Proper.4. His Contribution.（1）He introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types. （2）He is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language. （3）The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.V. Popular Ballads.VI. Thomas Malory and English ProseVII. The beginning of English Drama.1. Miracle Plays.Miracle play or mystery play is a form of medieval drama that came from dramatization of the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church. It developed from the 10th to the 16th century, reaching its height in the 15th century. The simple lyric character of the early texts was enlarged by the addition of dialogue and dramatic action. Eventually the performance was moved to the churchyard and the marketplace.2. Morality Plays.A morality play is a play enforcing a moral truth or lesson by means of the speech and action of characters which are personified abstractions – figures representing vices and virtues, qualities of the human mind, or abstract conceptions in general.3. Interlude.The interlude, which grew out of the morality, was intended, as its name implies, to be used more as filler than as the main part of an entertainment. As its best it was short, witty, simple in plot, suited for the diversion of guests at a banquet, or for the relaxation of the audience between the divisions of a serious play. It was essentially an indoors performance, and generally of an aristocratic nature.Chapter 3 English Literature in the Renaissance I.A Historical BackgroundII. The Overview of the Literature （1485-1660）Printing press—readership—growth of middle class—trade-education for laypeople-centralization of power-intellectual life-exploration-new impetus and direction of literature.Humanism-study of the literature of classical antiquity and reformed education.Literary style-modeled on the ancients.The effect of humanism-the dissemination of the cultivated, clear, and sensible attitude of its classically educated adherents.1. poetryThe first tendency by Sidney and Spenser: ornate, florid, highly figured style.The second tendency by Donne: metaphysical style—complexity and ingenuity.The third tendency by Johnson: reaction——Classically pure and restrained style.The fourth tendency by Milton: central Christian and Biblical tradition.2. Dramaa. the native tradition and classical examples.b. the drama stands highest in popular estimation: Marlowe – Shakespeare –Jonson.3. Prosea. translation of Bible;b. More;c. Bacon.II. English poetry.1. Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard （courtly makers）（1）Wyatt: introducing sonnets.（2）Howard: introducing sonnets and writing the first blank verse.2. Sir Philip Sidney—poet, critic, prose writer（1）Life:a. English gentleman;b. brilliant and fascinating personality;c. courtier.（2）worksa. Arcadia: pastoral romance;b. Astrophel and Stella （108）: sonnet sequence to Penelope Dvereux—platonic devotion.Petrarchan conceits and original feelings-moving to creativeness—building of a narrative story; theme-love originality-act of writing.c. Defense of Poesy: an apology for imaginative literature—beginning of literary criticism.3. Edmund Spenser–Ireland - （1）life: Cambridge - Sidney's friend - “Areopagus” Westminster Abbey.（2）worksa. The Shepherds Calendar: the budding of English poetry in Renaissance.b. Amoretti and Epithalamion: sonnet sequencec. Faerie Queen:l The general end——A romantic and allegorical epic—steps to virtue.l 12 books and 12 virtues: Holiness, temperance, justice and courtesy.l Two-level function: part of the story and part of allegory （symbolic meaning）l Many allusions to classical writers.L Themes: puritanism, nationalism, humanism and Renaissance Neoclassicism—a Christian humanist.（3）Spenserian Stanza.III. English Prose1. Thomas More（1）Life: “Renaissance man”, scholar, statesman, theorist, prose writer, diplomat, patron of artsa. learned Greek at Canterbury College, Oxford;b. studies law at Lincoln Inn;c. Lord Chancellor;d. beheaded.（2）Utopia: the first English science fiction.Written in Latin, two parts, the second—place of nowhere.A philosophical mariner （Raphael Hythloday）tells his voyages in which he discovers a land-Utopia.a. The part one is organized as dialogue with mariner depicting his philosophy.b. The part two is a description of the island kingdom where gold and silverare worn by criminal, religious freedom is total and no one owns anything.c. the nature of the book: attacking the chief political and social evils of his time.d. the book and the Republic: an attempt to describe the Republic in a new way, but it possesses an modern character and the resemblance is in externals.e. it played a key role in the Humanist awakening of the 16th century which moved away from the Medieval otherworldliness towards Renaissance secularism.f. the Utopia（3）the significance.a. it was the first champion of national ideas and national languages; it created a national prose, equally adapted to handling scientific and artistic material.b. a elegant Latin scholar and the father of English prose: he composed works in English, translated from Latin into English biography, wrote History of Richard III.2. Francis Bacon: writer, philosopher and statesman（1）life: Cambridge - humanism in Paris – knighted - Lord Chancellor –bribery - focusing on philosophy and literature.（2）philosophical ideas: advancement o f science—people: servants and interpreters of nature—method: a child before nature—facts and observations: experimental.（3）“Essays”: 57.a. he was a master of numerous and varied styles.b. his method is to weigh and balance maters, indicating the ideal course of action and the practical one, pointing out the advantages and disadvantages of each, but leaving the reader t o make the final decisions. （arguments）IV. English Drama1. A general survey.（1）Everyman marks the beginning of modern drama.（2）two influences.a. the classics: classical in form and English in content;b. native or popular drama.（3）the University Wits.2. Christopher Marlowe: greatest playwright before Shakespeare a nd most gifted of the Wits.（1）Life: first interested in classical poetry—then in drama.（2）Major worksa. Tamburlaine;b. The Jew of Malta;c. The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.（3）The significance of his plays.V. William Shakespeare1. Life（1）1564, Stratford-on-Avon;（2）Grammar School;（3）Queen visit to Castle;（4）marriage to Anne Hathaway;（5）London, the Globe Theatre: small part and proprietor;（6）the 1st Folio, Quarto;（7）Retired, son—Hamlet; H. 1616.2. Dramatic career3. Major plays-men-centered.（1）Romeo and Juliet——tragic love and fate （2）The Merchant of Venice.Good over evil.Anti-Semitism.（3）Henry IV.National unity.Falstaff.（4）Julius CaesarRepublicanism vs. dictatorship.（5）HamletRevengeGood/evil.（6）OthelloDiabolic characterjealousygap between appearance and reality.（7）King LearFilial ingratitude（8）MacbethAmbition vs. fate.（9）Antony and Cleopatra.Passion vs. reason（10）The TempestReconciliation; reality and illusion.3. Non-dramatic poetry（1）Venus and Adonis; The Rape of Lucrece.（2）Sonnets:a. theme: fair, true, kind.b. two major parts: a handsome young man of noble birth; a lady in dark complexion.c. the form: three quatrains and a couplet.d. the rhyme scheme: abab, cdcd, efef, gg.VI. Ben Jonson1. life: poet, dramatist, a Latin and Greek scholar, the “literary king（Sonsof Ben）2.contribution:humor”．（1）the idea of “（2）an advocate of classical drama and a forerunner of classicism inEnglish literature.3. Major plays（1）Everyone in His Humor—“humor”; three unities.（2）Volpone the FoxChapter 4 English Literature of the 17th Century I.A HistoricalBackgroundII. The Overview of the Literature （1640-1688）1. The revolution period（1）The metaphysical poets;（2）The Cavalier poets.（3）Milton: the literary and philosophical heritage of the Renaissance merged with Protestant political and moral conviction2. The restoration period.（1）The restoration of Charles II ushered in a literature characterized by（school reason, moderation, good taste, deft management, and simplicity.of Ben Jonson）（2）The ideals of impartial investigation and scientific experimentation promoted by the newly founded Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge （1662）were influential in the development of clear and simple prose as an instrument of rational communication.（3）The great philosophical and political treatises of the time emphasize rationalism.（4）The restoration drama.（5）The Age of Dryden.III. John Milton1. Life: educated at Cambridge—visiting the continent—involved into the revolution—persecuted—writing epics.2. Literary career.（1）The 1st period was up to 1641, during which time he is to be seen chiefly as a son of the humanists and Elizabethans, although his Puritanism is not absent. L'Allegre and IL Pens eroso （1632）are his early masterpieces, in which we find Milton a true offspring of the Renaissance, a scholar of exquisite taste and rare culture. Next came Comus, a masque. The greatest of early creations was Lycidas, a pastoral elegy on the death of a college mate, Edward King.（2）The second period is from 1641 to 1654, when the Puritan was in such complete ascendancy t hat he wrote almost no poetry. In 1641, he began a long period of pamphleteering for the puritan cause. For some 15 years, the Puritan in him alone ruled his writing. He sacrificed his poetic ambition to the call of the liberty for which Puritans were fighting.（3）The third period is from 1655 to 1671, when humanist and Puritan have been fused into an exalted entity. This period is the greatest in his literary life, epics and some famous sonnets. The three long poems are the fruit of the long contest within Milton of Renaissance t radition and his Puritan faith. They form the greatest accomplishments of any English poet except Shakespeare. I n Milton alone, it would seem, Puritanism could not extinguish the lover of beauty. In these works we find humanism and Puritanism merged in magnificence.3. Major Works（1）Paradise Losta. the plot.b. characters.c. theme: justify the ways of God to man.（2）Paradise Regained.（3）Samson Agonistes.4. Features of Milton's works.（1）Milton is one of the very few truly great English writers who is also a prominent figure in politics, and who is both a great poet and an important prose writer. The two most essential things to be remembered about him are his Puritanism and his republicanism.（2）Milton wrote many different types of poetry. He is especially a great master of blank verse. He learned much from Shakespeare and first used blank verse in non-dramatic works.（3）Milton is a great stylist. He is famous for his grand style noted for its dignity and polish, which is the result of his life-long classical and biblical study.（4）Milton has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.IV.John Bunyan1. Life:（1）puritan age;（2）poor family;（3）parliamentary army;（4）Baptist society, preacher;（5）prison, writing the book.2. The Pilgrim Progress（1）The allegory in dream form.（2）the plot.（3）the theme.V. Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets.1. Metaphysical PoetsThe term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to designate the works of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. Pressured by the harsh, uncomfortable and curious age, the metaphysicalpoets sought to shatter myths and replace them with new philosophies,new sciences, new words and new poetry. They tried to break away fromthe conventional fashion of Elizabethan love poetry, and favoured inpoetry for a more colloquial language and tone, a tightness of expressionand the single-minded working out of a theme or argument.2. Cavalier PoetsThe other group prevailing in this period was that of Cavalier poets. Theywere often courtiers who stood on the side of the king, and called themselves “sons” of Ben Jonson. The Cavalier poets wrote light poetry,polished and elegant, amorous and gay, but often superficial. Most of their verses were short songs, pretty madrigals, love fancies characterized by lightness of heart and of morals. Cavalier poems have the limpidity of the Elizabethan lyric without its imaginative flights. They are lighter and neater but less fresh than the Elizabethan's.VI. John Dryden.1. Life:（1）the representative of classicism in the Restoration.（2）poet, dramatist, critic, prose writer, satirist.（3）changeable in attitude.（4）Literary career—four decades.（5）Poet Laureate2. His influences.（1）He established the heroic couplet as the fashion for satiric, didactic, and descriptive poetry.（2）He developed a direct and concise prose style.（3）He developed the art of literary criticism in his essays and in the numerous prefaces to his poems.Chapter 5 English Literature of the 18th CenturyI. Introduction1. The Historical Background.2. The literary overview.（1）The Enlightenment.（2）The rise of English novels.When the literary historian seeks to assign to each age its favourite form of literature, he finds no difficulty in dealing with our own time. As the Middle Ages delighted in long romantic narrative poems, the Elizabethans in drama, the Englishman of the reigns of Anne and the early Georges in didactic and satirical verse, so the public of our day is enamored of the novel. Almost all types of literary production continue to appear, but whether we judge from the lists of publishers, the statistics of public libraries, or general conversation, we find abundant evidence of the enormous preponderance o f this kind of literary entertainment in popular favor.（3）Neo-classicism: a revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of classical standards of order, balance, and harmony in literature. John Dryden and Alexander Pope were major exponents of the neo-classical school.（4）Satiric literature.（5）SentimentalismII. Neo-classicism. （a general description）1. Alexander Pope（1）Life:a. Catholic family;b. ill health;c. taught himself by reading and translating;d. friend of Addison, Steele and Swift.（2）three groups of poems:e. An Essay on Criticism （manifesto of neo-classicism）;f. The Rape of Lock;g. Translation of two epics.（3）His contribution:h. the heroic couplet—finish, elegance, wit, pointedness;i. satire.（4）weakness: lack of imagination.2. Addison and Steele（1）Richard Steele: poet, playwright, essayist, publisher of newspaper.（2）Joseph Addison: studies at Oxford, secretary of state, created a（with Steele, 1711）literary periodical “Spectator” （3）Spectator Club.（4）The significance of their essays.a. Their writings in “The Tatler”, and “The Spectator” provide a new c of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.b. They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18thcentury.c. In their hands, the English essay completely established itself as aliterary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story telling, they ushered in the dawn of the modern novel.3. Samuel Johnson—poet, critic, essayist, lexicographer, editor.（1）Life:a. studies at Oxford;b. made a living by writing and translating;c. the great cham of literature.（2）works: poem （The Vanity of Human Wishes, London）; criticism （The Lives of great Poets）; preface.（3）The champion of neoclassical ideas.III. Literature of Satire: Jonathan Swift.1. Life:（1）born in Ireland;（2）studies at Trinity College;（3）worked as a secretary;（4）the chief editor of The Examiner;（5）the Dean of St. Patrick's in Dublin.2. Works: The Battle of Books, A Tale of a Tub, A Modest Proposal, Gulliver's Travels.3. Gulliver's Travels.Part I. Satire—the Whig and the Tories, Anglican Church and Catholic Church.Part II. Satire—the legal system; condemnation of war.Part III. Satire—ridiculous scientific experiment.Part IV. Satire—mankind.IV. English Novels of Realistic tradition.1. The Rise of novels.（1）Early forms: folk tale – fables – myths – epic – poetry – romances –fabliaux – novella - imaginative nature of their material. （imaginative narrative）（2）The rise of the novela. picaresque novel in Spain and England （16th century）: Of or relating to a genre of prose fiction that originated in Spain and depicts in realistic detail the adventures of a roguish hero, often with satiric or humorous effects.b. Sidney: Arcadia.c. Addison and Steele: The Spectator.（plot and characterization and realism）（3）novel and drama （17the century）2. Daniel Defoe—novelist, poet, pamphleteer, publisher, merchant, journalist.）（1）Life:a. business career;b. writing career;c. interested in politics.（2）Robinson Crusoe.a. the story.b. the significance of the character.c. the features of his novels.d. the style of language.3. Henry Fielding—novelist.（1）Life:a. unsuccessful dramatic career;b. legal career; writing career.（2）works.（3）Tom Jones.a. the plot;b. characters: Tom, Blifil, Sophia;c. significance.（4）the theory of realism.（5）the style of language.V. Writers of Sentimentalism.1. Introduction2. Samuel Richardson—novelist, moralist （One who is unduly concerned with the morals of others.）（1）Life:a. printer book seller;b. letter writer.（2）Pamela, Virtue Rewarded.a. the storyb. the significancePamela was a new thing in these ways:a）It discarded the “improbable and marvelous” accomplishments of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people.b）Its intension was to afford not merely entertainment but also moralinstruction.c）It described not only the sayings and doings of characters but theiralso their secret thoughts and feelings. It was, in fact, the first Englishpsycho-analytical novel.3. Oliver Goldsmith—poet and novelist.A. Life:a. born in Ireland;b. a singer and tale-teller, a life of vagabondage;c. bookseller;d. the Literary Club;e. a miserable life;f. the most lovable character in English literature.B. The Vicar of Wakefield.a. story;b. the signicance.VI. English Drama of the 18th century1. The decline of the drama2. Richard Brinsley SheridenA. life.B. works: Rivals, The School for Scandals.C. significance of his plays.a. The Rivals and The School for Scandal are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces o f Shakespeare a nd those of Bernard Shaw, and as true classics in English comedy.b. In his plays, morality is the constant theme. He is much concerned with the current moral issues and lashes harshly at the social vices of the day.c. Sheridan's greatness a lso lies in his theatrical art. He seems t o have inherited from his parents a natural ability and inborn knowledge about the theatre. His plays are the product of a dramatic genius as well as of a well-versed theatrical man.d. His plots are well-organized, his characters, either major or minor, are all sharply drawn, and his manipulation of such devices as disguise, mistaken identity and dramatic irony is masterly. Witty dialogues and neat and decent language also make a characteristic of his plays. Chapter 6 English Literature of the Romantic AgeI. Introduction1. Historical Background2. Literary Overview: RomanticismCharacteristics of Romanticism:（1）The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings（2）The creation of a world of imagination（3）The return to nature for material（4）Sympathy with the humble and glorification of the commonplace （5）Emphasis upon the expression of individual genius（6）The return to Milton and the Elizabethans for literary models （7）The interest in old stories and medieval romances（8） A sense of melancholy and loneliness（9）The rebellious spiritII. Pre-Romantics1. Robert Burns（1）Life: French Revolution（2）Features of poetrya. Burns is chiefly remembered for his songs written in the Scottish dialect.b. His poems are usually devoid of artificial ornament and have a great charm of simplicity.c. His poems are especially appreciated for their musical effect.d. His political and satirical poems are noted for his passionate love for freedom and fiery sentiments of hatred against tyranny.（3）Significance of his poetryHis poetry marks an epoch in the history of English literature. They suggested t hat the spirit of the Romantic revival was embodied in this obscure ploughman. Love, humor, pathos, the response to nature – all the poetic qualities that touch the human heart are in his poems, which marked the sunrise of another day – the day of Romanticism.2. William Blake（1）life: French Revolution（2）works.l Songs of Innocencel Songs of Experience（3）featuresa. sympathy with the French Revolutionb. hatred for 18th century conformity and social institutionc. attitude of revolt against authorityd. strong protest against restrictive codes（4）his influenceBlake is often regarded as a symbolist and mystic, and he has exerted a great influence on twentieth century writers. His peculiarities of thought and imaginative vision have in many ways proved far more congenial tothe 20th century than they were to the 19th.III. Romantic Poets of the first generation1. Introduction2. William Wordsworth: representative poet, chief spokesman of Romantic poetry（1）Life:a. love nature;b. Cambridge;c. tour to France;d. French revolution;e. Dorathy;f. The Lake District;g. friend of Coleridge;h. conservative after revolution.（2）works:a. the Lyrical Ballads （preface）: significanceb. The Prelude: a biographical poem.c. the other poems（3）Features of his poems.a. ThemeA constant theme of his poetry was the growth of the human spirit through the natural description with expressions of inward states of mind.b. characteristics of style.His poems are characterized by a sympathy with the poor, simple peasants, and a passionate love of nature.3. Samuel Taylor Coleridge: poet and critic（1）Life:a. Cambridge;b. friend with Southey and Wordsworth;c. taking opium.（2）works.l The fall of Robespierrel The Rime of the Ancient Marinerl Kubla Khanl Biographia Literaria（3）Biographia Literaria.（4）His criticismHe was one of the first critics to give close critical attention to language. In both poetry and criticism, his work is outstanding, but it is typical of him that his critical work is very scattered and disorganized.IV. Romantic Poets of the Second Generation.1. Introduction2. George Gordon Byron（1）Life:a. Cambridge, published poems and reviews;b. a tour of Europe and the East;c. left England;d. friend with Shelley;e. worked in Greece: national hero;f. radical and sympathetic with French Revolution.（2）Works.l Don Juanl When We Two Partedl She Walks in Beauty（3）Byronic Hero.Byron introduced into English poetry a new style of character, which as often been referred to as “Byronic H ero” . Peopleo f “satanic spirit”imagined that they saw something of Byron himself in these strange figures of rebels, pirates, and desperate adventurers.（4）Poetic style: loose, fluent and vivid3. Percy Bysshe Shelley: poet and critic（1）Life:a. aristocratic family;b. rebellious heart;c. Oxford;d. Irish national liberation Movement;e. disciple of William Godwin;f. marriage with Harriet, and Marry;g. left England and wandered in EUrope, died in Italy;h. radical and sympathetic with the French revolution;i. Friend with Byron（2）works: two types – violent reformer and wanderer （3）Characteristics of poems.a. pursuit of a better society;b. radian beauty;c. superb artistry: imagination.（4）Defense of Poetry.4. John Keats.（1）Life:a. from a poor family;b. Cockney School;c. friend with Byron and Shelley;d. attacked by the conservatives and died in Italy.（2）works.（3）Characteristics of poemsa. loved beauty;b. seeking refuge in an idealistic world of illusions and dreams. V. Novelists of the Romantic Age.。
《英国文学简史（刘炳善版）》期末试题及答案A卷（英语本科专业用）
《英国⽂学简史（刘炳善版）》期末试题及答案A卷（英语本科专业⽤）××⼤学外国语学院英语系期末考试《英国⽂学简史》试卷 A 卷________级_______专业_____班学号___________ 姓名___________Ⅰ. Multiple choices (50 points, 1 point each)1.The most important work of Alfred the Great is _________, which isregarded as the best monument of the old English prose.A. The Song of BeowulfB. The Anglo-Saxon ChroniclesC. BrutD. History of the King of Britain2.William Langland’s “_________” is written in the form of adream vision.A. Kubla KanB. Piers the PlowmanC. The Dream of John BullD. Morte d’Arthur3.In 1066, ________ led the Norman army to invade and defeat England.A.Julius CaesarB. Alexander the GreatC.William the ConquerorD. Claudius4._________ was the first to be buried in the Poet’s Corner ofWestminster Abbey.A. KeatsB. SoutheyC. TennysonD. Chaucer5._________ composed a long narrative poem named “________”basedon Boccaccio’s poem “Filostrato”.A.Shakespeare, Troilus and CriseydeB.Chaucer, Troilus and CriseydeC.Chaucer, The House of FameD.Chaucer, The Romaunt of the Rose6.In the following, which word is not French origin?A. porkB. muttonC. vealD. swine7.The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development ofEnglish drama. It was _______ who first made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama.A. Robert GreeneB. Edmund SpenserC. Christopher MarloweD. William Shakespeare8.English Renaissance Period was an age of ______.A. prose and novelB. poetry and dramaC. essays and journalD. ballads and songs9.Great popularity was won by John Lyly’s prose romance _________which gave rise to the term “euphuism”, designating an affected style of court speech.A. CymbelineB. Venus and AdonisC. The Rape of LucreceD. Euhpues10.Which one is not the resource of medieval romance?A.adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of Round TableB.Emperor Charlemagne and his peersC.Alexander the Great and matters of RomeD.The Rising of 138111.“When Adam delved and Eve span, who was then the gentlemen?”is the sermon of __________.A. Wat TylerB. John BallC. LanglandD. Thomas Malory12.Which statement about More’s “Utopia” is NOT true?A. Book One of “Utopia” is a picture of contemporary Englandwith forcible exposure of the poverty among the laboringclasses, the greed and luxury among the rich, and an eagernessfor war on the part of the rulersB. In Book Two we have a sketch of an ideal commonwealth in someunknown ocean, where prosperity is held in common and thereis no poverty.C. “Utopia” is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of aconversation between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager.D. As a great thinker, More had pointed out that the root of povertyis the private ownership of the social wealth, so he wishedto arouse the people to start a revolutionary movement againstthe ruling classes, which cost his life.13. Chaucer is the first great poet who wrote in the English language,and one of his great contributions is the introduction of the rhymed stanza from France, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter--- _______, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon _________.A.alliterative verse, heroic couplet;B.heroic couplet, sonnets;C.heroic couplet, alliterative verse;D.alexandrine verse, ballads.14.Among various English versions of Bible, which one is the best?A.John Wycliffe’s Bible;B.William Tyndal’s Bible;C.The King James Bible;/doc/8ca0561*******fc700abb68a98271fe910eaf1d.html es Coverdale’s Bible.15.Among the so-called “university wits”, it is _______ thatsatirized William Shakespeare as “an upstart crow”.A. PeeleB. Marlowe,C. NashD. Greene16.It is _______ that says of Hamlet,“The courtier’s, soldier’s, scholar’s, eye, tongue, sword;The expectancy and rose of the fair state,The glass of fashion, and the mould of form…” (Ⅲ.1.)A. OpheliaB. PoloniusC. ClaudiusD. Gertrude17.“Hamlet”, “Othello”, “King Lear”, and ________ are calledthe four great tragedies.A. “Romeo and Juliet”B. “Antony and Cleopatra”C. “Julius Caesar”D. “Macbath”18.Of many contemporaries and successors of Shakespeare, the mostimportant and well-know was __________, who became the first poet laureate in 1616.A. John DrydenB. Samuel JohnsonC. Ben JonsonD. Robert Southey19.In Coleridge’s “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”, the marinersuffers the horror of death, because __________.A.he experience a ship wreckB.he is tortured with starvationC.he undergoes much sufferingD.he kills an albatross20._____ is the central concern to Blake’s concern in the “Songsof Innocence”.A. WomanB. PoetryC. HappinessD. Childhood21.“All is not lost: the unconquerable will, and study of revenge,immortal hate, and courage never to submit or yield: And what iselse not to be overcome?”The above “Excerpt”comes from _________.A. Dr. FaustusB. Paradise LostC. Paradise RegainedD. Tamburlaine22.William Wordsworth asserts that poetry originates from _______.A.formB. thoughtsC. artistic devicesD. emotions23.Alexander Pope’s An Essay on Criticism is a didactic _____.A.allegoryB. proseC. poemD. play24. ________ wrote twice “Defense of the English People”to replyto the European scholar Salmasius’ latin pamphlet on accusing the regicide by English people.A.John MiltonB. John BunyanC. John DonneD. John Dryden25.“Vanity Fair”in _________ “The Pilgrim’s Progress”wasquoted later as the title of a critical realism novel “Vanity Fair” by _________.A.Bunyan’s Walter ScottB.Bunyan’s ThackerayC.Bunyan’s Jane AustenD.Bunyan’s Charles Dickens26. _________, the Poet Laureate, and the author of An Essay ofDramatic Poesy, was the forerunner of the English classical school of literature.A.Alexander PopeB. AddisonC. SteeleD. John Dryden27.The following proverbial maxims, “For fools rush in where angelsfear to tread”, “To err is human, to forgive, divine” and “A little learning is a dangerous thing”, are from ______ by _____.A.An Essay of Dramatic Poesy, John DrydenB.The Rowley Papers, ChattertonC.Essay on Criticism, Alexander PopeD.The Spectator, Addison28.Lilliput, Bobdingnag, Flying Island, and the country ofHouyhnhnms are scenes in _________ by ________.A.Robinson Crusoe, DefoeB.Gulliver’s Travels, SwiftC.Roderick Random, SmollettD.Tristram Shandy, Sterne29.In order to criticize the excessive sentimentality and poor ethicsin “Pamela”by Richardson, Henry Fielding wrote a novel ________.A. “Joseph Andrews”B. “Jonathan Wild”C. “Tome Jones”D. “Amelia”30.The first English psycho-analytical novel is _______.A.“Clarissa Harlowe”B. “Pamela”C. “Sir Charles Grandison”D. “Amelia”31.On the eve of the publication of “Dictionary”,______ letter toLord Chesterfield declared the independence of English writers, signifying the end of their reliance on the patronage of noblemen for support.A.Samuel Johnson’sB. John Milton’sC. Adam Smith’sD. Sheridan’s32.The Romantic Age began with the publication of “The LyricalBallads” which was written by __________.A.William WordsworthB.SoutheyC.Samuel Taylor ColeridgeD.Wordsworth and Coleridge33.Which poet below doesn’t belong to the Lakers?A.WordsworthB. KeatsC. SoutheyD. Coleridge34. Which works have NOT employed the subjects from the Bible?A.Samson AgonistesB. CainC. Prometheus UnboundD. Paradise Lost35. Shelley wrote an elegy ______ lamenting the premature death ofhis fellow poet _______.A.Adonais, KeatsB. Hellas, ByronC. The Cenci, HazlittD. Queen Mab, Leigh Hunt36.“Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage”was written in the form of_______, while “Don Juan”was written in _______. And both were created by a famous romanticist _______.A.Ottava rima, Spenserian stanza, ByronB.Ottava rima, Spenserian stanza, ShelleyC.Spenserian stanza, Ottava rima, ByronD.Spenserian stanza, Ottava rima, Shelley37.We can find a counterpart of China’s “Tale of White Serpent”in English literature, ________ written by ________./doc/8ca0561*******fc700abb68a98271fe910eaf1d.html mia, KeatsB. Christabel, Coleridge/doc/8ca0561*******fc700abb68a98271fe910eaf1d.html mia, Coleridge D. Christabel, Keats 38.Albatross in English culture is an inauspicious symbol, whichoriginates from __________, the work of _________.A.Kubla Khan, ColeridgeB.The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, ColeridgeC.Christabel, ColeridgeD.The Preclude, Wordsworth39.“ O my Luve is like a red, red rose,That's newly sprung in June;O my Luve's like the melodieThat's sweetly play'd in tune.”The song above is from ________ by _______.A.“A Red, Red Rose”, William BlakeB.“A Red, Red Rose”, Robert BurnsC.“A Red, Red Rose”, Thomas GrayD.“A Red, Red Rose”, William Cowper40.Elia is the pseudonym of a famous essayist, _________, whopublished “The Essay of Elia” in 1823.A.HazlittB. Leigh HuntC. De QuinceyD. Charles Lamb41.__________ is the major theme from the early seventeenth centuryto the end of the eighteenth century in the history of American literature.A.The RomanticismB. The PuritanismC. The TranscendentalismD. The Sentimentalism42. The first important writer in American literature, ________ ,who wrote the fascinating The Sketch Book with both two of his most famous stories, “Rip Van Winkle”and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,” is regarded as “father of American literature".A.Jonathan EdwardB. Benjamin FranklinC. Washington IrvingD. Fenimore Cooper43. ________ and ________ were the two major American poets of thenineteenth century.A.Walt Whitman, Emily DickinsonB.Anne Bradstreet, Edward TaylorC.Roger Williams, Thomas PaineD.Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson44. _________ brought the Romantic Period of American literature toan end.A.The Independent WarB.The Civil WarC.New England RenaissanceD.The First World War45. In the opinion of Ernest Hemingway, ________ of ________， begotmodern American literature.A.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark TwainB.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, O. HenryC.The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Mark TwainD.The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, O. Henry46. Fitzgerald’s __________ wrote about the frustration and despairresulting from the failure of the American dream.A.The Side of ParadiseB.Tales of the Jazz AgeC.Tender Is the NightD.The Great Gatsby47. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s ________, the implication of thecapital letter “A” evolves from “adultery”, “adulteress”to “able” and “angel”.A.Mosses from Old ManseB.Twice Told TalesC.The Scarlet letterD.The House of the Seven Gables48. In the following poets, which one is not among “New Englandpoets”？A.William Cullen BryantB. Ezra PoundC. Henry Wadsworth LongfellowD. Oliver Wendell Holmes49. The Hemingway code heroes are best remembered for their ________.A. indestructible spiritB. pessimistic view of lifeC. war experienceD. masculinity50. When American president Abraham Lincoln met Harriet Beecher Stowe,he joked, “So you're the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war (the Civil War).” So what is the name of the book?A. The Waste LandB. Uncle Tom's CabinC.The BridgeD. Sister CarrieⅡ. Some of the following statements are true, some are false, mark them with “A”for True, “B”for False. (10%)51. The artistic features in “Beowulf”are the use of alliteration,metaphors and understatement.52. The Seven Deadly Sins described in “Piers the Plowman” arePride, Lechery, Envy, Wrath, Sloth, Avarice, and Glutton.53.The most important department of English folk literature is theballad, a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and the fourth lines rhymed. One of the most popular one is “The Robin Hood Ballads”.54.Miracle plays, morality plays, the interlude and classical playswere the forms of drama prevailing until the reign of Elizabeth.55.Satan is the hero in Milton’s masterpiece “Samson Agonistes”56.Blank verse is written in unrhymed iambic pentameter, which wasemployed by some great English poets, such as William Shakespeare and John Milton.57.Epic is a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a greathero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.58.John Donn, the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry, whoseworks are characterized by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form, is also the representative of sentimentalism.59.Blake is the greatest poet Scotland has ever produced. His “PoemsChiefly in the Scottish Dialect” is of great significance in English literature.60.The greatest English playwright or the 18th century was Goldsmith,whose best play is “The School for Scandal”.Ⅲ. Define the literary terms below(10 points, 5 points each)1.Romanticism2.ClassicismⅣ. Matching (10 points)1. Geoffrey Chaucer A. Othello2. Henry Fielding B. The Rape of the Lock3. Shakespeare C. The Canterbury Tales4. Edmund Spencer D. Lycidas5. Daniel Defoe E. The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling6. Alexander Pope F. The Faerie Queene7. John Milton G. Captain Singleton8. William Wordsworth H. The Prelude9. George Gordon Byron I. A Modest Proposal10.Jonathan Swift J. Don JuanⅤ. Answer the questions (20 points)1.Read the following words, and then answer questions below. (10’)（1）Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. …Read not to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider.（2）Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; …(3) Reading maketh a full man, conference aready man, and writing an exact. …（4）Histories make men wise, poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend. Abeunt studia in mores. …If he be not able to beat over matters and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyer’s cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.1). These words are taken from a famous essay written by ___________. (1’)2). What is the title of this essay? (1’)3). Translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.(8’)(1). ________________________________________________________(2’)(2). ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(2’) (3).____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(2’) (4).________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(2’) 2.Read the poem below, and answer questions. (3’)18Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate.Rough winds do shake the darling buds of may,And summer’s lease hath all too short a date.Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;And every fair from fair sometime declines ,By chance, or nature’s changing course, untrimm’d.But thy eternal summer shall not fade,Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,Nor shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st.So long as man can breathe or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.1). This is one of Shakespeare’s best known __________. (1’)A. sonnetsB. balladsC. songs2). It runs in iambic pentameter rhymed _______________________. (1’)3). The fourteen lines includes three stanzas according to their content with thelast two lines as a ________ which complete the sense of the above lines. (1’)A. preludeB. coupletC. epigraph3.Read the following words, and then answer questions below. (3 points)VMake me thy lyre, even as the forest is:What if my leaves are falling like its own!The tumult of thy mighty harmoniesWill take from both a deep, autumnal tone,Sweet though in sadness. Be thou, Spirit fierce,My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one!Drive my dead thoughts over the universeLike wither'd leaves to quicken a new birth!And, by the incantation of this verse,Scatter, as from an unextinguish'd hearthAshes and sparks, my words among mankind!Be through my lips to unawaken'd earthThe trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind,If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?1)Who is the writer of this immortal poem? (1’)2)The title of this poem is _______________. (1’)3)The rime scheme in this stanza is _________________. (1’)4.Read the following words, and then answer questions below. (4’)The name of Ivanhoe was no sooner pronounced than it flew from mouth to mouth, with all the celerity with which eagerness could convey and curiosity receive it. It was not long ere it reached the circle of the Prince, whose brow darkened as he heard the news. Looking around him, however, with an air of scorn, ``My Lords,'' said he, ``and especially you, Sir Prior, what think ye of the doctrine the learned tell us, concerning innate attractions and antipathies?Methinks that I felt the presence of my brother's minion, even when I least guessed whom yonder suit of armour enclosed.'' ``Front-de-Boeuf must prepare to restore his fief of Ivanhoe,'' said De Bracy, who, having discharged his part honourably in the tournament, had laid his shield and helmet aside, and again mingled with the Prince's retinue.``Ay,'' answered Waldemar Fitzurse, ``this gallant is likely to reclaim the castle and manor which Richard assigned to him, and which your Highness's generosity has since given to Front-de-Boeuf.''1) The passage is taken from a historical novel entitled ______________. (1’)2)The writer of this novel is ____________. (1’)3)What role does Ivanhoe play in the novel? (2’)（答题纸、答案在下页）××⼤学外国语学院英语系期末考试《英国⽂学简史》试卷 A 卷________级_______专业_____班学号___________ 姓名___________Ⅲ. Define the literary terms below. (10 points, 5 points each)3.Romanticism_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.Classicism________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ⅳ. Matching (10 points)1.____2.____3.____4.____5.____6.____7.____8.____9.____ 10.____Ⅴ. Answer the questions (20 points)5.Read the following words, and then answer questions below. (10’)1)_______________________. (1’)2)_______________________. (1’)3) Translation(1). ________________________________________________________(2’)(2). ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(2’) (3).____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(2’) (4).________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(2’) 6.Read the poem below, and answer questions. (3’)1)__________ (1’)2)_____________________________________.(1’)3)__________(1’)7.Read the following words, and then answer questions below. (3 points)1) ____________________.(1’)2) ___________________________________.(1’)4)___________________________________.(1’)8.Read the following words, and then answer questions below. (4’)1) ___________________ (1’)2) ___________________.(1’)3) _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(2’).(答案见下⼀页）。
英国文学简史期末考试复习要点刘炳善版(英语专业大三必备)
英国文学简史期末考试复习要点刘炳善版（英语专业大三必备）•乔纳森·斯威夫特JonathanSwift《格列佛•丹尼尔·笛福DanielDefoe英国小说之父《鲁滨孙漂流记》（RobinonCruoe）•亨利·菲尔丁HenryFielding《汤姆·琼斯》（TomJone）•乔纳森·斯威夫特JonathanSwift《格列佛游记》Gulliver’Travel•丹尼尔·笛福DanielDefoe英国小说之父《鲁滨孙漂流记》（RobinonCruoe）•亨利·菲尔丁HenryFielding《汤姆·琼斯》（TomJone）•奥利弗·哥尔德斯密斯OliverGoldmith《荒村》（TheDeertedVillage）•詹姆斯·汤姆逊JameThomon《四季歌》（TheSeaon）•威廉·柯林斯WilliamCollin《黄昏颂》（OdetoEvening）•托马斯·格雷ThomaGray《墓园哀歌》（ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard）五、浪漫主义时期文学（1798-1832）•罗伯特·彭斯RobertBurn•威廉·布莱克WilliamBlake•威廉·华兹华斯WilliamWordworth•塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治SamuelTaylorColeridge《抒情歌谣集》（LyricalBallad）·Byron,Shelley,Keat六、现实主义时期文学（19世纪30年代-1918）（维多利亚时代1832-1901）•罗伯特·布朗宁RobertBrowning戏剧独白《皮帕走过了》（PippaPae）《指环与书》（TheRingandtheBook）•阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生AlfredTennyon《悼念》（InMemoriamA.H.H）勃朗特三姐妹•夏洛蒂·勃朗特CharlotteBronte《简·爱》（JaneEyre）•艾米丽·勃朗特EmilyBronte《呼啸山庄》（WutheringHeight)•安妮·勃朗特AnneBronte《阿格尼斯·格雷》（AgneGrey）。
英国文学简史完全笔记
英国文学简史完全笔记A Concise History of British LiteratureChapter 1 English Literature of Anglo-Saxon PeriodI.Introduction1. The historical background（1）Before the Germanic invasion（2）During the Germanic invasiona. immigration;b. Christianity;c. heptarchy.d. social classes structure: hide-hundred; eoldermen （lord）– thane - middle class （freemen）- lower class （slave or bondmen: theow）;e. social organization: clan or tribes.f. military Organization;g. Church function: spirit, civil service, education;h. economy: coins, trade, slavery;i. feasts and festival: Halloween, Easter; j. legal system.2. The Overview of the culture（1）The mixture of pagan and Christian spirit.（2）Literature: a. poetry: two types; b. prose: two figures.II.Beowulf.1. A general introduction.2. The content.3. The literary features.（1）the use of alliteration（2）the use of metaphors and understatements（3）the mixture of pagan and Christian elementsIII.The Old English Prose1.What is prose?2.figures（1）The V enerable Bede（2）Alfred the GreatChapter 2 English Literature of the Late Medieval Ages I.Introduction1. The Historical Background.（1）The year 1066: Norman Conquest.（2）The social situations soon after the conquest.A. Norman nobles and serfs;B. restoration of the church.（3）The 11th century.A. the crusade and knights.B. dominance of French and Latin;（4）The 12th century.A. the centralized government;B. kings and the church （Henry II and Thomas）;（5）The 13th century.A. The legend of Robin Hood;B. Magna Carta （1215）;C. the beginning of the ParliamentD. English and Latin: official languages （the end）（6）The 14th century.a. the House of Lords and the House of Commons—conflict between the Parliament and Kings;b. the rise of towns.c. the change of Church.d. the role of women.e. the Hundred Years' War—starting.f. the development of the trade: London.g. the Black Death.h. the Peasants' Revolt—1381.i. The translation of Bible by Wycliff.（7）The 15th century.a. The Peasants Revolt （1453）b. The War of Roses between Lancasters and Yorks.c. the printing-press—William Caxton.d. the starting of Tudor Monarchy（1485）2. The Overview of Literature.（1）the stories from the Celtic lands of Wales and Brittany—great myths of the Middle Ages. （2）Geoffrye of Monmouth—Historia Regum Britanniae—King Authur.（3）Wace—Le Roman de Brut.（4）The romance.（5）the second half of the 14th century: Langland, Gawin poet, Chaucer.II.Sir Gawin and Green Knight.1. a general introduction.2. the plot.III.William Langland.1. Life2. Piers the PlowmanIV.Chaucer1. Life2. Literary Career: three periods（1）French period（2）Italian period（3）master period3. The Canterbury TalesA. The Framework;B. The General Prologue;C. The Tale Proper.4. His Contribution.（1）He introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types.（2）He is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language.（3）The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.V. Popular Ballads.VI.Thomas Malory and English ProseVII.The beginning of English Drama.1. Miracle Plays.Miracle play or mystery play is a form of medieval drama that came from dramatization of the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church. It developed from the 10th to the 16th century, reaching its height in the 15th century. The simple lyric character of the early texts was enlarged by the addition of dialogue and dramatic action. Eventually the performance was moved to the churchyard and the marketplace.2. Morality Plays.A morality play is a play enforcing a moral truth or lesson by means of the speech and action of characters which are personified abstractions – figures representing vices and virtues, qualities of the human mind, or abstract conceptions in general.3. Interlude.The interlude, which grew out of the morality, was intended, as its name implies, to be used more as a filler than as the main part of an entertainment. As its best it was short, witty, simple in plot, suited for the diversion of guests at a banquet, or for the relaxation of the audience between the divisions of a serious play. It was essentially an indoors performance, and generally of an aristocratic nature.英国文学简史完全笔记2007-7-2713:56页面功能【字体：大中小】【打印】【关闭】Chapter 3 English Literature in the Renaissance I.A Historical BackgroundII.The Overview of the Literature （1485-1660）Printing press—readership—growth of middle class—trade-education for laypeople-centralization of power-intellectual life-exploration-new impetus and direction of literature.Humanism-study of the literature of classical antiquity and reformed education.Literary style-modeled on the ancients.The effect of humanism-the dissemination of the cultivated, clear, and sensible attitude of its classically educated adherents.1. poetryThe first tendency by Sidney and Spenser: ornate, florid, highly figured style.The second tendency by Donne: metaphysical style—complexity and ingenuity.The third tendency by Johnson: reaction——Classically pure and restrained style.The fourth tendency by Milton: central Christian and Biblical tradition.2. Dramaa. the native tradition and classical examples.b. the drama stands highest in popular estimation: Marlowe – Shakespeare – Jonson.3. Prosea. translation of Bible;b. More;c. Bacon.II.English poetry.1. Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard （courtly makers）（1）Wyatt: introducing sonnets.（2）Howard: introducing sonnets and writing the first blank verse.2. Sir Philip Sidney—poet, critic, prose writer（1）Life:a. English gentleman;b. brilliant and fascinating personality;c. courtier.（2）worksa. Arcadia: pastoral romance;b. Astrophel and Stella （108）: sonnet sequence to Penelope Dvereux—platonic devotion. Petrarchan conceits and original feelings-moving to creativeness—building of a narrative story; theme-love originality-act of writing.c. Defense of Poesy: an apology for imaginative literature—beginning of literary criticism.3. Edmund Spenser（1）life: Cambridge - Sidney's friend - ―Areopagus‖ – Ireland - Westminster Abbey.（2）worksa. The Shepherds Calendar: the budding of English poetry in Renaissance.b. Amoretti and Epithalamion: sonnet sequencec. Faerie Queene:l The general end——A romantic and allegorical epic—steps to virtue.l 12 books and 12 virtues: Holiness, temperance, justice and courtesy.l Two-level function: part of the story and part of allegory （symbolic meaning）l Many allusions to classical writers.l Themes: puritanism, nationalism, humanism and Renaissance Neoclassicism—a Christian humanist. （3）Spenserian Stanza.III.English Prose1. Thomas More（1）Life: ―Renaissance man‖, scholar, statesman, theorist, prose writer, diplomat, patron of artsa. learned Greek at Canterbury College, Oxford;b. studies law at Lincoln Inn;c. Lord Chancellor;d. beheaded.（2）Utopia: the first English science fiction.Written in Latin, two parts, the second—place of nowhere.A philosophical mariner （Raphael Hythloday）tells his voyages in which he discovers a land-Utopia.a. The part one is organized as dialogue with mariner depicting his philosophy.b. The part two is a description of the island kingdom where gold and silver are worn by criminal, religious freedom is total and no one owns anything.c. the nature of the book: attacking the chief political and social evils of his time.d. the book and the Republic: an attempt to describe the Republic in a new way, but it possesses an modern character and the resemblance is in externals.e. it played a key role in the Humanist awakening of the 16th century which moved away from the Medieval otherworldliness towards Renaissance secularism.f. the Utopia（3）the significance.a. it was the first champion of national ideas and national languages; it created a national prose, equally adapted to handling scientific and artistic material.b. a elegant Latin scholar and the father of English prose: he composed works in English, translated from Latin into English biography, wrote History of Richard III.2. Francis Bacon: writer, philosopher and statesman（1）life: Cambridge - humanism in Paris –knighted - Lord Chancellor –bribery - focusing on philosophy and literature.（2）philosophical ideas: advancement of science—people:servants and interpreters of nature—method: a child before nature—facts and observations: experimental.（3）―Essays‖: 57.a. he was a master of numerous and varied styles.b. his method is to weigh and balance maters, indicating the ideal course of action and the practical one, pointing out the advantages and disadvantages of each, but leaving the reader to make the final decisions. （arguments）IV.English Drama1. A general survey.（1）Everyman marks the beginning of modern drama.（2）two influences.a. the classics: classical in form and English in content;b. native or popular drama.（3）the University Wits.2. Christopher Marlowe: greatest playwright before Shakespeare and most gifted of the Wits.（1）Life: first interested in classical poetry—then in drama.（2）Major worksa. Tamburlaine;b. The Jew of Malta;c. The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.（3）The significance of his plays.V. William Shakespeare1. Life（1）1564, Stratford-on-Avon;（2）Grammar School;（3）Queen visit to Castle;（4）marriage to Anne Hathaway;（5）London, the Globe Theatre: small part and proprietor;（6）the 1st Folio, Quarto;（7）Retired, son—Hamnet; H. 1616.2. Dramatic career3. Major plays-men-centered.（1）Romeo and Juliet——tragic love and fate（2）The Merchant of Venice.Good over evil.Anti-Semitism.（3）Henry IV.National unity.Falstaff.（4）Julius CaesarRepublicanism vs. dictatorship.（5）HamletRevengeGood/evil.（6）OthelloDiabolic characterjealousygap between appearance and reality.（7）King LearFilial ingratitude（8）MacbethAmbition vs. fate.（9）Antony and Cleopatra.Passion vs. reason（10）The TempestReconciliation; reality and illusion.3. Non-dramatic poetry（1）Venus and Adonis; The Rape of Lucrece.（2）Sonnets:a. theme: fair, true, kind.b. two major parts: a handsome young man of noble birth; a lady in dark complexion.c. the form: three quatrains and a couplet.d. the rhyme scheme: abab, cdcd, efef, gg.VI.Ben Jonson1. life: poet, dramatist, a Latin and Greek scholar, the ―literary king‖ （Sons of Ben）2.contribution:（1）the idea of ―humour‖.（2）an advocate of classical drama and a forerunner of classicism in English literature.3. Major plays（1）Everyone in His Humour—―humour‖; three unities.（2）V olpone the FoxChapter 4 English Literature of the 17th Century I.A Historical BackgroundII.The Overview of the Literature （1640-1688）1. The revolution period（1）The metaphysical poets;（2）The Cavalier poets.（3）Milton: the literary and philosophical heritage of the Renaissance merged with Protestant political and moral conviction2. The restoration period.（1）The restoration of Charles II ushered in a literature characterized by reason, moderation, good taste, deft management, and simplicity. （school of Ben Jonson）（2）The ideals of impartial investigation and scientific experimentation promoted by the newly founded Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge （1662）were influential in the development of clear and simple prose as an instrument of rational communication.（3）The great philosophical and political treatises of the time emphasize rationalism.（4）The restoration drama.（5）The Age of Dryden.III.John Milton1. Life: educated at Cambridge—visiting the continent—involved into the revolution—persecuted—writing epics.2. Literary career.（1）The 1st period was up to 1641, during which time he is to be seen chiefly as a son of the humanists and Elizabethans, although his Puritanism is not absent. L'Allegre and IL Pens eroso （1632）are his early masterpieces, in which we find Milton a true offspring of the Renaissance, a scholar of exquisite taste and rare culture. Next came Comus, a masque. The greatest of early creations was Lycidas, a pastoral elegy on the death of a college mate, Edward King.（2）The second period is from 1641 to 1654, when the Puritan was in such complete ascendancy that he wrote almost no poetry. In 1641, he began a long period of pamphleteering for the puritan cause. For some 15 years, the Puritan in him alone ruled his writing. He sacrificed his poetic ambition to the call of the liberty for which Puritans were fighting.（3）The third period is from 1655 to 1671, when humanist and Puritan have been fused into an exalted entity. This period is the greatest in his literary life, epics and some famous sonnets. The three long poems are the fruit of the long contest within Milton of Renaissance tradition and his Puritan faith. They form the greatest accomplishments of any English poet except Shakespeare. In Milton alone, it would seem, Puritanism could not extinguish the lover of beauty. In these works we find humanism and Puritanism merged in magnificence.3. Major Works（1）Paradise Losta. the plot.b. characters.c. theme: justify the ways of God to man.（2）Paradise Regained.（3）Samson Agonistes.4. Features of Milton's works.（1）Milton is one of the very few truly great English writers who is also a prominent figure in politics, and who is both a great poet and an important prose writer. The two most essential thingsto be remembered about him are his Puritanism and his republicanism.（2）Milton wrote many different types of poetry. He is especially a great master of blank verse. He learned much from Shakespeare and first used blank verse in non-dramatic works.（3）Milton is a great stylist. He is famous for his grand style noted for its dignity and polish, which is the result of his life-long classical and biblical study.（4）Milton has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression. IV.John Bunyan1. life:（1）puritan age;（2）poor family;（3）parliamentary army;（4）Baptist society, preacher;（5）prison, writing the book.2. The Pilgrim Progress（1）The allegory in dream form.（2）the plot.（3）the theme.V. Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets.1. Metaphysical PoetsThe term ―metaphysical poetry‖ is commonly used to designate the works of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. Pressured by the harsh, uncomfortable and curious age, the metaphysical poets sought to shatter myths and replace them with new philosophies, new sciences, new words and new poetry. They tried to break away from the conventional fashion of Elizabethan love poetry, and favoured in poetry for a more colloquial language and tone, a tightness of expression and the single-minded working out of a theme or argument.2. Cavalier PoetsThe other group prevailing in this period was that of Cavalier poets. They were often courtiers who stood on the side of the king, and called themselves ―sons‖ of Ben Jonson. The Cavalier poets wrote light poetry, polished and elegant, amorous and gay, but often superficial. Most of their verses were short songs, pretty madrigals, love fancies characterized by lightness of heart and of morals. Cavalier poems have the limpidity of the Elizabethan lyric without its imaginative flights. They are lighter and neater but less fresh than the Elizabethan's.VI.John Dryden.1. Life:（1）the representative of classicism in the Restoration.（2）poet, dramatist, critic, prose writer, satirist.（3）changeable in attitude.（4）Literary career—four decades.（5）Poet Laureate2. His influences.（1）He established the heroic couplet as the fashion for satiric, didactic, and descriptive poetry. （2）He developed a direct and concise prose style.（3）He developed the art of literary criticism in his essays and in the numerous prefaces to hispoems.Chapter 5 English Literature of the 18th Century I.Introduction1. The Historical Background.2. The literary overview.（1）The Enlightenment.（2）The rise of English novels.When the literary historian seeks to assign to each age its favourite form of literature, he finds no difficulty in dealing with our own time. As the Middle Ages delighted in long romantic narrative poems, the Elizabethans in drama, the Englishman of the reigns of Anne and the early Georges in didactic and satirical verse, so the public of our day is enamored of the novel. Almost all types of literary production continue to appear, but whether we judge from the lists of publishers, the statistics of public libraries, or general conversation, we find abundant evidence of the enormous preponderance of this kind of literary entertainment in popular favour.（3）Neo-classicism: a revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of classical standards of order, balance, and harmony in literature. John Dryden and Alexander Pope were major exponents of the neo-classical school.（4）Satiric literature.（5）SentimentalismII.Neo-classicism. （a general description）1. Alexander Pope（1）Life:a.Catholic family;b.ill health;c.taught himself by reading and translating;d.friend of Addison, Steele and Swift.（2）three groups of poems:e.An Essay on Criticism （manifesto of neo-classicism）;f. The Rape of Lock;g.Translation of two epics.（3）His contribution:h.the heroic couplet—finish, elegance, wit, pointedness;i.satire.（4）weakness: lack of imagination.2. Addison and Steele（1）Richard Steele: poet, playwright, essayist, publisher of newspaper.（2）Joseph Addison: studies at Oxford, secretary of state, created a literary periodical ―Spectator‖ （with Steele, 1711）（3）Spectator Club.（4）The significance of their essays.a. Their writi ngs in ―The Tatler‖, and ―The Spectator‖ provide a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.b. They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century.c. In their hands, the English essay completely established itself as a literary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story telling, they ushered in the dawn of the modern novel.3. Samuel Johnson—poet, critic, essayist, lexicographer, editor.（1）Life:a.studies at Oxford;b.made a living by writing and translating;c.the great cham of literature.（2）works: poem （The Vanity of Human Wishes, London）; criticism （The Lives of great Poets）; preface.（3）The champion of neoclassical ideas.III.Literature of Satire: Jonathan Swift.1.Life:（1）born in Ireland;（2）studies at Trinity College;（3）worked as a secretary;（4）the chief editor of The Examiner;（5）the Dean of St. Patrick's in Dublin.2. Works: The Battle of Books, A Tale of a Tub, A Modest Proposal, Gulliver's Travels.3. Gulliver's Travels.Part I. Satire—the Whig and the Tories, Anglican Church and Catholic Church.Part II. Satire—the legal system; condemnation of war.Part III. Satire—ridiculous scientific experiment.Part IV. Satire—mankind.IV.English Novels of Realistic tradition.1. The Rise of novels.（1）Early forms: folk tale – fables – myths – epic – poetry – romances – fabliaux – novelle - imaginative nature of their material. （imaginative narrative）（2）The rise of the novela.picaresque novel in Spain and England （16th century）: Of or relating to a genre of prose fiction that originated in Spain and depicts in realistic detail the adventures of a roguish hero, often with satiric or humorous effects.b.Sidney: Arcadia.c. Addison and Steele: The Spectator.（plot and characterization and realism）（3）novel and drama （17the century）2. Daniel Defoe—novelist, poet, pamphleteer, publisher, merchant, journalist.）（1）Life:a.business career;b.writing career;c.interested in politics.（2）Robinson Cusoe.a. the story.b. the significance of the character.c. the features of his novels.d. the style of language.3. Henry Fielding—novelist.（1）Life:a.unsuccessful dramatic career;b.legal career; writing career.（2）works.（3）Tom Jones.a.the plot;b.characters: Tom, Blifil, Sophia;c.significance.（4）the theory of realism.（5）the style of language.V. Writers of Sentimentalism.1. Introduction2. Samuel Richardson—novelist, moralist （One who is unduly concerned with the morals of others.）（1）Life:a.printer book seller;b.letter writer.（2）Pamela, Virtue Rewarded.a.the storyb.the significancePamela was a new thing in these ways:a）It discarded the ―improbable and marvelous‖ accomplishments of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people.b）Its intension was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction.c）It described not only the sayings and doings of characters but their also their secret thoughts and feelings. It was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.3. Oliver Goldsmith—poet and novelist.A. Life:a.born in Ireland;b.a singer and tale-teller, a life of vagabondage;c.bookseller;d.the Literary Club;e.a miserable life;f. the most lovable character in English literature.B. The Vicar of Wakefield.a.story;b.the signicance.VI.English Drama of the 18th century1. The decline of the drama2. Richard Brinsley SheridenA. life.B. works: Rivals, The School for Scandals.C. significance of his plays.a. The Rivals and The School for Scandal are generally regarded as important links between themasterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as true classics in English comedy.b. In his plays, morality is the constant theme. He is much concerned with the current moral issues and lashes harshly at the social vices of the day.c. Sheridan's greatness also lies in his theatrical art. He seems to have inherited from his parents a natural ability and inborn knowledge about the theatre. His plays are the product of a dramatic genius as well as of a well-versed theatrical man.d. His plots are well-organized, his characters, either major or minor, are all sharply drawn, and his manipulation of such devices as disguise, mistaken identity and dramatic irony is masterly. Witty dialogues and neat and decent language also make a characteristic of his plays.Chapter 6 English Literature of the Romantic Age I.Introduction1. Historical Background2. Literary Overview: RomanticismCharacteristics of Romanticism:（1）The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings（2）The creation of a world of imagination（3）The return to nature for material（4）Sympathy with the humble and glorification of the commonplace（5）Emphasis upon the expression of individual genius（6）The return to Milton and the Elizabethans for literary models（7）The interest in old stories and medieval romances（8）A sense of melancholy and loneliness（9）The rebellious spiritII.Pre-Romantics1. Robert Burns（1）Life: French Revolution（2）Features of poetrya. Burns is chiefly remembered for his songs written in the Scottish dialect.b. His poems are usually devoid of artificial ornament and have a great charm of simplicity.c. His poems are especially appreciated for their musical effect.d. His political and satirical poems are noted for his passionate love for freedom and fiery sentiments of hatred against tyranny.（3）Significance of his poetryHis poetry marks an epoch in the history of English literature. They suggested that the spirit of the Romantic revival was embodied in this obscure ploughman. Love, humour, pathos, the response to nature – all the poetic qualities that touch the human heart are in his poems, which marked the sunrise of another day – the day of Romanticism.2. William Blake（1）life: French Revolution（2）works.l Songs of Innocencel Songs of Experience（3）featuresa. sympathy with the French Revolutionb. hatred for 18th century conformity and social institutionc. attitude of revolt against authorityd. strong protest against restrictive codes（4）his influenceBlake is often regarded as a symbolist and mystic, and he has exerted a great influence on twentieth century writers. His peculiarities of thought and imaginative vision have in many ways proved far more congenial to the 20th century than they were to the 19th.III.Romantic Poets of the first generation1. Introduction2. William Wordsworth: representative poet, chief spokesman of Romantic poetry（1）Life:a.love nature;b.Cambridge;c.tour to France;d.French revolution;e.Dorathy;f. The Lake District;g.friend of Coleridge;h.conservative after revolution.（2）works:a. the Lyrical Ballads （preface）: significanceb. The Prelude: a biographical poem.c. the other poems（3）Features of his poems.a.ThemeA constant theme of his poetry was the growth of the human spirit through the natural description with expressions of inward states of mind.b.characteristics of style.His poems are characterized by a sympathy with the poor, simple peasants, and a passionate love of nature.3. Samuel Taylor Coleridge: poet and critic（1）Life:a.Cambridge;b.friend with Southey and Wordsworth;c.taking opium.（2）works.l The fall of Robespierrel The Rime of the Ancient Marinerl Kubla Khanl Biographia Literaria（3）Biographia Literaria.（4）His criticismHe was one of the first critics to give close critical attention to language. In both poetry and criticism, his work is outstanding, but it is typical of him that his critical work is very scattered and disorganized.IV.Romantic Poets of the Second Generation.1. Introduction2. George Gordon Byron（1）Life:a.Cambridge, published poems and reviews;b.a tour of Europe and the East;c.left England;d.friend with Shelley;e.worked in Greece: national hero;f. radical and sympathetic with French Revolution.（2）Works.l Don Juanl When We Two Partedl She Walks in Beauty（3）Byronic Hero.Byron introduced into English poetry a new style of character, which as often been referred to as ―Byronic Hero‖ of ―satanic spirit‖. People imagined that they saw something of Byron himself in these strange figures of rebels, pirates, and desperate adventurers.（4）Poetic style: loose, fluent and vivid3. Percy Bysshe Shelley: poet and critic（1）Life:a.aristocratic family;b.rebellious heart;c.Oxford;d.Irish national liberation Movement;e.disciple of William Godwin;f. marriage with Harriet, and Marry;g.left England and wandered in EUrope, died in Italy;h.radical and sympathetic with the French revolution;i. Friend with Byron（2）works: two types – violent reformer and wanderer（3）Characteristics of poems.a.pursuit of a better society;b.radian beauty;c. superb artistry: imagination.（4）Defense of Poetry.4. John Keats.（1）Life:a.from a poor family;b.Cockney School;c.friend with Byron and Shelley;d.attacked by the conservatives and died in Italy.（2）works.（3）Characteristics of poems。
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英国文学史资料British Writers and Works一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485）•《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）•《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight )杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer)“英国诗歌之父”。
（Father of English Poetry）《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初）•托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More ）《乌托邦》（Utopia）•埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser）《仙后》（The Faerie Queene)•弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）《论说文集》（Essays)克里斯托弗·马洛Christopher Marlowe•《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine）•《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus）•《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta）威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》（A Midsummer Night’s Dream）、《威尼斯商人》（The Merchant of Venice）悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）、《哈姆莱特》（Hamlet）、《奥赛罗》（Othello）、《李尔王》（King Lear）、《麦克白》（Macbeth）历史剧《亨利四世》（Henry IV）传奇剧《暴风雨》（The Tempest）本·琼生Ben Johnson•《人人高兴》（Every Man in His Humor）•《狐狸》（V olpone）•《练金术士》（The Alchemist）三、17世纪文学约翰·弥尔顿John Milton《失乐园》（Paradise Lost）《复乐园》（Paradise Regained）诗剧《力士参孙》（Samson Agonistes）•约翰·班扬（John Bunyan）《天路历程》（The Pilgrim’s Progress）•威廉·康格里夫（William Congreve）《以爱还爱》（Love for Love）《如此世道》（The Way of the World）四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期）18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。
新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。
亚历山大·蒲柏（Alexander Pope）是新古典主义诗歌的代表。
•乔纳森·斯威夫特Jonathan Swift《格列佛•丹尼尔·笛福Daniel Defoe 英国小说之父《鲁滨孙漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe）•亨利·菲尔丁Henry Fielding《汤姆·琼斯》（Tom Jones）•乔纳森·斯威夫特Jonathan Swift《格列佛游记》Gulliver’s Travels•丹尼尔·笛福Daniel Defoe 英国小说之父《鲁滨孙漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe）•亨利·菲尔丁Henry Fielding《汤姆·琼斯》（Tom Jones）•奥利弗·哥尔德斯密斯Oliver Goldsmith《荒村》（The Deserted Village）•詹姆斯·汤姆逊James Thomson《四季歌》（The Seasons）•威廉·柯林斯William Collins《黄昏颂》（Ode to Evening）•托马斯·格雷Thomas Gray《墓园哀歌》（Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard）五、浪漫主义时期文学（1798-1832）•罗伯特·彭斯Robert Burns•威廉·布莱克William Blake•威廉·华兹华斯William Wordsworth•塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治Samuel Taylor Coleridge《抒情歌谣集》（Lyrical Ballads）· Byron,Shelley,Keats六、现实主义时期文学（19世纪30年代-1918）（维多利亚时代1832-1901）•罗伯特·布朗宁Robert Browning戏剧独白《皮帕走过了》（Pippa Passes）《指环与书》（The Ring and the Book）•阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生Alfred Tennyson《悼念》（In Memoriam A. H. H）勃朗特三姐妹•夏洛蒂·勃朗特Charlotte Bronte《简·爱》（Jane Eyre）•艾米丽·勃朗特Emily Bronte《呼啸山庄》（Wuthering Heights)•安妮·勃朗特Anne Bronte《阿格尼斯·格雷》（Agnes Grey）。
托马斯·哈代Thomas Hardy•《德伯家的苔丝》（Tess of the D’Urbervilles）•《无名的裘德》（Jude the Obscure）查尔斯·狄更斯Charles Dickens•《雾都孤儿》（Oliver Twist）•《大卫·科波菲尔》（David Copperfield）•《远大前程》（Great Expectations）•《荒凉山庄》（Bleak House）•《双城记》（A Tale of Two Cities）一. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485<Beowulf>贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsEpic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.e.g. Homer’s Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features:ing alliterationDefinition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵）Some examples on P5ing metaphor and understatementDefinition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement isa typical way for Englishmen to express their ideasGeoffery Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟1340(?)~1400(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。
约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。
代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。
)The father of English poetry.It is ____alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive (综合的，广泛的)realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. ( A )A. Geoffrey ChaucerB. Matin LutherC. William LanglandD. John Gowerwriting style: wisdom, humor, humanity.① <The Canterbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middle English②<Troilus and Criseyde>特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德③ <The House of Fame>声誉之宫Medieval Ages’ popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事)Famous three：King ArthurSir Gawain and the Green KnightBeowulfII The Renaissance Period文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初）A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the EnglishRenaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Two features1. a thirsting curiosity for the clasical literature2.the keen interst in the activities of humanity.The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. The Renaissance is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts:(1)to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe,(2)to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie,(3)to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival:1.new discoveries in geography and astrology2.the religious reformation and economic expansion3.rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureThe most famous dramatists:Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareBen Johnson.English Renaissance:the early 16th century to the early 17th century.1.E dmund Spenser埃德蒙•斯宾塞1552~1599（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。