(完整版)英文文献及翻译_基于互联网_可靠性信息系统毕业论文
基于互联网的可靠性信息系统
摘要
论文主要讨论的是信息可靠性系统随着广域网和服务器构造的发展。对系统中现有客户和服务器进行修正改造来执行HTTP任务和高级制图分析。同时，文章还对全球信息网的技术背景和关系，以及,客户机服务器系统做了解释分析。藉由系统开发，设计工程师和可信度分析家可以更为方便快捷地对系统的可靠性进行分析。
关键字：信息系统，WWW，客户机服务器结构，可靠性
1.引言
信息系统有广泛的实际应用性，它还可以对决定性策略做出有用判断。一般认为，信息系统是构建在某一特定组织结构模型数据流程。在可靠性工程学中，研究员在存取和数据分析方面会有一些困难.系统开发过程中积累的多数数据都是从可靠性分析家那里获取的。在成份数据中, 计算机每个成份的故障率时，特定应用数据( 举例来说,应用的重要程度，功能引脚的数字,等等.)对于系统开发者的设计来讲都是很重要的。
在组织机构中，客户端服务器结构被视为整合计算机数据的好方法。与传统集中计算机环境相比，在客户端服务器环境下，用户共享数据、应用、处理进程都更加容易[1]。平衡工作的能力取决于应用是客户端服务器系统的重要角色。
互联网发展成为了支持交互式数据显示及分发的传输手段。互联网在客户端与服务器交互信息的标准化方面获得了巨大成功。同样，在发展客户端与服务器软件或网络协议时，如果没有要求特殊资源，基于互联网的系统可以迅速被创造。
在本章，我们阐述了基于互联网和客户端服务器技术的可靠性信息系统的实现。第二章概述了客户端服务器计算的互联网响应。第三章介绍了可靠性信息系统的实现细节，并在第四章进行了进一步的研究总结和讨论。
2.互联网和客户端服务器结构
客户机服务器结构的关系可以说是两个进程合作运行一些任务。它支持信息系统的完整性和可扩充性[2]。Lyu(1995)论证了客户端服务器结构的四项优势：成本降低、生产率提高、系统生命周期较长以及更好的可用性。因此，客户端服务器系统结构被认为是一个可行的信息系统结构。
随着互联网的发展，实现客户端服务器结构的最简单的方法，就是在客户端软件的任务不过是显示及格式化从服务器取得的信息时使用网络浏览器。很多书目检索系统就是代表性的例子。在网络浏览器作为客户端存取一个已存在的客户端服务器系统的平台时，只有一类系统代码（HTML和帮助代码）需要维护。
但对于其他系统，客户端软件在执行代表服务器或用户的额外任务的时候，协调机制需要为基于网络浏览器的客户端运行这些工作。典型的解决办法是使用通用网关接口(CGI)程序。但由于种种原因，这一方法并不理想.。在一个基于CGI的系统中，所有通常由客户端处理的任务必须由CGI
程序模拟。因此增加了服务器的负担。另一种从标准互联网浏览器获得客户端服务器应用的方法是由Dossick和Kaiser发明的[3]。他们提出了一项以HTTP代理连接已存在的客户端服务器网络系统的计划。HTTP代理拦截HTTP数据请求，并使用原始设定把他们的请求转移向源系统。
使用类似于Netscape的嵌入式APIs的浏览器专用工具创建客户端服务器系统的基于浏览器的客户端是可行的。不过，使用这种APIs把产生的基于网络客户端软件的使用限制在了专用平台以及专用网络浏览器上。这种不必要的限制抵消了很多创建基于网络客户端的好处。
3. 系统实施
电子电信研究所(ETRI)开发了叫做ERIS的可靠性信息系统。它可以使用计算机进行合成系统的失误率以及可靠性的计算[4]。ERIS的客户端程序包括由两个中立程序组成，他们处于不同的硬件平台：工作站以及个人电脑上。不熟悉UNIX环境的用户会使用时会不方便。
需要特别指出的是可靠性软件工具是由Birolini提出的。为了成为对用户有用的软件，相对于其它要求，一个够大的数据库是非常重要的。在单机环境下，用户可以拥有独立的数据存储。这将浪费计算机的资源和时间。大多数现有工具都是独立的，用户之间共享数据非常不方便。基于上述在ERIS测试中收集的要求和意见，我们设定了以下元素：
-友好的用户界面：人机界面对于有效处理大量数据是非常重要的。同时他对理解分析结果是非常有帮助的。
-公开性：信息服务一定是被广泛使用的。开放性同样体现在终端客户的可靠性信息能够被此客户端使用的其他应用轻松获得。
-数据共享：一旦部分数据进入DBMS，那么此数据应该可以被其他用户分享。
-用户管理：用户信息存储能够有效处理增加的用户。
-安全性：安全设计必须被适当考虑，以防止设计数据被外界开启。只有拥有唯一正确的用户识别号码(ID)和密码的用户才能进入数据库服务器。
基于上述要求，ERIS发展了以下功能。该系统分为以下两类：用户数据库管理和可靠性分析。
我们结合了连接互联网方法以及源客户端服务器结构开发ERIS。网络浏览器在显示及格式化信息时能够被所有用户有效使用。网络浏览器使用的管理概念适用于ERIS。ERIS允许通过用户管理提出的网络浏览器申请。用户可以通过主页申请ERIS的使用ID。一旦他她的ID在用户数据库注册，他她能够在任何地方下载ERIS客户端程序。
ERIS客户端程序的实现类似于Windows程序。他们通过利于服务器的原始客户端处理专用应用功能。他们拥有更好的易存储性及用户友好界面，为了合并可靠性学习，他们提供了一个好的查询给设计进程。服务器进程和客户端进程的联系，是符合TCPIP协议的标准数据要求的。我提供了ERIS 的互联网和客户端服务器结构的组合结构。服务器拥有CGI和COM两个进程。CGI组件解决从客户端网络浏览器发出的HTTP请求并返回对应的结果。COM是管理数据请求的联系进程。有一个临时数据库过滤错误成分及用户信息。只有认证用户及信息数据才可以被注册。
服务器是使用UNIX操作系统的工作站，客户端则是PC机。Informix数据库管理系统用来管
理用户及数据。服务器进程通过ESQLC语言实现。客户端程序通过MS Visual C++及Delphi开发工具进行开发。
4. 结论
ERIS是设计工程师和可信度分析家普遍采用的开发系统。通过结合互联网和继承客户端服务器结构的概念，我们在设计引擎的范围，建立了可迅速理解的可靠性设计环境。通过使用互联网，分发安装工具的时间比以前减少了很多。ERIS同样可以通过互联网为其他组织提供服务。互联网的技术发展和流行化将激发传统基于互联网系统向客户端服务器系统的转变。
科技外文文献
The Reliability of Internet-Based Information System
Summary of papers focused on the reliability of the information system with the wide area network and server structure development. Existing customers of the system and an amendment to the transformation server HTTP task to perform analysis and advanced graphics. At the same time, the article is also on the global information network and the technical background, as well as, client server systems analysis explained. With systems development, design engineers and reliability analysts can more quickly and easily on an analysis of the reliability of the system. Keywords: information system, WWW, client server architecture, the reliability of 1. The introduction of information systems , it can be useful for the judge to make a decisive strategy. Is generally believed that the information system is built on the model of the organizational structure of a particular data flow. In reliability engineering, researchers in the access and data analysis will be some difficulties. The system development process is the accumulation of data from the majority of analysts to obtain the reliability. In the component data, computer failure rate for each component, the application-specific data (for example, the importance of the application, function of the number of pins, and so on.) Developers for the design of the system are very important in terms of . Institutions in the organization, client server architecture integrated as a good way of computer data. With the traditional focus on the computer environment, the client server environment, users share data, applications, are easier to deal with the process [1]. Ability to work depends on the balance of the application of client server system, an important role.
Support the development of the Internet as an interactive data display and distribution of the means of transmission. Internet client and server interaction in the standardization of information was a great success. Similarly, in the development of client and server software or network protocol, if not require special resources, Internet-based system can quickly create.
In this chapter, we explained the Internet-based and client server technology to achieve the reliability of information systems. Chapter II provides an overview of client server computing in response to the Internet. Chapter III describes the reliability of information systems implementation details, and Chapter IV of further study were summarized and
discussed.
2. Internet and client server architecture
Client server structure of the relationship between the two processes can be said to be running a number of tasks in cooperation. It supports the integrity of information systems and scalability [2]. Lyu (1995) demonstrated that the client server structure of the four advantages: cost reduction, productivity improvement, system life cycle availability of a longer and better. Therefore, client server system architecture is considered a viable structure of information systems.
With the development of the Internet to achieve client server structure of the simplest possible way out is the task of the client software is displayed and the format of the information obtained from the server using a web browser. Many bibliographic retrieval system is the typical example. In a web browser as a client access to an existing client server platform, only a class of system code (HTML and .
But for other systems, the client software on behalf of the server in the implementation of additional tasks or users, the co-ordination mechanisms need a web browser-based client to run these jobs. A typical solution is to use the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) program. However, due to various reasons, this approach is not satisfactory.. In a CGI-based system, all are usually on the server. Another from the standard Internet browser access to client server applications is invented by the Dossick and Kaiser [3]. They systems. It can be synthesized using a computer system failure rate and reliability of the calculation [4]. ERIS clients include procedures by the two neutral components, they are different order to become useful to the user software, as opposed to other requirements, a large enough database is very important. In stand-alone environment, the user can independent data storage. This will be a waste of computer resources and time. Most existing tools are independent, to share data between users inconvenient. Based on the above in the ERIS test requirements and the views collected, we set the following elements:
- Friendly user interface: man-machine interface for the effective services must be widely used. Open the same end-users in the reliability of the information can be used in the client easy access to other applications.
- Data sharing: Once part of the data into the DBMS, then this data should be shared by other users.
- User Management: User information is stored can effectively deal with the increase in users.
- Security: safe design must be appropriate to consider the design data in order to prevent the outside world open. Only those with only the correct user identification number (ID) and password of the user to enter the database server.
Based on the above-mentioned requirements, ERIS functions of the development of the following. The system is divided into the following two categories: user
database management and reliability analysis.
We are a combination of methods to connect to the Internet as well as the source client server structure of the development of ERIS. Web browser in the display and formatting information can be used effectively for all users. Web browser management concepts used for ERIS. ERIS allows management through the user's web browser application. Home users can apply for ERIS through the use of ID. Once ID in the user database, be in any place to download the client program ERIS.
ERIS's the realization of client similar to Windows program. Conducive to the server through the client to deal with the original function-specific applications. They order to merge the reliability of learning, provide them with a good query to the design process. Server process and client processes is in line with the TCP IP protocol standard data requirements. ERIS provides me with Internet and client server architecture of the composite structure. CGI and COM servers components from a web browser client to issue the HTTP request and return the corresponding results. COM is to manage the process of data link request. There is a temporary database error filter components and user information. Only authenticated users and the information data can be registered.
UNIX server operating system is the use of workstations, the client is the PC. Informix database management system used to manage users and data. Server process through the ESQL C language. Client through the MS Visual C + + and Delphi development tools for development.
4. Conclusion
ERIS is to design engineers and reliability analysts widely used development system. Succession through a combination of Internet and client server structure of the concept, we the design of the engine, set up quickly to understand the reliability of the design environment. Through the use of the Internet, the distribution of time to install a tool to reduce a lot than before. ERIS also via the Internet to provide services to other organizations. Internet technology development and will stimulate popular Internet-based system to the traditional client server system changes.
概率论毕业论文外文翻译
Statistical hypothesis testing Adriana Albu，Loredana Ungureanu Politehnica University Timisoara,adrianaa@aut.utt.ro Politehnica University Timisoara,loredanau@aut.utt.ro Abstract In this article,we present a Bayesian statistical hypothesis testing inspection, testing theory and the process Mentioned hypothesis testing in the real world and the importance of, and successful test of the Notes. Key words Bayesian hypothesis testing; Bayesian inference;Test of significance Introduction A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether from a controlled experiment or an observational study (not controlled). In statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold probability, the significance level. The phrase "test of significance" was coined by Ronald Fisher: "Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance, and when such tests are available we may discover whether a second sample is or is not significantly different from the first."[1] Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, in contrast to exploratory data analysis. In frequency probability,these decisions are almost always made using null-hypothesis tests. These are tests that answer the question Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of observing a value for the test statistic that is at [] least as extreme as the value that was actually observed?) 2 More formally, they represent answers to the question, posed before undertaking an experiment,of what outcomes of the experiment would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified probability of an incorrect rejection. One use of hypothesis testing is deciding whether experimental results contain enough information to cast doubt on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of frequentist statistical inference. The Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability.[3][4]Other approaches to reaching a decision based on data are available via decision theory and optimal decisions. The critical region of a hypothesis test is the set of all outcomes which cause the null hypothesis to be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The critical region is usually denoted by the letter C. One-sample tests are appropriate when a sample is being compared to the population from a hypothesis. The population characteristics are known from theory or are calculated from the population.
毕业设计外文翻译附原文
外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华
外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。
毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
毕业论文外文翻译模版
吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title（Times New Roman ，三号） 学生学号：08810219 学生姓名：袁庚文 专业班级：信息与计算科学0802 指导教师：赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期：2012.2.27～2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献（学术期刊网上的），译成中文，与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前，同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为：上边距：3.5厘米，下边距：2.5厘米，左边距：3.5厘米，右边距：2厘米，页眉：2.5厘米，页脚：2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”，每段落首行缩进2字；或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字，字体：宋体，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距1.3，间距：前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意：各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1．第一级标题（如：第1章绪论）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：三号，1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为11磅。 2．第二级标题（如：1.2 摘要与关键词）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：四号，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 3．第三级标题（如：1.2.1 摘要）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：小四，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格（半角）。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书（论文）撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。
java毕业论文外文文献翻译
Advantages of Managed Code Microsoft intermediate language shares with Java byte code the idea that it is a low-level language witha simple syntax , which can be very quickly translated intonative machine code. Having this well-defined universal syntax for code has significant advantages. Platform independence First, it means that the same file containing byte code instructions can be placed on any platform; atruntime the final stage of compilation can then be easily accomplished so that the code will run on thatparticular platform. In other words, by compiling to IL we obtain platform independence for .NET, inmuch the same way as compiling to Java byte code gives Java platform independence. Performance improvement IL is actually a bit more ambitious than Java bytecode. IL is always Just-In-Time compiled (known as JIT), whereas Java byte code was ofteninterpreted. One of the disadvantages of Java was that, on execution, the process of translating from Javabyte code to native executable resulted in a loss of performance. Instead of compiling the entire application in one go (which could lead to a slow start-up time), the JITcompiler simply compiles each portion of code as it is called (just-in-time). When code has been compiled.once, the resultant native executable is stored until the application exits, so that it does not need to berecompiled the next time that portion of code is run. Microsoft argues that this process is more efficientthan compiling the entire application code at the start, because of the likelihood that large portions of anyapplication code will not actually be executed in any given run. Using the JIT compiler, such code willnever be compiled.
毕业设计英文翻译
使用高级分析法的钢框架创新设计 1．导言 在美国，钢结构设计方法包括允许应力设计法(ASD)，塑性设计法(PD)和荷载阻力系数设计法(LRFD)。在允许应力设计中，应力计算基于一阶弹性分析，而几何非线性影响则隐含在细部设计方程中。在塑性设计中，结构分析中使用的是一阶塑性铰分析。塑性设计使整个结构体系的弹性力重新分配。尽管几何非线性和逐步高产效应并不在塑性设计之中，但它们近似细部设计方程。在荷载和阻力系数设计中，含放大系数的一阶弹性分析或单纯的二阶弹性分析被用于几何非线性分析，而梁柱的极限强度隐藏在互动设计方程。所有三个设计方法需要独立进行检查，包括系数K计算。在下面，对荷载抗力系数设计法的特点进行了简要介绍。 结构系统内的内力及稳定性和它的构件是相关的，但目前美国钢结构协会（AISC）的荷载抗力系数规范把这种分开来处理的。在目前的实际应用中，结构体系和它构件的相互影响反映在有效长度这一因素上。这一点在社会科学研究技术备忘录第五录摘录中有描述。 尽管结构最大内力和构件最大内力是相互依存的（但不一定共存），应当承认，严格考虑这种相互依存关系，很多结构是不实际的。与此同时，众所周知当遇到复杂框架设计中试图在柱设计时自动弥补整个结构的不稳定（例如通过调整柱的有效长度）是很困难的。因此，社会科学研究委员会建议在实际设计中，这两方面应单独考虑单独构件的稳定性和结构的基础及结构整体稳定性。图28.1就是这种方法的间接分析和设计方法。
在目前的美国钢结构协会荷载抗力系数规范中，分析结构体系的方法是一阶弹性分析或二阶弹性分析。在使用一阶弹性分析时，考虑到二阶效果，一阶力矩都是由B1,B2系数放大。在规范中，所有细部都是从结构体系中独立出来，他们通过细部内力曲线和规范给出的那些隐含二阶效应，非弹性，残余应力和挠度的相互作用设计的。理论解答和实验性数据的拟合曲线得到了柱曲线和梁曲线，同时Kanchanalai发现的所谓“精确”塑性区解决方案的拟合曲线确定了梁柱相互作用方程。 为了证明单个细部内力对整个结构体系的影响，使用了有效长度系数，如图28.2所示。有效长度方法为框架结构提供了一个良好的设计。然而，有效长度方法的
大学毕业论文---软件专业外文文献中英文翻译
软件专业毕业论文外文文献中英文翻译 Object landscapes and lifetimes Tech nically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, in herita nee, and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as importa nt. The rema in der of this sect ion will cover these issues. One of the most importa nt factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object con trolled? There are differe nt philosophies at work here. C++ takes the approach that con trol of efficie ncy is the most importa nt issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocatio n and release, and con trol of these can be very valuable in some situati ons. However, you sacrifice flexibility because you must know the exact qua ntity, lifetime, and type of objects while you're writing the program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided desig n, warehouse man ageme nt, or air-traffic con trol, this is too restrictive. The sec ond approach is to create objects dyn amically in a pool of memory called the heap. In this approach, you don't know un til run-time how many objects you n eed, what their lifetime is, or what their exact type is. Those are determined at the spur of the moment while the program is runnin g. If you n eed a new object, you simply make it on the heap at the point that you n eed it. Because the storage is man aged dyn amically, at run-time, the amount of time required to allocate storage on the heap is sig ni fica ntly Ion ger tha n the time to create storage on the stack. (Creat ing storage on the stack is ofte n a si ngle assembly in structio n to move the stack poin ter dow n, and ano ther to move it back up.) The dyn amic approach makes the gen erally logical assumpti on that objects tend to be complicated, so the extra overhead of finding storage and releas ing that storage will not have an importa nt impact on the creati on of an object .In additi on, the greater flexibility is esse ntial to solve the gen eral program ming problem. Java uses the sec ond approach, exclusive". Every time you want to create an object, you use the new keyword to build a dyn amic in sta nee of that object. There's ano ther issue, however, and that's the lifetime of an object. With Ian guages that allow objects to be created on the stack, the compiler determines how long the object lasts and can automatically destroy it. However, if you create it on the heap the compiler has no kno wledge of its lifetime. In a Ianguage like C++, you must determine programmatically when to destroy the
毕业论文5000字英文文献翻译
英文翻译 英语原文： . Introducing Classes The only remaining feature we need to understand before solving our bookstore problem is how to write a data structure to represent our transaction data. In C++ we define our own data structure by defining a class. The class mechanism is one of the most important features in C++. In fact, a primary focus of the design of C++ is to make it possible to define class types that behave as naturally as the built-in types themselves. The library types that we've seen already, such as istream and ostream, are all defined as classesthat is,they are not strictly speaking part of the language. Complete understanding of the class mechanism requires mastering a lot of information. Fortunately, it is possible to use a class that someone else has written without knowing how to define a class ourselves. In this section, we'll describe a simple class that we canuse in solving our bookstore problem. We'll implement this class in the subsequent chapters as we learn more about types,expressions, statements, and functionsall of which are used in defining classes. To use a class we need to know three things: What is its name? Where is it defined? What operations does it support? For our bookstore problem, we'll assume that the class is named Sales_item and that it is defined in a header named Sales_item.h. The Sales_item Class The purpose of the Sales_item class is to store an ISBN and keep track of the number of copies sold, the revenue, and average sales price for that book. How these data are stored or computed is not our concern. To use a class, we need not know anything about how it is implemented. Instead, what we need to know is what operations the class provides. As we've seen, when we use library facilities such as IO, we must include the associated headers. Similarly, for our own classes, we must make the definitions associated with the class available to the compiler. We do so in much the same way. Typically, we put the class definition into a file. Any program that wants to use our class must include that file. Conventionally, class types are stored in a file with a name that, like the name of a program source file, has two parts: a file name and a file suffix. Usually the file name is the same as the class defined in the header. The suffix usually is .h, but some programmers use .H, .hpp, or .hxx. Compilers usually aren't picky about header file names, but IDEs sometimes are. We'll assume that our class is defined in a file named Sales_item.h. Operations on Sales_item Objects
毕业论文 外文翻译#(精选.)
毕业论文（设计）外文翻译 题目：中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 系部名称：经济管理系专业班级:会计082班 学生姓名：任民学号： 200880444228 指导教师：冯银波教师职称:讲师 年月日
译文： 中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 国际商业管理杂志 2009.10 摘要：本文把重点集中于中国上市公司的融资活动，运用西方融资理论，从非制度性因素方面，如融资成本、企业资产类型和质量、盈利能力、行业因素、股权结构因素、财务管理水平和社会文化，分析了中国上市公司倾向于股权融资的原因，并得出结论，股权融资偏好是上市公司根据中国融资环境的一种合理的选择。最后，针对公司的股权融资偏好提出了一些简明的建议。 关键词：股权融资，非制度性因素，融资成本 一、前言 中国上市公司偏好于股权融资，根据中国证券报的数据显示，1997年上市公司在资本市场的融资金额为95.87亿美元，其中股票融资的比例是72.5％，，在1998年和1999年比例分别为72.6％和72.3％，另一方面，债券融资的比例分别是17.8％，24.9％和25.1％。在这三年，股票融资的比例，在比中国发达的资本市场中却在下跌。以美国为例，当美国企业需要的资金在资本市场上，于股权融资相比他们宁愿选择债券融资。统计数据显示，从1970年到1985年，美日企业债券融资占了境外融资的91.7％，比股权融资高很多。阎达五等发现，大约中国3/4的上市公司偏好于股权融资。许多研究的学者认为，上市公司按以下顺序进行外部融资：第一个是股票基金，第二个是可转换债券，三是短期债务，最后一个是长期负债。许多研究人员通常分析我国上市公司偏好股权是由于我们国家的经济改革所带来的制度性因素。他们认为，上市公司的融资活动违背了西方古典融资理论只是因为那些制度性原因。例如，优序融资理论认为，当企业需要资金时，他们首先应该转向内部资金（折旧和留存收益），然后再进行债权融资，最后的选择是股票融资。在这篇文章中，笔者认为，这是因为具体的金融环境激活了企业的这种偏好，并结合了非制度性因素和西方金融理论，尝试解释股权融资偏好的原因。
毕业设计_英语专业论文外文翻译
1. Introduction America is one of the countries that speak English. Because of the special North American culture, developing history and the social environment, American English has formed its certain unique forms and the meaning. Then it turned into American English that has the special features of the United States. American English which sometimes also called United English or U.S English is the form of the English language that used widely in the United States .As the rapid development of American economy, and its steady position and strong power in the world, American English has become more and more widely used. As in 2005, more than two-thirds of English native speakers use various forms of American English. The philologists of the United States had divided the English of the United States into four major types: “America n creating”; “Old words given the new meaning”; “Words that eliminated by English”;“The phonetic foreign phrases and the languages that are not from the English immigrates”[1]. Compared to the other languages, American English is much simple on word spelling, usage and grammar, and it is one of the reasons that American English is so popular in the world. The thesis analyzes the differences between American English and British English. With the main part, it deals with the development of American English, its peculiarities compared to that of British English, its causes and tendency. 2. Analyses the Differences As we English learners, when we learning English in our junior or senior school, we already came across some words that have different spellings, different pronunciations or different expressions, which can be represented by following contrasted words: spellings in "color" vs. "colour"; pronunciations in "sec-re-ta-ry" vs. "sec-re-try";
电子信息工程专业毕业论文外文翻译中英文对照翻译
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译 院（系部）电气工程与自动化 专业名称电子信息工程 年级班级 04级7班 学生姓名 指导老师
Infrared Remote Control System Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique,drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos etc.characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage.Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application. The purpose that design this system is transmit cu stomer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish