monopoly ppt课件
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经济学专业英语教程(精编版)(第二版)课件：Monopoly
(3) Discuss the drawbacks of a monopolistic market and their influences on the society.
(4) What kinds of policies can be taken by the government to deal with the monopolistic behaviors?
The antitrust laws give the government various ways to promote competition. They allow the government to prevent mergers.
Antitrust laws have costs as well as benefits. Sometimes companies merge not to reduce competition but to lower costs through more efficient joint production. These benefits from mergers are sometimes called synergies.
Although exclusive ownership of a key resource is a potential cause of monopoly, in practice monopolies rarely arise for this reason. Actual economies are large, and resources are owned by many people. Indeed, because many goods are traded internationally, the natural scope of their markets is often worldwide. There are, therefore, few examples of firms that own a resource for which there are no close substitutes.
(4) What kinds of policies can be taken by the government to deal with the monopolistic behaviors?
The antitrust laws give the government various ways to promote competition. They allow the government to prevent mergers.
Antitrust laws have costs as well as benefits. Sometimes companies merge not to reduce competition but to lower costs through more efficient joint production. These benefits from mergers are sometimes called synergies.
Although exclusive ownership of a key resource is a potential cause of monopoly, in practice monopolies rarely arise for this reason. Actual economies are large, and resources are owned by many people. Indeed, because many goods are traded internationally, the natural scope of their markets is often worldwide. There are, therefore, few examples of firms that own a resource for which there are no close substitutes.
Monopoly
Barriers to entry
governments prevent other firms from entering a market in 3 ways • by making it difficult for new firms to obtain a license to operate • by granting a firm rights to be a monopoly • by auctioning rights to be a monopoly
• Newport Electric produced 0.5 billion kWh/year • Iowa Southern Utilities: 1.3 billion kWh/year
• not natural monopolies: a few operated in upwardsloping section of AC curve
Government created monopolies
• barriers to entry (e.g, patents) • own and manage many monopolies
• postal services • garbage collection • utilities
• • • • electricity water gas phone services
• whether an electric power utility is a natural monopoly depends on demand it faces
Economies of scale
• natural monopolies: most electric companies operated in regions of substantial economies of scale
周其仁第13讲垄断、管制与管制改革PPT课件
• 问题是形成“品质独到”的来由不同
2003/10~11
8
从产权角度看垄断
• 保护产权与保护产权的市值，是完全不 同的两回事
– 保护产权需要国家的法律服务 – 产权的市值由市场决定 – 保护市值：为市场准入设置障碍 – 其实质是运用国家权力替代企业家对市场不
确定性的判断力
• 国家普遍保护产权，包括普遍保护自由 的转让权（缔约权），因此普遍的产权 保护与“保护某种产权的市值”相冲突。
1
引言：故事和问题
• 案例：“美国政府诉微软”
• 案例：中国垄断行业的市场开放
– 工业的国家垄断 – 金融业的国家垄断 – 大服务业的国家垄断 – 对内开放与中国加入WTO的谈判
• 围绕“垄断”的经济学问题：法律、行 政权力以及“市场权力”对竞争的影响
2003/10~11
2
对“垄断”的认知
• Aristotle:垄断是一个商人对市场的独占 • Adam Smith(1776):比较垄断价格与自由竞争下
使卖家能够继续经营的最低价；所谓自由竞争， 就是新的供应商进入市场的宽松条件 • Cournot (1938):垄断者面对向下的需求函数， 推导出垄断者最大限度获取利润的数学条件 （MR=MC);市场价格随竞争者人数的增加而下 降，直到趋于利润为零。他提出了“寡头垄断” 的概念和模型。 • Bain (1956)：研究“市场准入的壁垒” • Stigler (1960s): 行业集中率 • Schumpeter (1942)：创新在垄断的市场结构中 比在竞争性结构中发展更快。
– 禁止企业以托拉斯的形式联合起来施行贸易限制； – 禁止企业的垄断行为和垄断企图。
• 美国国会后来又先后通过了克莱顿法（Clayton Act）、 罗宾逊―帕特曼法（Robinson-Patman Act) 等一系列反 垄断法规，禁止有可能形成垄断的兼并和收购行为， 禁止使用价格歧视手段挤垮竞争对手，禁止不公平的 竞争方法或欺诈性行为。
2003/10~11
8
从产权角度看垄断
• 保护产权与保护产权的市值，是完全不 同的两回事
– 保护产权需要国家的法律服务 – 产权的市值由市场决定 – 保护市值：为市场准入设置障碍 – 其实质是运用国家权力替代企业家对市场不
确定性的判断力
• 国家普遍保护产权，包括普遍保护自由 的转让权（缔约权），因此普遍的产权 保护与“保护某种产权的市值”相冲突。
1
引言：故事和问题
• 案例：“美国政府诉微软”
• 案例：中国垄断行业的市场开放
– 工业的国家垄断 – 金融业的国家垄断 – 大服务业的国家垄断 – 对内开放与中国加入WTO的谈判
• 围绕“垄断”的经济学问题：法律、行 政权力以及“市场权力”对竞争的影响
2003/10~11
2
对“垄断”的认知
• Aristotle:垄断是一个商人对市场的独占 • Adam Smith(1776):比较垄断价格与自由竞争下
使卖家能够继续经营的最低价；所谓自由竞争， 就是新的供应商进入市场的宽松条件 • Cournot (1938):垄断者面对向下的需求函数， 推导出垄断者最大限度获取利润的数学条件 （MR=MC);市场价格随竞争者人数的增加而下 降，直到趋于利润为零。他提出了“寡头垄断” 的概念和模型。 • Bain (1956)：研究“市场准入的壁垒” • Stigler (1960s): 行业集中率 • Schumpeter (1942)：创新在垄断的市场结构中 比在竞争性结构中发展更快。
– 禁止企业以托拉斯的形式联合起来施行贸易限制； – 禁止企业的垄断行为和垄断企图。
• 美国国会后来又先后通过了克莱顿法（Clayton Act）、 罗宾逊―帕特曼法（Robinson-Patman Act) 等一系列反 垄断法规，禁止有可能形成垄断的兼并和收购行为， 禁止使用价格歧视手段挤垮竞争对手，禁止不公平的 竞争方法或欺诈性行为。
Monopoly课件讲义
exclusive right to produce some good. Costs of production make a single producer
more efficient than a large number of producers.
Monopoly Resources
Although exclusive ownership of a key resource is a potential source of monopoly, in practice monopolies rarely arise for this reason.
Costs and Revenue
Price during patent life
Price after patent expires
0
Marginal revenue
Monopoly quantity
Competitive quantity
Marginal cost Demand
Quantity
The Welfare Cost of Monopoly
Value to
buyers
Cost to monopolist
Cost to monopolist
0
Efficient quantity
Value to buyers
Demand (value to buyers)
Quantity
Value to buyers is greater Value to buyers is less
A natural monopoly arises when there are economies of scale over the relevant range of output.
more efficient than a large number of producers.
Monopoly Resources
Although exclusive ownership of a key resource is a potential source of monopoly, in practice monopolies rarely arise for this reason.
Costs and Revenue
Price during patent life
Price after patent expires
0
Marginal revenue
Monopoly quantity
Competitive quantity
Marginal cost Demand
Quantity
The Welfare Cost of Monopoly
Value to
buyers
Cost to monopolist
Cost to monopolist
0
Efficient quantity
Value to buyers
Demand (value to buyers)
Quantity
Value to buyers is greater Value to buyers is less
A natural monopoly arises when there are economies of scale over the relevant range of output.
微观经济学教学课件：Ch12-Monopoly
Monopoly
12 CHAPTER
After studying this chapter you will be able to
Explain how monopoly arises and distinguish between single-price monopoly and price-discriminating monopoly Explain how a single-price monopoly determines its output and price Compare the performance and efficiency of single-price monopoly and competition Explain how price discrimination increases profit Explain how monopoly regulation influences output, price, economic profit, and efficiency
A Single-Price Monopoly’s Output and Price Decision
The marginal revenue curve, MR, passes through the red dot midway between 2 and 3 units and at $10.
Market Power
Legal Barriers to Entry Legal barriers to entry create a legal monopoly, a market in which competition and entry are restricted by the granting of a ▪ Public franchise (like the U.S. Postal Service, a public
12 CHAPTER
After studying this chapter you will be able to
Explain how monopoly arises and distinguish between single-price monopoly and price-discriminating monopoly Explain how a single-price monopoly determines its output and price Compare the performance and efficiency of single-price monopoly and competition Explain how price discrimination increases profit Explain how monopoly regulation influences output, price, economic profit, and efficiency
A Single-Price Monopoly’s Output and Price Decision
The marginal revenue curve, MR, passes through the red dot midway between 2 and 3 units and at $10.
Market Power
Legal Barriers to Entry Legal barriers to entry create a legal monopoly, a market in which competition and entry are restricted by the granting of a ▪ Public franchise (like the U.S. Postal Service, a public
monopoly课件
Figure 1 Economies of Scale as a Cause of Monopoly
Cost
Average total cost
0 Quantity of Output
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
HOW MONOPOLIES MAKE PRODUCTION AND PRICING DECISIONS
• Ownership of a key resource. • The government gives a single firm the exclusive right to produce some good. • Costs of production make a single producer more efficient than a large number of producers.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Government-Created Monopolies
• Patent and copyright laws are two important examples of how government creates a monopoly to serve the public interest.
• A monopoly maximizes profit by producing the quantity at which marginal revenue equals marginal cost. • It then uses the demand curve to find the price that will induce consumers to buy that quantity.
Monopoly课件讲义
0
Quantity of
Output
Output
A Monopoly’s Revenue
Total Revenue
P x Q = TR
Average Revenue
TR/Q = AR = P
Marginal Revenue
DTR/DQ = MR
A Monopoly’s Total, Average, and Marginal Revenue
Average Revenue (AR=TR/Q)
$10.00 $9.00 $8.00 $7.00 $6.00 $5.00 $4.00 $3.00
Marginal Revenue (MR= DTR / DQ )
$10.00 $8.00 $6.00 $4.00 $2.00 $0.00 -$2.00 -$4.00
Government-Created Monopolies
Patent and copyright laws are two important examples of how government creates a monopoly to serve the public interest.
Natural Monopolies
A Monopoly’s Marginal Revenue
A monopolist’s marginal revenue is always less than the price of its good.
The demand curve is downward sloping. When a monopoly drops the price to sell one
Competition versus Monopoly
微观经济学双语完全垄断市场CHMonopolyPPT课件
Chapter 8
Monopoly
Content
Monopoly and How It Arises Single-Price Monopoly Price Discrimination Government Intervention
8.1 Monopoly and How It Arises
A monopoly that is able to sell different units of a good or service for different prices
8.2 Single-Price Monopoly
8.2.1 Price and Marginal Revenue
Because in a monopoly there is only one firm, the
8.2.3 Output and Price Decision
Short-Run Equilibrium
Condition: MR = MC Price Decision: Using the demand curve and finding the highest price at which it can sell the profit-maximizing output
Comparison of industrial water prices in some cities of China
firm’s demand curve is the market demand curve P
A single-price monopoly’s marginal revenue curve is not its demand curve
As long as the output is positive, the marginal revenue is less than the price
Monopoly
Content
Monopoly and How It Arises Single-Price Monopoly Price Discrimination Government Intervention
8.1 Monopoly and How It Arises
A monopoly that is able to sell different units of a good or service for different prices
8.2 Single-Price Monopoly
8.2.1 Price and Marginal Revenue
Because in a monopoly there is only one firm, the
8.2.3 Output and Price Decision
Short-Run Equilibrium
Condition: MR = MC Price Decision: Using the demand curve and finding the highest price at which it can sell the profit-maximizing output
Comparison of industrial water prices in some cities of China
firm’s demand curve is the market demand curve P
A single-price monopoly’s marginal revenue curve is not its demand curve
As long as the output is positive, the marginal revenue is less than the price
中级微观经济学：Monopoly
Marginal revenue is the rate-of-change of revenue as the output level y increases; d dp( y) MR( y) . p( y)y p( y) y dy dy dp(y)/dy is the slope of the market inverse demand function so dp(y)/dy < 0. Therefore dp( y) MR( y) p( y) y p( y) dy for y > 0.
Marginal Revenue
E.g. if p(y) = a - by then R(y) = p(y)y = ay - by2 and so MR(y) = a - 2by < a - by = p(y) for y > 0.
Marginal Revenue
E.g. if p(y) = a - by then R(y) = p(y)y = ay - by2 and so MR(y) = a - 2by < a - by = p(y) for y > 0. a p(y) = a - by
$
R(y) = p(y)y
y
Profit-Maximization
$
R(y) = p(y)y c(y)
y
Profit-Maximization
$
R(y) = (y)y c(y)
y
(y)
Profit-Maximization
$
R(y) = p(y)y c(y)
y*
y
(y)
Profit-Maximization
a/2b
a/b y MR(y) = a - 2by
Marginal Revenue
E.g. if p(y) = a - by then R(y) = p(y)y = ay - by2 and so MR(y) = a - 2by < a - by = p(y) for y > 0.
Marginal Revenue
E.g. if p(y) = a - by then R(y) = p(y)y = ay - by2 and so MR(y) = a - 2by < a - by = p(y) for y > 0. a p(y) = a - by
$
R(y) = p(y)y
y
Profit-Maximization
$
R(y) = p(y)y c(y)
y
Profit-Maximization
$
R(y) = (y)y c(y)
y
(y)
Profit-Maximization
$
R(y) = p(y)y c(y)
y*
y
(y)
Profit-Maximization
a/2b
a/b y MR(y) = a - 2by
ChapterMonopoly精讲
歧视定价能更好的激发用户需求，使被供应的市场最大。
3、多市场价格歧视[10]
----应用[2]：纵向控制工具
模型 垄断者向两个生产不同最终商品的下游竞争性厂商提供中间品； 断者能够阻止下游厂商在中间品交易中套利，垄断者的生产成本 垄为c； 下游厂商使用1单位中间产品可以生产1单位最终产品（不需要任 何额外成本）。
W ( Si ( pi ) pi qi C ( qi )) ( Si ( p) pqi C ( qi ))
i i i i i i
Si ( pi ) 和 Si ( pi ) 分别为歧视和非歧视条件下第 i 个细分市场的消费者净剩 余。便于计算福利变化，令产品的规模报酬不变，即 C ( qi ) c( qi ) 。
----两部定价[1]
消费者偏好
假设消费者具有如下偏好 V (q) T，支付T 而购买q单位商品 U 0，不购买
为消费者的口味参数， V（ ' q） 0 , V（ '' q） 0 , V (.) 对 V （0）＝0 ， 所有的消费者都相同 。 进一步假设有两类消费者，口味为1 的消费者比例为 ，口味为 2 的消费者比例为 1 。令 2 1 ，并且垄断厂商以固定边际成本 c 1 2 进行生产，进一步，为简化计算，假定
但垄断厂商需要确保消费者选择的就是与其类型相匹配的那种消费 菜单组合，防止消费者出现个人套利； 一些经济观察：
电话
出租车 固定费用 随…而变化的费用
月租
起步价
单位（通话时间）数
距离
游乐场
进场费
某种游戏玩的次数
这些定价的一般形式可归纳为T(q)=A+pq（两部定价）。
3、多市场价格歧视[10]
----应用[2]：纵向控制工具
模型 垄断者向两个生产不同最终商品的下游竞争性厂商提供中间品； 断者能够阻止下游厂商在中间品交易中套利，垄断者的生产成本 垄为c； 下游厂商使用1单位中间产品可以生产1单位最终产品（不需要任 何额外成本）。
W ( Si ( pi ) pi qi C ( qi )) ( Si ( p) pqi C ( qi ))
i i i i i i
Si ( pi ) 和 Si ( pi ) 分别为歧视和非歧视条件下第 i 个细分市场的消费者净剩 余。便于计算福利变化，令产品的规模报酬不变，即 C ( qi ) c( qi ) 。
----两部定价[1]
消费者偏好
假设消费者具有如下偏好 V (q) T，支付T 而购买q单位商品 U 0，不购买
为消费者的口味参数， V（ ' q） 0 , V（ '' q） 0 , V (.) 对 V （0）＝0 ， 所有的消费者都相同 。 进一步假设有两类消费者，口味为1 的消费者比例为 ，口味为 2 的消费者比例为 1 。令 2 1 ，并且垄断厂商以固定边际成本 c 1 2 进行生产，进一步，为简化计算，假定
但垄断厂商需要确保消费者选择的就是与其类型相匹配的那种消费 菜单组合，防止消费者出现个人套利； 一些经济观察：
电话
出租车 固定费用 随…而变化的费用
月租
起步价
单位（通话时间）数
距离
游乐场
进场费
某种游戏玩的次数
这些定价的一般形式可归纳为T(q)=A+pq（两部定价）。
Lecture 12. Monopoly 范里安版《中级微观经济学》ppt
21
Price Regulation
If left alone, a monopolist $/output unit produces ym and charges Pm.
MR
MC
Pm
P2 = PC
P1
If price is lower than PC, a shortage exists.
Any price below P1 results in the firm incurring a loss.
dy dy
dy
◊ So, for y = y*,
d p(y*)y* dc(y*)
dy
dy
3
An Linear Example
◊ E.g. if p(y) = a–by. Then
◊ So
R(y)p(y)ya yb2y M ( y ) a R 2 b a y b p y ( y )
◊ In 1995, a new antiulcer medication, Prilosec, was invented. It was much more effective than earlier drugs.
◊ Astra-Merck was pricing Prilosec at about $3.50 per daily dose, but the marginal cost of Prilosec is only about 30 to 40 cents per daily dose.
AC
Demand
If price is lowered to PC, output is yC and there is no
ym y1 ydceadweight lossy. 22
Price Regulation
If left alone, a monopolist $/output unit produces ym and charges Pm.
MR
MC
Pm
P2 = PC
P1
If price is lower than PC, a shortage exists.
Any price below P1 results in the firm incurring a loss.
dy dy
dy
◊ So, for y = y*,
d p(y*)y* dc(y*)
dy
dy
3
An Linear Example
◊ E.g. if p(y) = a–by. Then
◊ So
R(y)p(y)ya yb2y M ( y ) a R 2 b a y b p y ( y )
◊ In 1995, a new antiulcer medication, Prilosec, was invented. It was much more effective than earlier drugs.
◊ Astra-Merck was pricing Prilosec at about $3.50 per daily dose, but the marginal cost of Prilosec is only about 30 to 40 cents per daily dose.
AC
Demand
If price is lowered to PC, output is yC and there is no
ym y1 ydceadweight lossy. 22
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2.垄断资源
Monopoly Resources
虽然关键资源的排他性是垄断的潜在原因 ，但实际上，垄断很少产生于这种原因 。
Although exclusive ownership of a key resource is a potential source of monopoly, in practice monopolies rarely arise for this reason
Monopoly
Chapter 12
.
.
市场理论2—— 完全垄断市场
如果纯粹垄断能使一家厂商自由地扩大产量而无需 降低销售价格，如果大规模生产的经济效益使得 该厂商的成本愈来愈低，什么力量能够阻止这样 一个厂商一旦站稳脚跟以后，不吞没整个市场， 从而破坏竞争呢？ ——斯拉法
本章主要内容
1.垄断的特征 2.垄断产生的原因 3.垄断厂商的决策分析 4.垄断造成的福利损失 5.解决垄断问题的公共政策
3.为什么铁路是垄断行业，而航空行业却 有几家航空公司参与竞争？
.
三、完全垄断与完全竞争 Monopoly PK Competition
垄断（Monopoly）
唯一生产者 Is the sole producer 需求曲线向下倾斜 Has a downwardsloping demand curve 价格制定者 Is a price maker 降低价格提高产量 Reduces price to increase sales
.
Economies of Scale as a Cause of Monopoly...
Cost
0
.
Average total cost
Quantity of Output
思考讨论
1. 政府为什么要用行政手段制造“垄断” ？
2.电信行业曾经是一个垄断行业，它属于 什么垄断？为什么现在又出现移动、网 通、铁通与之竞争？
.
3 行政垄断 Government-Created Monopolies
（1）政府给予企业排他性生产的权利往往是垄 断产生的原因。
Governments may restrict entry by giving a single firm the exclusive right to sell a particular good in certain markets.
.
二、完全垄断市场产生原因
Why Monopolies Arise 垄断产生的基本原因：进入壁垒
The fundamental cause of monopoly is barriers to entry.
.
1.进入壁垒的三个主要来源：
Barriers to entry have three sources: ➢关键资源由一家企业拥有
不可替代性。垄断厂商提供的产品没有替代品。
➢its product does not have close substitutes.
相对于完全竞争厂商是价格接受者，垄断厂商 是价格制造者。
➢While a competitive firm is a price taker, a monopoly firm is a price maker.
Price
(a) A Competitive Firm’s Demand Curve
Price
(b) A Monopolist’s Demand Curve
Demand
0
Quantity of
0
Output
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Demand
Quantity of Output
竞争厂商和垄断厂商的需求曲线
1.竞争厂商的需求曲线是一条水平线：价 格的接受者。
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竞争厂商Competitive Firm
众多生产者 Is one of many producers 水平的需求曲线 Has a horizontal demand curve 价格接受者 Is a price taker 以相同价格出售商品 Sells at same price
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竞争厂商和垄断厂商的需求曲线
（1）自然垄断：当一个企业能以低于两个或者更 多的企业的成本为整个市场提供产品或者劳务时 ，即为自然垄断。
An industry is a natural monopoly when a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firms. （2）自然垄断产生原因：规模经济使得平均总成本下降 A natural monopoly arises when there are economies of scale over the relevant range of output.
（2）例子：专利和版权法
Patent and copyright laws are two important examples of how government creates a monopoly to serve the public interest.
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4 自然垄断 Natural Monopolies
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重点和难点
1.自然垄断的形成原因 2.垄断厂商的决策分析以及和竞争厂商的
区别 3.垄断厂商的福利损失
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第一节 完全垄断市场 monopoly
一、完全垄断市场描述 the describe of monoቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱoly
唯一性。垄断行业只有一个厂商。
➢It is the sole seller of its product.
Ownership of a key resource.
➢ 政府给予一个企业排他性生产某种产品的权利
The government gives a single firm the exclusive right to produce some good.
➢ 生产成本使一个生产者比大量生产者更有效率。
Costs of production make a single producer more efficient than a large number of producers.
2.垄断资源
Monopoly Resources
虽然关键资源的排他性是垄断的潜在原因 ，但实际上，垄断很少产生于这种原因 。
Although exclusive ownership of a key resource is a potential source of monopoly, in practice monopolies rarely arise for this reason
Monopoly
Chapter 12
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市场理论2—— 完全垄断市场
如果纯粹垄断能使一家厂商自由地扩大产量而无需 降低销售价格，如果大规模生产的经济效益使得 该厂商的成本愈来愈低，什么力量能够阻止这样 一个厂商一旦站稳脚跟以后，不吞没整个市场， 从而破坏竞争呢？ ——斯拉法
本章主要内容
1.垄断的特征 2.垄断产生的原因 3.垄断厂商的决策分析 4.垄断造成的福利损失 5.解决垄断问题的公共政策
3.为什么铁路是垄断行业，而航空行业却 有几家航空公司参与竞争？
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三、完全垄断与完全竞争 Monopoly PK Competition
垄断（Monopoly）
唯一生产者 Is the sole producer 需求曲线向下倾斜 Has a downwardsloping demand curve 价格制定者 Is a price maker 降低价格提高产量 Reduces price to increase sales
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Economies of Scale as a Cause of Monopoly...
Cost
0
.
Average total cost
Quantity of Output
思考讨论
1. 政府为什么要用行政手段制造“垄断” ？
2.电信行业曾经是一个垄断行业，它属于 什么垄断？为什么现在又出现移动、网 通、铁通与之竞争？
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3 行政垄断 Government-Created Monopolies
（1）政府给予企业排他性生产的权利往往是垄 断产生的原因。
Governments may restrict entry by giving a single firm the exclusive right to sell a particular good in certain markets.
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二、完全垄断市场产生原因
Why Monopolies Arise 垄断产生的基本原因：进入壁垒
The fundamental cause of monopoly is barriers to entry.
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1.进入壁垒的三个主要来源：
Barriers to entry have three sources: ➢关键资源由一家企业拥有
不可替代性。垄断厂商提供的产品没有替代品。
➢its product does not have close substitutes.
相对于完全竞争厂商是价格接受者，垄断厂商 是价格制造者。
➢While a competitive firm is a price taker, a monopoly firm is a price maker.
Price
(a) A Competitive Firm’s Demand Curve
Price
(b) A Monopolist’s Demand Curve
Demand
0
Quantity of
0
Output
.
Demand
Quantity of Output
竞争厂商和垄断厂商的需求曲线
1.竞争厂商的需求曲线是一条水平线：价 格的接受者。
.
竞争厂商Competitive Firm
众多生产者 Is one of many producers 水平的需求曲线 Has a horizontal demand curve 价格接受者 Is a price taker 以相同价格出售商品 Sells at same price
.
竞争厂商和垄断厂商的需求曲线
（1）自然垄断：当一个企业能以低于两个或者更 多的企业的成本为整个市场提供产品或者劳务时 ，即为自然垄断。
An industry is a natural monopoly when a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firms. （2）自然垄断产生原因：规模经济使得平均总成本下降 A natural monopoly arises when there are economies of scale over the relevant range of output.
（2）例子：专利和版权法
Patent and copyright laws are two important examples of how government creates a monopoly to serve the public interest.
.
4 自然垄断 Natural Monopolies
.
重点和难点
1.自然垄断的形成原因 2.垄断厂商的决策分析以及和竞争厂商的
区别 3.垄断厂商的福利损失
.
第一节 完全垄断市场 monopoly
一、完全垄断市场描述 the describe of monoቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱoly
唯一性。垄断行业只有一个厂商。
➢It is the sole seller of its product.
Ownership of a key resource.
➢ 政府给予一个企业排他性生产某种产品的权利
The government gives a single firm the exclusive right to produce some good.
➢ 生产成本使一个生产者比大量生产者更有效率。
Costs of production make a single producer more efficient than a large number of producers.