第二章游戏与儿童身心发展

（一）play and creativity创造力
Free play and children creativity 杰弗里· 丹斯基实验（P14） Sociodramatic play and constructive play have positive relationship with IQ scores.
第二章 游戏与儿童身心发展 CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND PLAY
Question:
Discuss the relationship between development. play and
Some views:
There are three ways to consider the relation of play with development. 1. Play may serve as a "window" on the child's development, revealing the current status of the child in various areas. That is, play simply reflects development. 2. Play may reinforce development. 3. Play can serve as an instrument of developmental change; play can result in development.
How do you think of play and development? Could you give any examples ?
Play is an important part of a healthy, happy childhood, and playful adults are often highly creative, even brilliant individuals.
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三 、 游 戏 与 儿 童 问 题 解 决 （ play and PROBLEM SOLVING） 实验：让幼儿用夹钳取出塑料盒中的彩色粉笔，盒子的门用 “J”形钩子钩住；提供长短不一的棍子和“C”形夹钳工具。 结果表明：游戏组在完成任务中有较明确的目标，主动性、 坚持性较好。 可见，游戏环境有利于幼儿思考问题和处理问题。
第二节 游戏与儿童社会性发展
Play and Social development
游戏有助于儿童社会性能力的获得 一、游戏与规则 二、游戏与自我意识
1、游戏与“去自我中心” 2、游戏与换位思考
三、游戏与合作
四、游戏与亲社会性行为
游戏与社会性发展总述：
The social environment is an important influence on children’s play. Children learn attitudes and skills needed for play from their parents and from other children. Parents and peers may also encourage certain types of play behavior and discourage others.
第一节 游戏与儿童认知发展
Play and Cognitive development
一、游戏与儿童语言发展（Play and language） 二、游戏与儿童智力发展（play and Intelligence） 三 、 游 戏 与 儿 童 问 题 解 决 （ play and PROBLEM SOLVING）
二、游戏与儿童智力发展（play and Intelligence）
Sociodramatic play occurs when two or more children adopt roles and act out a story. This advanced form of pretend, play requires a considerable level of representational （象征性）competence. Children’s knowledge and basic concepts increase geometrically during early childhood, and play can greatly facilitate使容易, 促进this process. Immature concepts of space, time, probability, and causality can be tested and revised during play. Sociodramatic play and constructive play have positive relationship with IQ scores.
It appears that the play-problem-solving relationship is affected by both the nature of the play and the problem being solved. （游戏的性质 和要解决的问题会影响儿童在游戏中的问题解 决）
（二）OPERATIONAL THINKING（操作性思维） Conservation（守恒） refers to the understanding that certain properties of objects, Such as quantity and number, do not change in spite of perceived transformations. Role playing help children aware that their makebelieve role back to their real identity at any time. Make-believe transformations can help some children perform better on conservation tasks.
2、手指游戏： 一个手指点点点 (伸出一个手指点宝宝) 两个手指敲敲敲 (伸出两只手指在宝宝身上轻敲) 三个手指捏捏捏 (伸出三只手指在宝宝身上轻捏) 四个手指挠挠闹 (伸出四只手指在宝宝身上轻挠) 五个手指拍拍拍 (两个手对拍) 五个兄弟爬上山 (从宝宝的下身做爬山状) 几里古噜滚下来 (在宝宝身上从上往下挠)
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• 1、自由游戏能促进儿童创造性思维的发展Βιβλιοθήκη Baidu
• 2、不同游戏性质对儿童创造力的形成和发展有影响 • 1）扩散性游戏有利于幼儿创造力的形成和发展 • 2）假象游戏对儿童想象性思维有促进作用 • 3）象征性游戏是儿童从具体思维向抽象思维过渡的重要 途径（以物代物的出现）
• 3、创造性游戏行为与发散性思维和创造性思维有关，存在性 别差异
Play and SOCIAL COMPETENCE(游戏与社会能力）
一、游戏与规则（Play and Rules） In sociodramatic社会性扮演 play, the rules become much more complex. For example, once children adopt a role, their behavior must be consistent一致的, 调和的within that role. If their behavior becomes inappropriate, such as a baby acting like an adult, the other players will usually issue造成...结果a sharp reprimand.申斥 二、游戏与自我意识发展（Play and self-concept ） 1、游戏与去自我中心 Children are the egocentric nature of their thought. In the sociodramatic play, children act out a variety of roles,eg. baby, parent, firefighter and doctor. And gradually they realize others’ thoughts and feelings.That is to say, play promote perspective taking development.
游戏与社会性发展总述：
The social practices of parents, peers, and teachers can affect children s play. Conversely, play has a key role in social development by providing a context in which children can acquire many important social skills such as turn taking, sharing, and cooperation, as well as the ability to understand other people's thoughts, perceptions感 知,感觉, or emotions. Thus, while the social environment influences play, play also affects children's ability to get along in the social environment.
一、游戏与儿童语言发展（Play and language） There is persuasive evidence that symbolic play and language are associated during toddlerhood
pretend play is associated with language development, particularly syntactical（句法的） complexity. Older preschool and kindergarten-age children also gain valuable language practice by engaging in play Bruner (1983) contends that the most complicated grammatical and pragmatic（实用主义的） forms of language appear first in play activity
一、游戏与儿童语言发展（Play and language） 1、游戏促进幼儿语音的发展
2、游戏促进幼儿词汇和语法的发展
3、游戏促进语言表达能力的发展
1、绕口令游戏： 猫和小猫大猫毛短，小猫毛长，大猫比小猫毛短，小猫 比大猫毛长。一匹布 一瓶醋肩背一匹布，手提一瓶醋， 走了一里路，看见一只兔，卸下布，放下醋，去捉兔。 跑了兔，丢了布，洒了醋。
2、游戏与换位思考（PERSPECTIVE TAKING ）
Perspective taking is the ability to see things from other people‘s points of view. It involves understanding what other people see (visual perspective taking), think (cognitive perspective taking), and feel (affective [ə’fektɪv] 情感的perspective taking or empathy [‘empəθi]移情作用. These abilities have an important role in social and moral development and social competence.