Scientific writing-科技论文写作技巧

Method:
Chronological
order of presentation. Related method should be described together.
Cite
reference

Measurements and analysis:
Be
precise. Statistical analysis.


You did not find under the condition of your experiment

Clarity: most important, can be the shortest.
Do not repeat the data in the tables or figures

Good discussion?





How to write the discussion

Introduction and discussion function as a pair.

Introduction: pose one or more questions. Discussion: indicate what the findings say about the answers.

Clarity, is useless unless it is both received and understood by its intended audience
The logic of IMRAD

What question (problem) was studied? How was the problem studied? What were the findings? What do these findings mean?

Defining scientific truth

Do not have to be cosmic Describe the meaning of your little bit of truth simply
How to state the acknowledgments

Possible ingredients
To avoid verbiage.
How to write the discussion

Hardest section to write

Cwk.baidu.comusing rejection, even the data is valid and interesting data become obscured by the interpretation in the discussion Too long Present the principles, relationships, generalizations, but do not recapitulate the results. Point out any exceptions, any lack of correlation, define unsettled points, do not cover up or fudge data that don not quite fit. Show how your results and interpretations agree (or contrast) with previously published work. Don’t be shy, discuss the theoretical implication and possible practical applications of your work. State your conclusions as clearly as possible. Summarized your evidence for each conclusion.


Place to define specialized terms or abbreviations.
How to write the Material and Method



Give full detail of the method, so that the experiments can be reproduced. In past tense. Provide information that will let reader to judge the appropriateness of the method (thus the validity of the finding). Materials:

Briefly review the pertinent literature to orient the reader.


State the method of the investigation (the reasons for that if necessary).

How you tried to resolve it.

State the principal results of the investigation.

A bit of redundancy with abstract is often desirable.
Don’t keep the readers in suspense.

State the principal conclusions suggested by the results.


Supply sufficient background information, choose reference carefully. Provide rationale for the present study State briefly the purpose in writing the paper. Written in present tense.
Doing the writing

If writing must wait until we have extra time, it might never get done

make a schedule


Start with whatever part of a manuscript you find easiest Help to establish your momentum to facilitate writing the others Find one that seems reasonable, and go with it. Make changes when you revise.
Scientific Writing

The reporting of original research in journals, through scientific papers in standard format

Review Grant proposals Oral presentations Poster presentations Science writing: writing about science for public

Avoid using trade names, use generic or chemical names, trade names should be capitalized followed by generic description (Kleenex facial tissues).
How to write the Material and Method

Any significant technical help The source of special equipment, cultures, or other materials. Advice or discussion Financial assistance

Not really scientific, simple courtesy Obtaining permission before mentioning someone If related to idea or advice, be very specific. No “wish”.

Tables and figures:
A
lot of something. Flow chart of procedure or diagrams of apparatus.

Do not mix some of the results in this section. Mistakes in grammar and punctuation be avoided. Often use passive voice. Alternatively use “we”.
How to write the results

Don’t describe the details of the method. Give some kind of overall description of the experiments, big picture. Present the data in past tense. Negative result:

To show the relationships among observed facts

Flea story Alcohol story

Discuss the significance of the results

“so what?” Has a fitting climax, like good music.
Preparing to write

Good writing is largely a matter of effective imitation

highly regarded journal paper same journal
Following Instruction to Authors Write down the ideas for your paper that occur to you
How to cite the references
List only significant published references


No unpublished data, abstracts, theses, other secondary materials If seems essential, add them parenthetically or as a footnote. Accepted paper can be listed, “In press” or “forthcoming” Far more mistakes in Reference section

How to write the Introduction

Write the paper while the work is still in progress.


Write the title and abstract after paper is written. The purpose of the introduction:


help to remember get your writing off to a running start
Do lots of prewriting Sometimes ideas must “percolate” for a while


take a break exercise for a while Take a nap Discuss your work with someone
Good introduction Includes

Present the nature and scope of the problem investigated.

To introduce Why did you choose that subject? Why is it important? Reader will understand what is the problem.