本科毕业论文外文翻译
本科毕业论文外文翻译【范本模板】
本科毕业论文外文翻译外文译文题目:不确定条件下生产线平衡：鲁棒优化模型和最优解解法学院：机械自动化专业：工业工程学号: 201003166045学生姓名: 宋倩指导教师：潘莉日期: 二○一四年五月Assembly line balancing under uncertainty: Robust optimization modelsand exact solution methodÖncü Hazır , Alexandre DolguiComputers ＆Industrial Engineering，2013,65：261–267不确定条件下生产线平衡：鲁棒优化模型和最优解解法安库·汉泽，亚历山大·多桂计算机与工业工程，2013，65：261–267摘要这项研究涉及在不确定条件下的生产线平衡，并提出两个鲁棒优化模型。
假设了不确定性区间运行的时间。
该方法提出了生成线设计方法,使其免受混乱的破坏。
基于分解的算法开发出来并与增强策略结合起来解决大规模优化实例.该算法的效率已被测试,实验结果也已经发表。
本文的理论贡献在于文中提出的模型和基于分解的精确算法的开发.另外，基于我们的算法设计出的基于不确定性整合的生产线的产出率会更高，因此也更具有实际意义。
此外,这是一个在装配线平衡问题上的开创性工作,并应该作为一个决策支持系统的基础。
关键字：装配线平衡；不确定性; 鲁棒优化；组合优化；精确算法1.简介装配线就是包括一系列在车间中进行连续操作的生产系统。
零部件依次向下移动直到完工。
它们通常被使用在高效地生产大量地标准件的工业行业之中。
在这方面，建模和解决生产线平衡问题也鉴于工业对于效率的追求变得日益重要。
生产线平衡处理的是分配作业到工作站来优化一些预定义的目标函数。
那些定义操作顺序的优先关系都是要被考虑的,同时也要对能力或基于成本的目标函数进行优化。
就生产（绍尔，1999）产品型号的数量来说，装配线可分为三类：单一模型（SALBP）,混合模型(MALBP）和多模式（MMALBP）。
本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译基本规范
本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译基本规范一、要求1、与毕业论文分开单独成文。
2、两篇文献。
二、基本格式1、文献应以英、美等国家公开发表的文献为主（Journals from English speaking countries）。
2、毕业论文翻译是相对独立的，其中应该包括题目、作者（可以不翻译）、译文的出处（杂志的名称）（5号宋体、写在文稿左上角）、关键词、摘要、前言、正文、总结等几个部分。
3、文献翻译的字体、字号、序号等应与毕业论文格式要求完全一致。
4、文中所有的图表、致谢及参考文献均可以略去，但在文献翻译的末页标注：图表、致谢及参考文献已略去(见原文)。
（空一行，字体同正文）5、原文中出现的专用名词及人名、地名、参考文献可不翻译，并同原文一样在正文中标明出处。
二、毕业论文（设计）外文翻译（一）毕业论文（设计）外文翻译的内容要求外文翻译内容必须与所选课题相关，外文原文不少于6000个印刷符号。
译文末尾要用外文注明外文原文出处。
原文出处：期刊类文献书写方法：[序号]作者（不超过3人，多者用等或et al表示）.题（篇）名[J].刊名（版本）,出版年，卷次（期次）：起止页次.原文出处：图书类文献书写方法：[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地：出版者,出版年.起止页次.原文出处：论文集类文献书写方法：[序号]作者.篇名[A].编著者.论文集名[C]. 出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页次。
要求有外文原文复印件。
（二）毕业论文（设计）外文翻译的撰写与装订的格式规范第一部分：封面1.封面格式:见“毕业论文（设计）外文翻译封面”。
普通A4纸打印即可。
第二部分：外文翻译主题1.标题一级标题，三号字，宋体，顶格，加粗二级标题，四号字，宋体，顶格，加粗三级标题，小四号字，宋体，顶格，加粗2.正文小四号字，宋体。
第三部分：版面要求论文开本大小：210mm×297mm（A4纸）版芯要求：左边距：25mm，右边距：25mm，上边距：30mm，下边距：25mm，页眉边距：23mm，页脚边距：18mm字符间距：标准行距：1.25倍页眉页角：页眉的奇数页书写—浙江师范大学学士学位论文外文翻译。
毕业设计(论文)外文翻译(原文)
编号：毕业设计(论文)外文翻译（原文）院（系）：桂林电子科技大学职业技术学院专业：工商企业管理学生姓名：方智立学号：010*********指导教师单位：桂林电子科技大学职业技术学院姓名：朱芸芸职称：讲师2016年 4 月 1 日Marketing Strategy Analysis of SportsAbstractSports market is a special industry market, which for provide exchange of sports tangible products and services market. Sports market including fixed type, such as sports facilities, sports goods market, Mobile market, such as all kinds of sports service provided by the fitness club. Sports tourism and advertising business, sports goods should be consumers to accept, and occupy a larger market. If success of the sports marketing involves many factors. According to the specific characteristics of sports marketing, develop and implement appropriate marketing strategy is very important. Sports marketing strategy is to the sports business units within a certain period or stage marketing campaign's overall development plan of decision making.This paper argues that the marketing strategy can be further subdivided into market positioning strategy, market timing strategy, market entry strategy, market development strategy, market competition strategy, Choose a strategy, must conform to the enterprise's own competitive position, product status, to grasp the market opportunity, determined according to the demands of consumers. In this paper, the sports market segmentation marketing strategy for the market positioning strategy, market timing strategy, market entry strategy, market development strategy, market competition strategy, and discusses the sports marketing how to carry out strategic choice.Keywords: Sports bazaar ; Sports marketing; Marketing strategy1.Sports marketing strategy and characteristics1.1Sports marketing strategyStrategy refers to the planning of overall and profound things. Sports marketing strategy refers to the commodity business units under the guidance of modern marketing concept, to achieve its economic goal for enterprise in a certain period of the overall design and planning of marketing development.Inan increasingly competitive market circumstances, sports business units in order to effectively carry out business activities, to achieve its business objectives, must understand and based on the characteristics of marketing concepts and strategies, and Target the demand of the market, comprehensive analysis and marketing of various environmental factors, choose effective market strategy in the background.1.2The characteristics of the sports marketing strategySports marketing strategy has sports business units within a certain period or stage marketing campaign's overall development plan of decision making. It has the characteristics of the following.(1) Overall importance.Sports marketing strategy is a matter of the global business units, including two aspects the meaning of this global:on the one hand, Sports marketing strategy is the overall design, the development of the business units, including overall planning and the overall strategy and means.On the other hand, Sports marketing strategy decision is a matter of global business units and their all-round development in the future.(2)Secular.Sports marketing strategy is really about the future of sports business units: to achieve the goals of sports marketing strategy, will make the sports business units to produce qualitative leap, but this is not usually that can be done in the short term.Important, sports business units of marketing strategy on the strategic period not only very important to enterprise's survival and development, but also to the long-term development of enterprises play an important role.(3) Systematicness.Sports systemic marketing refers to business units, each part of the work of each link is a contact each other, are closely related to the organic unity of the whole.System have layers, the size and the primary and secondary division, at the next lower level to obey and serve at the next higher level.For a certain sports and business operation entity, the strategy of the whole enterprise as a whole system engineering to overall arrangement, the pursuit of the overall development of the biggest benefits.(4)Adaptability.Sports marketing adaptability, refers to the sports marketing and business operation entity is easily affected by external and internal environment, when the environment changes, sports business units made to adapt themselves to the new environment of the characteristics of rapid response.Sports marketing of the external environment including the market demand, political or economic situation changes, policy and law changes. Similarly, sports business entities internal conditions change will impact on marketing.(5)Risk.Due to sports marketing strategy is the business unit for the marketing activities during the period development collection of expected decision, and this decision is absolutely impossible in various conditions fully mature and information fully, make and sports market, especially the intangible product variety and complexity of the market, make sports marketing strategy has the characteristics of uncertainty and instantaneity, many market opportunities tend to be a passes, no longer to, opportunity and risk coexist.2.Sports marketing strategy comprisedand choiceSports marketing strategies mainly include market positioning strategy, market timing strategy, market entry strategy, market development strategy, market competition strategy.2.1 Market orientation strategyMarket positioning refers to the sports business units according to the condition of market competition situation and its own resources, establish and develop differentiated competitive advantage, to make their own products in the consumer formed in the difference between each product unique image and is superior to the competition.This unique image can be tangible or intangible.Enterprise after analyzing the market environment, should highlight its own market advantage, establish market position, Which companies need to know on a certain level of paper generalizes, consumers mind what is the best sports products as expected.2.2 Market entry policyMarket entry strategy is the sports business units at the right time to capture the target market, how to appropriately in the two aspects of production capacity and sales ability to make reliable measures and guarantee, to ensure the decision-making of sports products successfully enter the market.Its content mainly includes the production capacity of decision-making and sales ability to form two aspects.(1) Capacity Decision. In the necessary time, sports business entities formtargetmarket capacity, is one of the important conditions to achieve market goal.Regardless of whether they are sports tangible products and intangible products, generally there are two alternative strategies.①Independent development strategy refers to both tangible products, the development of sports and development of sports intangible products. All on its own strength to expand production scale, enhance the comprehensive production capacity or adjust the structure of the comprehensive production capacity of enterprise, to adapt the demand of product combination structure. ②Comprehensive development strategy, mainly depend on the sports business units of the external forces, namely, through joint, collaboration, subcontract, form a new comprehensive production capacity. Due to participating in planning, control, coordination, etc, are more difficult. Therefore, sports business units must be good at optimizing collaborator, deal with the various cooperation of responsibility, right and benefit, to maintain good relations of cooperation.(2) Sales ability decision. A sports product to enter and occupy the market, production enterprise must have the necessary sales ability and the ability to penetrate the market.Sales ability decision-making main consideration circulation channels and sales, product should be considered when making decisions, market, enterprise, social environment and the factors such as economic effect.2.3 Market development strategyMarket development strategy refers to the perspective of market prospects, the choice of market development means, usually includes two kinds of intensive development and diversified development main form.(1)Intensive development.When some kind of sports products in the market has the potential of further development, the choice of market penetration, product development and market development of three kinds of intensive development form. As the tangible products market, in sports and intangible products are common market and applicable.①Market penetration. on the basis of the existing market scale, increase the sales of existing products. Can use a variety of measures, consolidate old customers, increase the new user. ②Product development Is through developing and improving existing products, make its have some new properties and USES, meet the social demand more. ③market development. Refers to an enterprise that open up new product sales market, in order to increase sales.(2) Diversified development.Diversity is also called the diversification, basically have concentricity scattered scattered, horizontal dispersion and the integrityof three. ①Concentricity is sports business unit USES the original dispersed development technology and the characteristics, with its as the core, the development use different structure similar products. ②Scattered level of sexual development.Was used in the original market advantage, has occupied the market development of technology, nature and purpose of different products. For example, Sports club olicy makers, can through the player transfer channels, to sell players, profit.Others use their sports club or the player's social awareness to participate in the sales promotion of goods, in order to obtain profits. ③Integrity of dispersed development. Refers to the sports business units to expand the business into its original business, technology, market and the product has no connection in the industry. Such as the sports department construction and run a catering and service hotels, hotels, entertainment city, charge for parking lot, etc., is the form of scattered holistic development. Implement the diversification development, can improve the ability of sports business units to adapt to the environment, reduce the risk of a single business, at the same time, may be more fully use of all kinds of resources within the enterprise, make its have more potential development opportunities. However, the development of decentralized often leads to complication of operation and management, and business operation entities such as diversifying some problems.2.4Strategic Marketing CompetitionThe rules of the development of the market is superior bad discard, its characteristic is the petition can promote the economic development of the enterprise and the improvement of economic benefits.Enterprises should establish a clear concept of competition, flexible use of price and non-price competition means, take a man without I have, people have my good, good people knew, new I cheap, cheap I turn the principle and method of making enterprise competitive strategy, must accomplish know fairly well the competition environment and competition situation, can with ease.Enterprise competition environment factors mainly refers to the enterprise in addition to the social and cultural environment stress factors of various aspects, such as management scientist professor Michael porter of Harvard University famous the competitive offer slightly above, an enterprise usually exist competition pressure from five aspects, namely the industry competition pressure, potential to join the pressure from the industry, suppliers forward pressure (by providing raw materials or semi-finished products, to develop into their production products), buyers.(1) The overall competitive strategy. Under different conditions, the enterprise facing the pressure of competition is different, the analysis of the pressure of competition is to understand the purpose of each kind of competition situation of power, so as to make effective competition strategy.Under normal circumstances, the sports business units of competition strategy in general have a low cost strategy, product differentiation strategy and intensive strategy. ①low-cost strategy. Low cost strategy is to point to in under the premise of guarantee the quality of products and services, efforts to reduce the cost of production and sales so that the enterprise product prices lower than competitors' prices, with rapidly expanding sales increase market share. ②Product differentiation strategies. Product differentiation strategy is to point to create a unique characteristic of the enterprise products, to develop unique products or marketing programs, for in such aspects as product or service than competitors are unique. Thus to obtain the difference advantage.The United States, for example, "NIKE" brand sports shoes, NIKE production due to the appearance of novel design, the innovation of the use function and unique, and exquisite packaging, etc., although the price is surprisingly expensive, but occupies considerable market in China, the teenagers are very loving. ③Intensive strategy. Intensive strategy refers to the enterprises focus on one or several market segments provide the most effective service, better meet certain customers with different needs, so as to strive for the local competitive advantage. It is little different from the above three kinds of overall competition strategy, successfully implement these three strategies need different resources and decision-making, also should have different requirements on organization and management.(2) The competitive strategy of enterprises of different competitive position. Where the status of enterprise in market competition, the enterprise can be divided into: market leader, market challenger, market follower. Different competitive position of enterprises, should choose different market competitive strategy.①Dominant market competition strategy. Market power refers to the related products has the highest market share. Such as the current market position and stable dominated by clothing JinMeiLong, "ADIDAS", they are price changes, new product development, sales channel width and promotional efforts in a dominant position, recognized by other sports enterprises. ②The challenger market competition strategy. Market challenger refers to those in a secondary position in the market of the enterprise, such as "lining" brand garment enterprises .Market challenger to choosechallenge object is closely related to the strategic target, for a same object has different goals and strategies Such as attack market leader to gain the market share and product advantage ;Attack power with yourself quite seize its market position; Attacking small businesses taking their customers even small business itself."Lining" to win market price advantage to the international brand, with product quality advantages to gain "anta" challenger "peak" brand's market share. ③Followers of the market competition strategy. Market followers is to point to in a secondary position, under the conditions of "coexistence" market for as much as possible the benefit of the enterprise. Market followers don't need a lot of money, less risky and can obtain high profits, so many enterprises adopt this strategy, especially the sort of small or no fame and status of sports clothing enterprises. As the current sports "philharmonic" brand clothing enterprise in the enterprise.Reference[1] LiJianJun,WangCuiHua:The Research on Marketing Environment Enterprise of Things for Sports Use in China[J] Journal of NanJing institute of sport (social science edition) 2013.(10),36 ~ 48.[2] Discuss Sports market, products and marketing characteristics. [J] journal of xi ' an institute of physical education,2012.(3)101 ~109.[3] HuZhengMing Ed. Marketing Management[M].Shandong people's publishing house，2012.302 ~325.[4] [US]Kotler write. YuLiJun translate. Introduction to Marketing[M].Huaxia Publishing House,2011.333~389.[5] ZhangTongYao.Application areas to promote the marketing advantage analysis of third party logistics[J].Market of China,2010(3)128 ~136.[6] WangHuaiShu.The influence of the logistics quality of marketing[J].Teacher's Journal,2010(3)31 ~38.[7] WangChenWen.Shallow theory of logistics strategy in the role of marketing management[J].Chemical Enterprise Management,2009(7)175 ~178.。
浙江大学本科毕业论文外文文献翻译
核准通过，归档资料。
未经允许，请勿外传!浙江大学本科毕业论文外文文献翻译The influence of political connections on the firm value of small and medium-sized enterprises in China政治关联在中国对中小型企业价值的影响1摘要中小型企业的价值受很多因素的影响,比如股东、现金流以及政治关联等.这篇文章调查的正是在中国政治关联对中小型企业价值的影响。
通过实验数据来分析政治关联对企业价值效益的影响.结果表明政府关联是关键的因素并且在中国对中小型企业的价值具有负面影响。
2重要内容翻译2。
1引言在商业界,有越来越多关于政治关联的影响的经济研究。
它们发现政治关联能够帮助企业确保有利的规章条件以及成功获得资源，比如能够最终提高企业价值或是提升绩效的银行贷款，这种政治关联的影响在不同的经济条件下呈现不同的效果。
在高腐败和法律制度薄弱的国家，政治关联对企业价值具有决定性因素1的作用.中国由高度集权的计划经济向市场经济转变，政府对市场具有较强的控制作用，而且有大量的上市企业具有政治关联。
中小型企业发展的很迅速，他们已经在全球经济环境中变得越来越重要。
从90年代起, 政治因素对中国的任何规模的企业来说都变得越来越重要,尤其是中小型企业的价值。
和其他的部门相比较，中小型企业只有较小的现金流，不稳定的现金流且高负债率.一方面，中小型企业改变更加灵活；另一方面,中小型企业在由于企业规模以及对银行来说没有可以抵押的资产，在筹资方面较为困难。
企业如何应对微观经济环境和政策去保证正常的企业活动，并且政治关联如何影响企业价值？这篇论文调查政治关联和企业价值之间的联系,并且试图去研究企业是否可以从政治关联中获利提升企业价值。
2.2定义这些中小型企业之所以叫中小型企业，是和管理规模有关。
对这些小企业来说，雇员很少，营业额较低,资金一般由较少的人提供,因此，通常由这些业主直接管理企业。
本科毕业论文外文翻译
本科毕业论文外文翻译Undergraduate Thesis External Translation (700 Words)Title: The Impact of Social Media on Consumer Behavior Abstract:With the rapid development of social media, its influence on consumer behavior has drawn increasing attention from scholars and marketers. This paper aims to explore the impact of social media on consumer behavior from the perspective of information acquisition, interpersonal communication, and brand evaluation. Through a literature review and analysis, it is found that social media has a significant impact on consumer behavior by providing easy access to information, facilitating communication between consumers, and influencing brand perception. This research provides valuable insights for marketers in understanding and utilizing social media platforms to effectively engage with consumers and influence their purchasing decisions.1. IntroductionSocial media has become an integral part of people's daily lives, and its impact on consumer behavior cannot be ignored. This paper aims to investigate the impact of social media on consumer behavior and provide practical implications for marketers. The research question is: How does social media influence consumer behavior in terms of information acquisition, interpersonal communication, and brand evaluation?2. Information Acquisition2.1 Social media provides a platform for consumers to easilyaccess information about products and services. Through social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter, consumers can obtain product reviews, comparisons, and recommendations from peers. This information influences consumers' purchasing decisions and enhances their knowledge about products.2.2 Social media also serves as a source of entertainment and inspiration, enabling users to discover new trends and products. Influencers and celebrities, who gain popularity through social media, often endorse products and create consumer desire for these items. This form of indirect advertising through social media has a significant impact on consumer behavior.3. Interpersonal CommunicationSocial media platforms enable users to interact with friends, family, and even strangers. This communication aspect of social media hasa direct influence on consumer behavior.3.1 Word-of-mouth (WOM) communication through social media is prevalent. Consumers often share their positive or negative experiences with products on social media platforms, which influence others' opinions and purchasing decisions. These online conversations have a wide reach and can greatly impact brand perception.3.2 Social media facilitates communication between consumers and brands. Consumers can directly communicate with brands through social media channels, providing feedback, asking questions, and seeking assistance. This two-way communicationimproves customer satisfaction and loyalty.4. Brand Evaluation4.1 Social media plays a crucial role in brand evaluation. Consumers often seek information about brands, their values, and their reputation on social media platforms. Positive or negative brand mentions and reviews on social media greatly influence consumers' perceptions of brands, leading to either increased or decreased brand trust and loyalty.4.2 Social media influencers and celebrities endorsing particular brands also impact brand evaluation. These individuals' recommendations and opinions can greatly influence consumers' perceptions and preferences for specific brands.5. ConclusionIn conclusion, social media has a significant impact on consumer behavior by influencing information acquisition, interpersonal communication, and brand evaluation. Marketers should utilize and engage with social media platforms to effectively reach and influence their target customers. This research provides insights for marketers to enhance their social media strategies and create effective brand-consumer interactions.。
毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory managementInventory ControlOn the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion.The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility.Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored:First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments .Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field ofthese big boys, but also their simple modules inside the warehouse management functionality is defined as "inventory management" or "inventory control." This makes the already not quite understand what our inventory control, but not sure what is inventory control.In fact, from the perspective of broadly understood, inventory control, shouldinclude the following:First, the fundamental purpose of inventory control. We know that the so-called world-class manufacturing, two key assessment indicators (KPI) is, customer satisfaction and inventory turns, inventory turns and this is actually the fundamental objective of inventory control.Second, inventory control means. Increase inventory turns, relying solely on the so-called physical inventory control is not enough, it should be the demand and supply chain management process flow of this large output, and this big warehouse management processes in addition to including this link, the more important The section also includes: forecasting and order processing, production planning and control, materials planning and purchasing control, inventory planning and forecasting in itself, as well as finished products, raw materials, distribution and delivery of the strategy, and even customs management processes.And with the demand and supply chain management processes throughout the process, it is the information flow and capital flow management. In other words, inventory itself is across the entire demand and supply management processes in all aspects of inventory control in order to achieve the fundamental purpose, it must control all aspects of inventory, rather than just manage the physical inventory at hand.Third, inventory control, organizational structure and assessment.Since inventory control is the demand and supply chain management processes, output, inventory control to achieve the fundamental purpose of this process must be compatible with a rational organizational structure. Until now, we can see that many companies have only one purchasing department, purchasing department following pipe warehouse. This is far short of inventory control requirements. From the demand and supply chain management process analysis, we know that purchasing and warehouse management is the executive arm of the typical, and inventory control should focus on prevention, the executive branch is very difficult to "prevent inventory" for the simple reason that they assessment indicatorsin large part to ensure supply (production, customer). How the actual situation, a reasonable demand and supply chain management processes, and thus set the corresponding rational organizational structure and is a question many of our enterprisesto exploreThe role of inventory controlInventory management is an important part of business management. In the production and operation activities, inventory management must ensure that both the production plant for raw materials, spare parts demand, but also directly affect the purchasing, sales of share, sales activities. To make an inventory of corporate liquidity, accelerate cash flow, the security of supply under the premise of minimizing Yaku funds, directly affects the operational efficiency. Ensure the production and operation needs of the premise, so keep inventories at a reasonable level; dynamic inventory control, timely, appropriate proposed order to avoid over storage or out of stock; reduce inventory footprint, lower total cost of inventory; control stock funds used to accelerate cash flow.Problems arising from excessive inventory: increased warehouse space andinventory storage costs, thereby increasing product costs; take a lot of liquidity, resultingin sluggish capital, not only increased the burden of payment of interest, etc., would affect the time value of money and opportunity income; finished products and raw materials caused by physical loss and intangible losses; a large number of enterprise resource idle, affecting their rational allocation and optimization; cover the production, operation of the whole process of the various contradictions and problems, is not conducive to improve the management level.Inventory is too small the resulting problems: service levels caused a decline in the profit impact of marketing and corporate reputation; production system caused by inadequate supply of raw materials or other materials, affecting the normal production process; to shorten lead times, increase the number of orders, so order (production) costs; affect the balance of production and assembly of complete sets.NotesInventory management should particularly consider the following two questions:First, according to sales plans, according to the planned production of the goods circulated in the market, we should consider where, how much storage.Second, starting from the level of service and economic benefits to determine howto ensure inventories and supplementary questions.The two problems with the inventory in the logistics process functions.In general, the inventory function:(1)to prevent interrupted. Received orders to shorten the delivery of goods fromthe time in order to ensure quality service, at the same time to prevent out of stock.(2)to ensure proper inventory levels, saving inventory costs.(3)to reduce logistics costs. Supplement with the appropriate time interval compatible with the reasonable demand of the cargo in order to reduce logistics costs, eliminate or avoid sales fluctuations.(4)ensure the production planning, smooth to eliminate or avoid sales fluctuations.(5)display function.(6)reserve. Mass storage when the price falls, reduce losses, to respond to disasters and other contingencies.About the warehouse (inventory) on what the question, we must consider the number and location. If the distribution center, it should be possible according to customer needs, set at an appropriate place; if it is stored in central places to minimize the complementary principle to the distribution centers, there is no place certain requirements. When the stock base is established, will have to take into account are stored in various locations in what commodities.库存管理库存控制在谈到所谓“库存控制”的时候，很多人将其理解为“仓储管理”，这实际上是个很大的曲解。
毕业设计论文外文文献翻译
毕业设计(论文）外文文献翻译院系：财务与会计学院年级专业：201＊级财务管理姓名:学号：132148*＊*附件: 财务风险管理【Abstract】Although financial risk has increased significantly in recent years risk and risk management are not contemporary issues。
The result of increasingly global markets is that risk may originate with events thousands of miles away that have nothing to do with the domestic market。
Information is available instantaneously which means that change and subsequent market reactions occur very quickly。
The economic climate and markets can be affected very quickly by changes in exchange rates interest rates and commodity prices。
Counterparties can rapidly become problematic。
As a result it is important to ensure financial risks are identified and managed appropriately. Preparation is a key component of risk management。
【Key Words】Financial risk，Risk management，YieldsI. Financial risks arising1.1What Is Risk1.1.1The concept of riskRisk provides the basis for opportunity. The terms risk and exposure have subtle differences in their meaning. Risk refers to the probability of loss while exposure is the possibility of loss although they are often used interchangeably。
毕业设计(论文)外文翻译【范本模板】
华南理工大学广州学院本科生毕业设计(论文）翻译英文原文名Review of Vibration Analysis Methods for Gearbox Diagnostics and Prognostics中文译名对变速箱振动分析的诊断和预测方法综述学院汽车工程学院专业班级车辆工程七班学生姓名刘嘉先学生学号201130085184指导教师李利平填写日期2015年3月15日英文原文版出处：Proceedings of the 54th Meeting of the Society for Machinery Failure Prevention Technology, Virginia Beach，V A, May 1-4，2000，p. 623-634译文成绩：指导教师(导师组长）签名：译文：简介特征提取技术在文献中有描述;然而，大多数人似乎掩盖所需的特定的预处理功能。
一些文件没有提供足够的细节重现他们的结果，并没有一个全面的比较传统的功能过渡齿轮箱数据。
常用术语,如“残差信号”,是指在不同的文件不同的技术.试图定义了状态维修社区中的常用术语和建立所需的特定的预处理加工特性。
本文的重点是对所使用的齿轮故障检测功能。
功能分为五个不同的组基于预处理的需要。
论文的第一部分将提供预处理流程的概述和其中每个特性计算的处理方案。
在下一节中，为特征提取技术描述，将更详细地讨论每一个功能。
最后一节将简要概述的宾夕法尼亚州立大学陆军研究实验室的CBM工具箱用于齿轮故障诊断。
特征提取概述许多类型的缺陷或损伤会增加机械振动水平。
这些振动水平，然后由加速度转换为电信号进行数据测量。
原则上,关于受监视的计算机的健康的信息被包含在这个振动签名。
因此，新的或当前振动签名可以与以前的签名进行比较,以确定该元件是否正常行为或显示故障的迹象。
在实践中，这种比较是不能奏效的。
由于大的变型中,签名的直接比较是困难的。
相反,一个涉及从所述振动署名数据特征提取更多有用的技术也可以使用。
计算机科学与技术毕业设计(论文)外文翻译
本科毕业设计(论文) 外文翻译（附外文原文）系 ( 院 )：信息科学与工程学院课题名称：学生信息管理系统专业(方向)：计算机科学与技术（应用）7.1 Enter ActionMappingsThe Model 2 architecture (see chapter 1) encourages us to use servlets and Java- Server Pages in the same application. Under Model 2, we start by calling a servlet.The servlet handles the business logic and directs control to the appropriate pageto complete the response.The web application deployment descriptor (web.xml) lets us map a URL patternto a servlet. This can be a general pattern, like *.do, or a specific path, like saveRecord.do.Some applications implement Model 2 by mapping a servlet to each business operation. This approach works, but many applications involve dozens or hundredsof business operations. Since servlets are multithreaded, instantiating so manyservlets is not the best use of server resources. Servlets are designed to handle anynumber of parallel requests. There is no performance benefit in simply creatingmore and more servlets.The servlet’s primary job is to interact with the container and HTTP. Handlinga business operation is something that a servlet could delegate to another component. Struts does this by having the ActionServlet delegate the business operationto an object. Using a servlet to receive a request and route it to a handler is knownas the Front Controller pattern [Go3].Of course, simply delegating the business operation to another componentdoes not solve the problem of mapping URIs [W3C, URI] to business operations.Our only way of communicating with a web browser is through HTTP requests and URIs. Arranging for a URI to trigger a business operation is an essential part of developing a web application.Meanwhile, in practice many business operations are handled in similar ways.Since Java is multithreaded, we could get better use of our server resources if wecould use the same Action object to handle similar operations. But for this towork, we might need to pass the object a set of configuration parameters to usewith each operation.So what’s the bottom line? To implement Model 2 in an efficient and flexibleway, we need to:Enter ActionMappings 195♉ Route requests for our business operations to a single servlet♉ Determine which business operation is related to the request♉ Load a multithreaded helper object to handle the business operation♉ Pass the helper object the specifics of each request along with any configuration detail used by this operationThis is where ActionMappings come in.7.1.1 The ActionMapping beanAn ActionMapping (org.apache.struts.action.ActionMapping) describes howthe framework handles each discrete business operation (or action). In Struts,each ActionMapping is associated with a specific URI through its path property. When a request comes in, the ActionServlet uses the path property to select the corresponding ActionMapping. The set of ActionMapping objects is kept in an ActionMappings collection (org.apache.struts.action.ActionMappings). Originally, the ActionMapping object was used to extend the Action objectrather than the Action class. When used with an Action, a mapping gives a specific Action object additional responsibilities and new functionality. So, it was essentiallyan Action decorator [Go4]. Along the way, the ActionMapping evolved into anobject in its own right and can be used with or without an Action.DEFINITION The intent of the decorator pattern is to attach additional responsibilities to an object dynamically. Decorators provide a flexible alternative to subclassingfor extending functionality [Go4].The ActionMappings are usually created through the Struts configuration file.For more about this file, see chapter 4.7.1.2 The ActionMappings catalogThe ActionMappings catalog the business logic available to a Struts application.When a request comes in, the servlet finds its entry in the ActionMappings catalogand pulls the corresponding bean.The ActionServlet uses the ActionMapping bean to decide what to do next. Itmay need to forward control off to another resource. Or it may need to populateand validate an ActionForm bean. At some point, it may have to pass control to an Action object, and when the Action returns, it may have to look up an Action-Forward associated with this mapping.196 CHAPTER 7Designing with ActionMappingsThe ActionMapping works like a routing slip for the servlet. Depending onhow the mapping is filled out, the request could go just about anywhere.The ActionMappings represent the core design of a Struts application. If youwant to figure out how a Struts application works, start with the ActionMappings. Ifyou want to figure out how to write a new Struts application, start with the Action- Mappings. The mappings are at the absolute center of every Struts application.In this chapter, we take a close look at the ActionMapping properties andexplore how they help you design the flow of a Struts application.1.0 vs 1.1 In Struts 1.1, ActionMapping subclasses ActionConfig (org.apache. struts.config.ActionConfig) and adds API methods required forbackward compatibility. ActionMapping is not deprecated, and how thehierarchy will be handled in future releases has not been determined.For now, we refer to the ActionMapping class, but you should note thatin Struts 1.1 all of the action properties are actually defined by the ActionConfigsuper class. The ActionMapping class otherwise works thesame way in both versions.7.2 ActionMapping propertiesTable 7.1 describes the base ActionMapping properties. As with other configuration components, developers may extend ActionMapping to provide additionalproperties.Table 7.1 The base ActionMapping propertiesProperty Descriptionpath The URI path from the request used to select this mapping. (API command) forward The context-relative path of the resource that should serve this request via a forward.Exactly one of the forward, include, or type properties must be specified.orinclude The context-relative path of the resource that should serve this request via aninclude. Exactly one of the forward, include, or type properties must be specified.ortype Optionally specifies a subclass oforg.apache.struts.action.ActionMappingthat should be used when instantiating this mapping.className The fully qualified name of the Action class used by this mapping. SinceStruts 1.1ActionMapping properties 197In the sections that follow, we take a look at each of these properties.7.2.1 The path propertyThe ActionMapping URI, or path, will look to the user like just another file onthe web server. But it does not represent a file. It is a virtual reference to our ActionMapping.Because it is exposed to other systems, the path is not really a logical name, likethose we use with ActionForward. The path can include slashes and an extension—as if it referred to a file system—but they are all just part of a single name.The ActionMappings themselves are a “flat” namespace with no type of internalhierarchy whatsoever. They just happen to use the same characters that we areused to seeing in hierarchical file systems.name The name of the form bean, if any, associated with this action. This is not the classname. It is the logical name used in the form bean configuration.roles The list of security roles that may access this mapping.scope The identifier of the scope (request or session) within which the form bean, if any,associated with this mapping will be created.validate Set to true if the validate method of the form bean (if any) associated with thismapping should be called.input Context-relative path of the input form to which control should be returned ifa validationerror is encountered. This can be any URI: HTML, JSP, VM, or another Action- Mapping.parameter General-purpose configuration parameter that can be used to pass extra informationto the Action selected by this ActionMapping.attribute Name of the request-scope or session-scope attribute under which our form bean isaccessed, if it is other than the bean's specified name.prefix Prefix used to match request parameter names to form bean property names, if any.suffix Suffix used to match request parameter names when populating the properties ofour ActionForm bean, if any.unknown Can be set to true if this mapping should be configured as the default for this application(to handle all requests not handled by another mapping). Only one mappingcan be defined as the default unknown mapping within an application.forwards(s) Block of ActionForwards for this mapping to use, if any.exception(s) Block of ExceptionHandlers for this mapping to use, if any.Table 7.1 The base ActionMapping properties (continued)Property DescriptionSinceStruts 1.1SinceStruts 1.1198 CHAPTER 7Designing with ActionMappingsOf course, it can still be useful to treat your ActionMappings as if they werepart of a hierarchy and group related commands under the same "folder." Theonly restriction is that the names must match whatever pattern is used in the application’s deployment description (web.xml) for the ActionServlet. This is usuallyeither /do/* or *.do, but any similar pattern can be used.If you are working in a team environment, different team members can begiven different ActionMapping namespaces to use. Some people may be workingwith the /customer ActionMappings, others may be working with the /vendor ActionMappings. This may also relate to the Java package hierarchy the team isusing. Since the ActionMapping URIs are logical constructs, they can be organizedin any way that suits your project.With Struts 1.1, these types of namespaces can be promoted to applicationmodules. Each team can work independently on its own module, with its own setof configuration files and presentation pages. Configuring your application to use multiple modules is covered in chapter 4.DEFINITION The web runs on URIs, and most URIs map to physical files. If you want to change the resource, you change the corresponding file. Some URIs, likeStruts actions, are virtual references. They do not have a correspondingfile but are handled by a programming component. To change the resource,we change how the component is programmed. But since thepath is a URI and interacts with other systems outside our control, thepath is not a true logical reference—the name of an ActionForward, forinstance. We can change the name of an ActionForward without consultingother systems. It’s an internal, logical reference. If we change thepath to an ActionMapping, we might need to update other systems thatrefer to the ActionMapping through its public URI.7.2.2 The forward propertyWhen the forward property is specified, the servlet will not pass the request to an Action class but will make a call to RequestDispatcher.forward. Since the operationdoes not use an Action class, it can be used to integrate Struts with otherresources and to prototype systems. The forward, include, and type propertiesare mutually exclusive. (See chapter 6 for more information.)7.2.3 The include propertyWhen the include property is specified, the servlet will not pass the request to an Action class but will make a call to RequestDispatcher.include. The operationActionMapping properties 199does not use an Action class and can be used to integrate Struts with other components. The forward, include, and type properties are mutually exclusive. (Seechapter 6 for more information.)7.2.4 The type propertyMost mappings will specify an Action class type rather than a forward or include.An Action class may be used by more than one mapping. The mappings may specifyform beans, parameters, forwards, or exceptions. The forward, include, andtype properties are mutually exclusive.7.2.5 The className propertyWhen specified, className is the fully qualified Java classname of the ActionMapping subclass that should be used for this object. This allows you to use your own ActionMapping subclass with specialized methods and properties. See alsosection 7.4.7.2.6 The name propertyThis property specifies the logical name for the form bean, as given in the formbean segment of the Struts configuration file. By default, this is also the name tobe used when placing the form bean in the request or session context. Use theattribute property of this class to specify a different attribute key.7.2.7 The roles propertyThis property is a comma-delimited list of the security role names that are allowed access to this ActionMapping object. By default, the same system that is used with standard container-based security is applied to the list of roles given here. Thismeans you can use action-based security in lieu of specifying URL patterns in the deployment descriptor, or you can use both together.The security check is handled by the processRoles method of the Request- Processor (org.apache.struts.action.RequestProcessor). By subclassing RequestProcessor, you can also use the roles property with application-based security. See chapter 9 for more about subclassing RequestProcessor.7.2.8 The scope propertyThe ActionForm bean can be stored in the current request or in the session scope (where it will be available to additional requests). While most developers userequest scope for the ActionForm, the framework default is session scope. Tomake request the default, see section 7.4.SinceStruts 1.1SinceStruts 1.1200 CHAPTER 7Designing with ActionMappings7.2.9 The validate propertyAn important step in the lifecycle of an ActionForm is to validate its data before offering it to the business layer. When the validate property for a mapping is true, the ActionServlet will call the ActionForm’s validate method. If validate returns false, the request is forwarded to the resource given by the input property.Often, developers will create a pair of mappings for each data entry form. Onemapping will have validate set to false, so you can create an empty form. Theother has validate set to true and is used to submit the completed form.NOTE Whether or not the ActionForm validate method is called does not relateto the ActionServlet’s validating property. That switch controlshow the Struts configuration file is processed.7.2.10 The input propertyWhen validate is set to true, it is important that a valid path for input be provided. This is where control will pass should the ActionForm validate methodreturn false. Often, this is the address for a presentation page. Sometimes it willbe another Action path (with validate set to false) that is required to generatedata objects needed by the page.NOTE The input path often leads back to the page that submitted the request.While it seems natural for the framework to return the request to whereit originated, this is not a simple task in a web application. A request is oftenpassed from component to component before a response is sent backto the browser. The browser only knows the path it used to retrieve theinput page, which may or may not also be the correct path to use for theinput property. While it may be possible to try and generate a default inputpage based on the HTTP referrer attribute, the Struts designersdeemed that approach unreliable.inputForwardIn Struts 1.0, the ActionMapping input property is always a literal URI. InStruts 1.1, it may optionally be the name of an ActionForward instead. The ActionForward is retrieved and its path property is used as the input property.This can be a global or local ActionForward.To use ActionForwards here instead of literal paths, set the inputForwardattribute on the <controller> element for this module to true:SinceStruts 1.1ActionMapping properties 201<controller inputForward="true">For more about configuring Struts, see chapter 4. For more about ActionForwards,see chapter 6.7.2.11 The parameter propertyThe generic parameter property allows Actions to be configured at runtime. Severalof the standard Struts Actions make use of this property, and the standardScaffold Actions often use it, too. The parameter property may contain a URI, the name of a method, the name of a class, or any other bit of information an Actionmay need at runtime. This flexibility allows some Actions to do double and tripleduty, slashing the number of distinct Action classes an application needs on hand.Within an Action class, the parameter property is retrieved from the mappingpassed to perform:parameter = mapping.getParameter();Multiple parametersWhile multiple parameters are not supported by the standard ActionMappingsclass, there are some easy ways to implement this, including using HttpUtils, a StringTokenizer, or a Properties file (java.util.Properties).HttpUtils. Although deprecated as of the Servlet API 2.3 specification, theHttpUtils package (javax.servlet.http.HttpUtils) provides a static method that parses any string as if it were a query string and returns a Hashtable(java.util.Hashtable):Hashtable parameters = parseQueryString(parameter);The parameter property for your mapping then becomes just another query string, because you might use it elsewhere in the Struts configuration. stringTokenizer. Another simple approach is to delimit the parameters using the token of your choice—such as a comma, colon, or semicolon—and use the StringTokenizer to read them back:StringTokenizer incoming =new StringTokenizer(mapping.getParameter(),";");int i = 0;String[] parameters = new String[incoming.countTokens()]; while (incoming.hasMoreTokens()) {parameters[i++] = incoming.nextToken().trim();}202 CHAPTER 7Designing with ActionMappingsProperties file. While slightly more complicated than the others, another popular approach to providing multiple parameters to an ActionMapping is with a standard Properties files (java.util.Properties). Depending on your needs, the Properties file could be stored in an absolute location in your file system or anywhere on your application’s CLASSPATH.The Commons Scaffold package [ASF, Commons] provides a ResourceUtils package (mons.scaffold.util.ResourceUtils) with methods forloading a Properties file from an absolute location or from your application’s CLASSPATH.7.2.12 The attribute propertyFrom time to time, you may need to store two copies of the same ActionForm inthe same context at the same time. This most often happens when ActionFormsare being stored in the session context as part of a workflow. To keep their names from conflicting, you can use the attribute property to give one ActionForm bean a different name.An alternative approach is to define another ActionForm bean in the configuration, using the same type but under a different name.7.2.13 The prefix and suffix propertiesLike attribute, the prefix and suffix properties can be used to help avoid naming conflicts in your application. When specified, these switches enable aprefix or suffix for the property name, forming an alias when it is populatedfrom the request.If the prefix this was specified, thenthisName=McClanahanbecomes equivalent toname=McClanahanfor the purpose of populating the ActionForm. Either or both parameters would call getName("McClanahan");This does not affect how the properties are written by the tag extensions. It affects how the autopopulation mechanism perceives them in the request.Nested components 2037.2.14 The unknown ActionMappingWhile surfing the Web, most of us have encountered the dreaded 404— page not found message. Most web servers provide some special features for processing requests for unknown pages, so webmasters can steer users in the right direction. Struts offers a similar service for ActionMapping 404s—the unknown ActionMapping. In the Struts configuration file, you can specify one ActionMapping toreceive any requests for an ActionMapping that would not otherwise be matched:<actionname="/debug"forward="/pages/debug.jsp"/>When this option is not set, a request for an ActionMapping that cannot bematched throws400 Invalid path /notHere was requestedNote that by a request for an ActionMapping, we mean a URI that matches the prefix or suffix specified for the servlet (usually /do/* or *.do). Requests for other URI patterns, good or bad, will be handled by other servlets or by the container:/do/notHere (goes to the unknown ActionMapping)/notHere.txt (goes to the container)7.3 Nested componentsThe ActionMapping properties are helpful when it comes to getting an Action torun a business operation. But they tell only part of the story. There is still much todo when the Action returns.An Action may have more than one outcome. We may need to register several ActionForwards so that the Action can take its pick.7.3.1 Local forwardsIn the normal course, an ActionMapping is used to select an Action object to handle the request. The Action returns an ActionForward that indicates which pageshould complete the response.The reason we use ActionForwards is that, in practice, presentation pages areeither often reused or often changed, or both. In either case, it is good practice to encapsulate the page’s location behind a logical name, like “success” or “failure.”The ActionForward object lets us assign a logical name to any given URI.204 CHAPTER 7Designing with ActionMappingsOf course, logical concepts like success or failure are often relative. What represents success to one Action may represent failure to another. Each Action-Mapping can have its own set of local ActionForwards. When the Action asks for a forward (by name), the local set is checked before trying the global forwards. See chapter 6 for more about ActionForwards.Local forwards are usually specified in the Struts configuration file. See chapter4 for details.7.3.2 Local exceptionsMost often, an application’s exception handlers (org.apache.struts.action. ExceptionHandler) can be declared globally. However, if a given ActionMapping needs to handle an exception differently, it can have its own set of local exception handlers that are checked before the global set.Local exceptions are usually specified in the Struts configuration file. Seechapter 4 for details.7.4 Rolling your own ActionMappingWhile ActionMapping provides an impressive array of properties, developers may also provide their own subclass with additional properties or methods. InStruts 1.0, this is configured in the deployment descriptor (web.xml) for the ActionServlet:<init-param><param-name>mapping</param-name><param-value>app.MyActionMapping</param-value></init-param>In Struts 1.1, this is configured in the Struts configuration file as an attribute to the <action-mappings> element:<action-mappings type="app.MyActionMapping">Individual mappings may also be set to use another type through the className attribute:<action className="app.MyActionMapping">For more about configuring Struts, see chapter 4.SinceStruts 1.1Summary 205The framework provides two base ActionMapping classes, shown in table 7.2. They can be selected as the default or used as a base for your own subclasses.The framework default is SessionActionMapping, so scope defaults to session. Subclasses that provide new properties may set them in the Struts configuration using a standard mechanism:<set-property property="myProperty" value="myValue" /> Using this standard mechanism helps developers avoid subclassing the Action- Servlet just to recognize the new properties when it digests the configuration file. This is actually a feature of the Digester that Struts simply inherits.7.5 SummarySun’s Model 2 architecture teaches that servlets and JavaServer Pages should be used together in the same application. The servlets can handle flow control and data acquisition, and the JavaServer Pages can handle the HTML.Struts takes this one step further and delegates much of the flow control anddata acquisition to Action objects. The application then needs only a single servletto act as a traffic cop. All the real work is parceled out to the Actions and theStruts configuration objects.Like servlets, Actions are efficient, multithreaded singletons. A single Actionobject can be handling any number of requests at the same time, optimizing your server’s resources.To get the most use out of your Actions, the ActionMapping object is used as a decorator for the Action object. It gives the Action a URI, or several URIs, and away to pass different configuration settings to an Action depending on which URIis called.In this chapter, we took a close look at the ActionMapping properties andexplained each property’s role in the scheme of things. We also looked at extendingthe standard ActionMapping object with custom properties—just in case yourscheme needs even more things.Table 7.2 The default ActionMapping classesActionMapping Descriptionorg.apache.struts.action.SessionActionMapping Defaults the scope property to sessionorg.apache.struts.action.RequestActionMapping Defaults the scope property to request206 CHAPTER 7Designing with ActionMappingsIn chapter 8, the real fun begins. The configuration objects covered so far aremainly a support system. They help the controller match an incoming requestwith a server-side operation. Now that we have the supporting players, let’s meet the Struts diva: the Action object.7.1 进入ActionMappingModel 2 架构(第1章)鼓励在同一个应用中使用servlet和JSP页面。
1-2015届本科毕业论文外文翻译模板(说明版)
1-2015届本科毕业论文外文翻译模板(说明版)
本科生毕业设计 (论文)
外 文 翻 译
原 文 标 题 Our Country Commercial Bank Financial
Control’s Reform Innovates 译 文 标 题 我国商业银行的财务管理的改革创新
作者所在系别 会计系 作者所在专业 财务管理 作者所在班级 B11622 作 者 姓 名 张昊 作 者 学 号 20114062235 指导教师姓名 李娅捷 指导教师职称 教授 完 成 时 间
2014
年
12
月
30日
北华航天工业学院教务处制
整篇文档通用的页面设置参数为：A4打印纸（29.7厘米×21厘米）。
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字），小
注：1. 指导教师对译文进行评阅时应注意以下几个方面：①翻译的外文文献与毕业设计（论文）的主题是否高度相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业设计（论文）的参考文献；②翻译的
外文文献字数是否达到规定数量（3 000字以上）；③译文语言是否准确、通顺、具有参考价值。
2. 外文原文应以附件的方式置于译文之后。
毕业论文外文翻译报告范文
毕业论文外文翻译报告范文AbstractThis report presents a translation of an academic article titled "The Impact of Technology on Education." The article discusses the various ways in which technology has transformed the field of education, particularly in terms of teaching methods, student engagement, and access to educational resources. The translation aims to accurately convey the content and meaning of the original article, while ensuring clarity and coherence for the readers.IntroductionTechnology has revolutionized nearly every aspect of our lives, including the field of education. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the use of technology in classrooms and educational institutions worldwide. This article explores the impact of technology on education, highlighting its benefits and potential challenges.Teaching MethodsOne of the key effects of technology on education is the transformation of traditional teaching methods. With the introduction of interactive whiteboards, online learning platforms, and educational apps, teachers now have access to a wide range of tools and resources to enhance their teaching. These technologies enable teachers to create dynamic and engaging lessons, integrating multimedia content and interactive activities, which enhance student understanding and participation.Student EngagementTechnology has also had a profound impact on student engagement in the learning process. With the use of digital tools, students can now actively participate in their education and take ownership of their learning. Interactive quizzes, online discussions, and collaborative projects allow students to actively engage with the subject matter, promoting critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Moreover, technology enables personalized learning experiences, catering to individual student needs and preferences.Access to Educational ResourcesAnother significant benefit of technology in education is the increased access to educational resources. Online libraries, open educational resources, and digital textbooks provide students with a vast amount of information at their fingertips. This access to a wide range of resources goes beyond what traditional textbooks and classrooms can offer, empowering students to explore and learn at their own pace.Challenges and ConsiderationsWhile the impact of technology on education is largely positive, there are also some challenges and considerations that need to be addressed. One concern is the potential for technology to create a divide between students who have access to technology and those who do not. It is essential to ensure equitable access to technology and training for all students to prevent further disparities in education.Additionally, the integration of technology in the classroom requires teachers to adapt and acquire new technological skills. Adequate training and support must be provided to empower teachers to effectively incorporate technology into their teaching practices.ConclusionIn conclusion, technology has had a transformative impact on education. It has revolutionized teaching methods, enhanced student engagement, and provided increased access to educational resources. However, it is important to address the challenges and considerations that arise with the integration of technology in education. By doing so, we can ensure that technology continues to benefit and enhance the learning experience for all students.References:[Original Article Reference]。
毕业设计(论文)外文翻译
华南理工大学广州学院本科生毕业设计（论文）翻译外文原文名Agency Cost under the Restriction of Free Cash Flow中文译名自由现金流量的限制下的代理成本学院管理学院专业班级会计学3班学生姓名陈洁玉学生学号200930191100指导教师余勍讲师填写日期2015年5月11日外文原文版出处：译文成绩：指导教师（导师组长）签名：译文：自由现金流量的限制下的代理成本摘要代理成本理论是资本结构理论的一个重要分支。
自由现金流代理成本有显着的影响。
在这两个领域相结合的研究，将有助于建立和扩大理论体系。
代理成本理论基础上，本研究首先分类自由现金流以及统计方法的特点。
此外，投资自由现金流代理成本的存在证明了模型。
自由现金流代理成本理论引入限制，分析表明，它会改变代理成本，进而将影响代理成本和资本结构之间的关系，最后，都会影响到最优资本结构点，以保持平衡。
具体地说，自由现金流增加，相应地，债务比例会降低。
关键词：资本结构，现金流，代理成本，非金钱利益1、介绍代理成本理论，金融契约理论，信号模型和新的啄食顺序理论，新的资本结构理论的主要分支。
财务con-道的理论侧重于限制股东的合同行为，解决股东和债权人之间的冲突。
信令模式和新的啄食顺序理论中心解决投资者和管理者之间的冲突。
这两种类型的冲突是在商业组织中的主要冲突。
代理成本理论认为，如何达到平衡这两种类型的冲突，资本结构是如何形成的，这是比前两次在一定程度上更多的理论更全面。
……Agency Cost under the Restriction of Free Cash FlowAbstractAgency cost theory is an important branch of capital structural theory. Free cash flow has significant impact on agency cost. The combination of research on these two fields would help to build and extend the theoretical system. Based on agency cost theory, the present study firstly categorized the characteristics of free cash flow as well as the statistical methodologies. Furthermore, the existence of investing free cash flow in agency cost was proved by a model. Then free cash flow was introduced into agency cost theory as restriction, the analysis shows that it will change agency cost, in turn, will have an impact on the relationship between agency cost and capital structure, finally, will influence the optimal capital structure point to maintain the equilibrium. Concretely, with the increasing free cash flow, correspondingly, debt proportion will decrease.Keywords:Capital Structure,Free Cash Flow,Agency Cost,Non-Pecuniary Benefit1. IntroductionAgency cost theory, financial contract theory, signaling model and new pecking order theory are the main branches of new capital structure theory. Financial con-tract theory focuses on restricting stockholders’ behavior by contract and solving the conflict between stockholders and creditors. Signaling model and new pecking order theory center on solving the conflict between investors and managers. These two types of conflict are the main conflict in business organizations. Agency cost theory considers how equilibrium is reached in both types of conflict and how capital structure is formed, which is more theory is more comprehensive than the previous two to some degree.……。
机械设计制造及其自动化毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译
机械设计创造及其自动化毕业论文外文文献翻译INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY译文题目专业机械设计创造及其自动化外文资料翻译INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY（From ELECTRICAL AND MACHINERY INDUSTRY）ABSTRACTMachinery was the modern science and technology development inevitable result, this article has summarized the integration of machinery technology basic outline and the development background .Summarized the domestic and foreign integration of machinery technology present situation, has analyzed the integration of machinery technology trend of development.Key word： integration of machinery ，technology， present situation ，product t，echnique of manufacture ，trend of development0. Introduction modern science and technology unceasing development, impelled different discipline intersecting enormously with the seepage, has caused the project domain technological revolution and the transformation .In mechanical engineering domain, because the microelectronic technology and the computer technology rapid development and forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinery, caused the mechanical industry the technical structure, the product organization, the function and the constitution, the production method and the management systemof by machinery for the characteristic integration ofdevelopment phase.1. Integration of machinery outline integration of machinery is refers in the organization new owner function, the power function, in the information processing function and the control function introduces the electronic technology, unifies the system the mechanism and the computerization design and the software which constitutes always to call. The integration of machinery development also has become one to have until now own system new discipline, not only develops along with the science and technology, but also entrusts with the new content .But its basic characteristic may summarize is: The integration of machinery is embarks from the system viewpoint, synthesis community technologies and so on utilization mechanical technology, microelectronic technology, automatic control technology, computer technology, information technology, sensing observation and control technology, electric power electronic technology, connection technology, information conversion technology as well as software programming technology, according to the system function goal and the optimized organization goal, reasonable disposition and the layout various functions unit, in multi-purpose, high grade, redundant reliable, in the low energy consumption significance realize the specific function value, and causes the overall system optimization the systems engineering technology .From this produces functional system, then becomes an integration of machinery systematic or the integration of machinery product. Therefore, of coveringtechnology is based on the above community technology organic fusion one kind of comprehensive technology, but is not mechanical technical, the microelectronic technology as well as other new technical simple combination, pieces together .This is the integration of machinery and the machinery adds the machinery electrification which the electricity forms in the concept basic difference .The mechanical engineering technology has the merely technical to develop the machinery electrification, still was the traditional machinery, its main function still was replaces with the enlargement physical strength .But after develops the integration of machinery, micro electron installment besides may substitute for certain mechanical parts the original function, but also can entrust with many new functions,like the automatic detection, the automatic reduction information, demonstrate the record, the automatic control and the control automatic diagnosis and the protection automatically and so on .Not only namely the integration of machinery product is human's hand and body extending, human's sense organ and the brains look, has the intellectualized characteristic is the integration of machinery and the machinery electrification distinguishes in the function essence.2. Integration of machinery development condition integration of machinery development may divide into 3 stages roughly.20th century 60's before for the first stage, this stage is called the initial stage .In this time, the people determination not on own initiative uses the electronic technology the preliminary achievement to consummate the mechanical product the performance .Specially in Second World War period, the war has stimulated the mechanical product and the electronic technology union, these mechanical and electrical union military technology, postwar transfers civilly, to postwar economical restoration positive function .Developed and the development at that time generally speaking also is at the spontaneouscondition .Because at that time the electronic technology development not yet achieved certain level, mechanical technical and electronic technology union also not impossible widespread and thorough development, already developed the product was also unable to promote massively. The 20th century 70~80 ages for the second stage, may be called the vigorous development stage .This time, the computer technology, the control technology, the communication development, has laid the technology base for the integration of machinery development . Large-scale, ultra large scale integrated circuit and microcomputer swift and violent development, has provided the full material base for the integration of machinery development .This time characteristic is :①A mechatronics word first generally is accepted in Japan, probably obtains the quite widespread acknowledgment to 1980s last stages in the worldwide scale ;②The integration of machinery technology and the product obtained the enormous development ;③The various countries start to the integration of machinery technology and the product give the very big attention and the support. 1990s later periods, started the integration of machinery technology the new stagewhich makes great strides forward to the intellectualized direction, the integration of machinery enters the thorough development time .At the same time, optics, the communication and so on entered the integration of machinery, processes the technology also zhan to appear tiny in the integration of machinery the foot, appeared the light integration of machinery and the micro integration of machinery and so on the new branch; On the other hand to the integration of machinery system modeling design, the analysis and the integrated method, the integration of machinery discipline system and the trend of development has all conducted the thorough research .At the same time, because the hugeprogress which domains and so on artificial intelligence technology, neural network technology and optical fiber technology obtain, opened the development vast world for the integration of machinery technology .These research, will urge the integration of machinery further to establish the integrity the foundation and forms the integrity gradually the scientific system. Our country is only then starts from the beginning of 1980s in this aspect to study with the application .The State Councilsummary had considered fully on international the influence which and possibly brought from this about the integration of machinery technology developmenttrend .Many universities, colleges and institutes, the development facility and some large and middle scale enterprises have done the massive work to this technical development and the application, does not yield certain result, but and so on the advanced countries compared with Japan still has the suitable disparity.3. Integration of machinery trend of development integrations of machinery are the collection machinery, the electron, optics, the control, the computer, the information and so on the multi-disciplinary overlapping syntheses, its development and the progress rely on and promote the correlation technology development and the progress .Therefore, the integration of machinery main development direction is as follows:3.1 Intellectualized intellectualizations are 21st century integration of machinery technological development important development directions .Theartificial intelligence obtains day by day in the integration of machinery constructor's research takes, the robot and the numerical control engine bedis to the machine behavior description, is in the control theory foundation, the absorption artificial intelligence, the operations research, the computer science, the fuzzy mathematics, the psychology, the physiology and the chaos dynamics and so on the new thought, the new method, simulate the human intelligence, enable it to have abilities and so on judgment inference, logical thinking, independent decision-making, obtains the higher control goal in order to .Indeed, enable the integration of machinery product to have with the human identical intelligence, is not impossible, also is nonessential .But, the high performance, the high speed microprocessor enable the integration of machinery product to have preliminary intelligent or human's partial intelligences, then is completely possible and essential.In the modern manufacture process, the information has become the control manufacture industry the determining factor, moreover is the most active actuation factor .Enhances the manufacture system information-handling capacity to become the modern manufacture science development a key point .As a result of the manufacture system information organization and structure multi-level, makes the information the gain, the integration and the fusion presents draws up the character, information measure multi-dimensional, as well as information organization's multi-level .In the manufacture information structural model, manufacture information uniform restraint, dissemination processing and magnanimous data aspects and so on manufacture knowledge library management, all also wait for further break through.Each kind of artificial intelligence tool and the computation intelligence method promoted the manufacture intelligence development in the manufacture widespread application .A kind based on the biological evolution algorithm computation intelligent agent, in includes thescheduling problem in the combination optimization solution area of technology, receives the more and more universal attention, hopefully completes the combination optimization question when the manufacture the solution speed and the solution precision aspect breaks through the question scale in pairs the restriction .The manufacture intelligence also displays in: The intelligent dispatch, the intelligent design, the intelligent processing, the robot study, the intelligent control, the intelligent craft plan, the intelligent diagnosis and so on are various These question key breakthrough, may form the product innovation the basic research system. Between 2 modern mechanical engineering front science different science overlapping fusion will have the new science accumulation, the economical development and society's progress has had the new request and the expectation to the science and technology, thus will form the front science .The front science also has solved and between the solution scientific question border area .The front science has the obvious time domain, the domain and the dynamic characteristic .The project front science distinguished in the general basic science important characteristic is it has covered the key science and technology question which the project actual appeared.Manufacture system is a complex large-scale system, for satisfies the manufacture system agility, the fast response and fast reorganization ability, must profit from the information science, the life sciences and the social sciences and so on the multi-disciplinary research results, the exploration manufacture system new architecture, the manufacture pattern and the manufacture system effective operational mechanism .Makes the system optimization the organizational structure and the good movement condition is makes the system modeling , the simulation and the optimized essential target .Not only the manufacture system new architecture to makes the enterprise the agility and may reorganize ability to the demand response ability to have the vital significance, moreover to made the enterprise first floor production equipment the flexibility and may dynamic reorganization ability set a higher request .The biological manufacture view more and more many is introduced the manufacture system, satisfies the manufacture system new request.The study organizes and circulates method and technique of complicated system from the biological phenomenon, is a valid exit which will solve many hard nut to cracks that manufacturing industry face from now on currently .Imitating to living what manufacturing point is mimicry living creature organ of from the organization, from match more, from growth with from evolution etc. function structure and circulate mode of a kind of manufacturing system and manufacturing process.The manufacturing drives in the mechanism under, continuously by one's own perfect raise on organizing structure and circulating mode and thus to adapt the process of[with] ability for the environment .For from descend but the last product proceed together a design and make a craft rules the auto of the distance born, produce system of dynamic state reorganization and product and manufacturing the system tend automatically excellent provided theories foundation and carry out acondition .Imitate to living a manufacturing to belong to manufacturing science and life science of"the far good luck is miscellaneous to hand over", it will produce to the manufacturing industry for 21 centuries huge of influence .机电一体化摘要机电一体化是现代科学技术发展的必然结果,本文简述了机电一体化技术的基本概要和发展背景。
毕业论文外文翻译范例
外文原文(一)Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciple s*M. H. HoeflichFriedrich Carl von Savigny, nobleman, law reformer, champion of the revived German professoriate, and founder of the Historical School of jurisprudence, not only helped to revolutionize the study of law and legal institutions in Germany and in other civil law countries, but also exercised a profound influence on many of the most creative jurists and legal scholars in England and the United States. Nevertheless, tracing the influence of an individual is always a difficult task. It is especially difficult as regards Savigny and the approach to law and legal sources propounded by the Historical School. This difficulty arises, in part, because Savigny was not alone in adopting this approach. Hugo, for instance, espoused quite similar ideas in Germany; George Long echoed many of these concepts in England during the 1850s, and, of course, Sir Henry Sumner Maine also espoused many of these same concepts central to historical jurisprudence in England in the 1860s and 1870s. Thus, when one looks at the doctrinal writings of British and American jurists and legal scholars in the period before 1875, it is often impossible to say with any certainty that a particular idea which sounds very much the sort of thing that might, indeed, have been derived from Savigny's works, was, in fact, so derived. It is possible, nevertheless, to trace much of the influence of Savigny and his legal writings in the United States and in Great Britain during this period with some certainty because so great was his fame and so great was the respect accorded to his published work that explicit references to him and to his work abound in the doctrinal writing of this period, as well as in actual law cases in the courts. Thus, Max Gutzwiller, in his classic study Der einfluss Savignys auf die Entwicklung des International privatrechts, was able to show how Savigny's ideas on conflict of laws influenced such English and American scholars as Story, Phillimore, Burge, and Dicey. Similarly, Andreas Schwarz, in his "Einflusse Deutscher Zivilistik im Auslande," briefly sketched Savigny's influence upon John Austin, Frederick Pollock, and James Bryce. In this article I wish to examine Savigny's influence over a broader spectrum and to draw a picture of his general fame and reputation both in Britain and in the United States as the leading Romanist, legal historian, and German legal academic of his day. The picture of this Anglo-American respect accorded to Savigny and the historical school of jurisprudence which emerges from these sources is fascinating. It sheds light not only upon Savigny’s trans-channel, trans-Atlantic fame, but also upon the extraordinarily*M.H.Hoeflich, Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciples, American Journal of Comparative Law, vol.37, No.1, 1989.cosmopolitan outlook of many of the leading American and English jurists of the time. Of course, when one sets out to trace the influence of a particular individual and his work, it is necessary to demonstrate, if possible, precisely how knowledge of the man and his work was transmitted. In the case of Savigny and his work on Roman law and ideas of historical jurisprudence, there were three principal modes of transmission. First, there was the direct influence he exercised through his contacts with American lawyers and scholars. Second, there was the influence he exercised through his books. Third, there was the influence he exerted indirectly through intermediate scholars and their works. Let us examine each mode separately.I.INFLUENCE OF THE TRANSLATED WORKSWhile American and British interest in German legal scholarship was high in the antebellum period, the number of American and English jurists who could read German fluently was relatively low. Even those who borrowed from the Germans, for instance, Joseph Story, most often had to depend upon translations. It is thus quite important that Savigny’s works were amongst the most frequently translated into English, both in the United States and in Great Britain. His most influential early work, the Vom Beruf unserer Zeitfur Rechtsgeschichte und Gestzgebung, was translated into English by Abraham Hayward and published in London in 1831. Two years earlier the first volume of his History of Roman Law in the Middle Ages was translated by Cathcart and published in Edinburgh. In 1830, as well, a French translation was published at Paris. Sir Erskine Perry's translation of Savigny's Treatise on Possession was published in London in 1848. This was followed by Archibald Brown's epitome of the treatise on possession in 1872 and Rattigan's translation of the second volume of the System as Jural Relations or the Law of Persons in 1884. Guthrie published a translation of the seventh volume of the System as Private International Law at Edinburgh in 1869. Indeed, two English translations were even published in the far flung corners of the British Raj. A translation of the first volume of the System was published by William Holloway at Madras in 1867 and the volume on possession was translated by Kelleher and published at Calcutta in 1888. Thus, the determined English-speaking scholar had ample access to Savigny's works throughout the nineteenth century.Equally important for the dissemination of Savigny's ideas were those books and articles published in English that explained and analyzed his works. A number of these must have played an important role in this process. One of the earliest of these is John Reddie's Historical Notices of the Roman law and of the Progress of its Study in Germany, published at Edinburgh in 1826. Reddie was a noted Scots jurist and held the Gottingen J.U.D. The book, significantly, is dedicated to Gustav Hugo. It is of that genre known as an external history of Roman law-not so much a history of substantive Roman legal doctrine but rather a historyof Roman legal institutions and of the study of Roman law from antiquity through the nineteenth century. It is very much a polemic for the study of Roman law and for the Historical School. It imparts to the reader the excitement of Savigny and his followers about the study of law historically and it is clear that no reader of the work could possibly be left unmoved. It is, in short, the first work of public relations in English on behalf of Savigny and his ideas.Having mentioned Reddie's promotion of Savigny and the Historical School, it is important to understand the level of excitement with which things Roman and especially Roman law were greeted during this period. Many of the finest American jurists were attracted-to use Peter Stein's term-to Roman and Civil law, but attracted in a way that, at times, seems to have been more enthusiastic than intellectual. Similarly, Roman and Civil law excited much interest in Great Britain, as illustrated by the distinctly Roman influence to be found in the work of John Austin. The attraction of Roman and Civil law can be illustrated and best understood, perhaps, in the context of the publicity and excitement in the English-speaking world surrounding the discovery of the only complete manuscript of the classical Roman jurist Gaius' Institutes in Italy in 1816 by the ancient historian and German consul at Rome, B.G. Niebuhr. Niebuhr, the greatest ancient historian of his time, turned to Savigny for help with the Gaius manuscript (indeed, it was Savigny who recognized the manuscript for what it was) and, almost immediately, the books and journals-not just law journals by any means-were filled with accounts of the discovery, its importance to legal historical studies, and, of course, what it said. For instance, the second volume of the American Jurist contains a long article on the civil law by the scholarly Boston lawyer and classicist, John Pickering. The first quarter of the article is a gushing account of the discovery and first publication of the Gaius manuscript and a paean to Niebuhr and Savigny for their role in this. Similarly, in an article published in the London Law Magazine in 1829 on the civil law, the author contemptuously refers to a certain professor who continued to tell his students that the text of Gaius' Institutes was lost for all time. What could better show his ignorance of all things legal and literary than to be unaware of Niebuhr's great discovery?Another example of this reaction to the discovery of the Gaius palimpsest is to be found in David Irving's Introduction to the Study of the Civil Law. This volume is also more a history of Roman legal scholarship and sources than a study of substantive Roman law. Its pages are filled with references to Savigny's Geschichte and its approach clearly reflects the influence of the Historical School. Indeed, Irving speaks of Savigny's work as "one of the most remarkable productions of the age." He must have been truly impressed with German scholarship and must also have been able to convince the Faculty of Advocates, forwhom he was librarian, of the worth of German scholarship, for in 1820 the Faculty sent him to Gottingen so that he might study their law libraries. Irving devotes several pages of his elementary textbook on Roman law to the praise of the "remarkable" discovery of the Gaius palimpsest. He traces the discovery of the text by Niebuhr and Savigny in language that would have befitted an adventure tale. He elaborates on the various labors required to produce a new edition of the text and was particularly impressed by the use of a then new chemical process to make the under text of the palimpsest visible. He speaks of the reception of the new text as being greeted with "ardor and exultation" strong words for those who spend their lives amidst the "musty tomes" of the Roman law.This excitement over the Verona Gaius is really rather strange. Much of the substance of the Gaius text was already known to legal historians and civil lawyers from its incorporation into Justinian's Institutes and so, from a substantive legal perspective, the find was not crucial. The Gaius did provide new information on Roman procedural rules and it did also provide additional information for those scholars attempting to reconstruct pre-Justinianic Roman law. Nevertheless, these contributions alone seem hardly able to justify the excitement the discovery caused. Instead, I think that the Verona Gaius discovery simply hit a chord in the literary and legal community much the same as did the discovery of the Rosetta Stone or of Schliemann’s Troy. Here was a monument of a great civilization brought newly to light and able to be read for the first time in millenia. And just as the Rosetta Stone helped to establish the modern discipline of Egyptology and Schliemann's discoveries assured the development of classical archaeology as a modern academic discipline, the discovery of the Verona Gaius added to the attraction Roman law held for scholars and for lawyers, even amongst those who were not Romanists by profession. Ancillary to this, the discovery and publication of the Gaius manuscript also added to the fame of the two principals involved in the discovery, Niebuhr and Savigny. What this meant in the English-speaking world is that even those who could not or did not wish to read Savigny's technical works knew of him as one of the discoverers of the Gaius text. This fame itself may well have helped in spreading Savigny's legal and philosophical ideas, for, I would suggest, the Gaius "connection" may well have disposed people to read other of Savigny's writings, unconnected to the Gaius, because they were already familiar with his name.Another example of an English-speaking promoter of Savigny is Luther Stearns Cushing, a noted Boston lawyer who lectured on Roman law at the Harvard Law School in 1848-49 and again in 1851- 1852.Cushing published his lectures at Boston in 1854 under the title An Introduction to the Study of Roman Law. He devoted a full chapter to a description of the historical school and to the controversy betweenSavigny and Thibaut over codification. While Cushing attempted to portray fairly the arguments of both sides, he left no doubt as to his preference for Savigny's approach:The labors of the historical school have established an entirely new and distinct era in the study of the Roman jurisprudence; and though these writers cannot be said to have thrown their predecessors into the shade, it seems to be generally admitted, that almost every branch of the Roman law has received some important modification at their hands, and that a knowledge of their writings, to some extent, at least, is essentially necessary to its acquisition.译文(一)萨维尼和他的英美信徒们*M·H·豪弗里奇弗雷德里奇·卡尔·冯·萨维尼出身贵族，是一位出色的法律改革家，也是一位倡导重建德国教授协会的拥护者，还是历史法学派的创建人之一。
本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译译文
本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译译文学生姓名：院（系）：油气资源学院专业班级：物探0502指导教师：完成日期：年月日地震驱动评价与发展：以玻利维亚冲积盆地的研究为例起止页码：1099——1108出版日期：NOVEMBER 2005THE LEADING EDGE出版单位：PanYAmericanYEnergyvBuenosYAiresvYArgentinaJPYBLANGYvYBPYExplorationvYHoustonvYUSAJ.C.YCORDOVAandYE.YMARTINEZvYChacoYS.A.vYSantaYCruzvYBolivia 通过整合多种地球物理地质技术，在玻利维亚冲积盆地，我们可以减少许多与白垩纪储集层勘探有关的地质技术风险。
通过对这些远景区进行成功钻探我们可以验证我们的解释。
这些方法包括盆地模拟，联井及地震叠前同时反演，岩石性质及地震属性解释，A VO/A V A,水平地震同相轴，光谱分解。
联合解释能够得到构造和沉积模式的微笑校正。
迄今为止，在新区有七口井已经进行了成功钻探。
基质和区域地质。
Tarija/Chaco盆地的subandean 褶皱和冲断带山麓的中部和南部，部分扩展到玻利维亚的Boomerange地区经历了集中的成功的开采。
许多深大的泥盆纪气田已经被发现，目前正在生产。
另外在山麓发现的规模较小较浅的天然气和凝析气田和大的油田进行价格竞争，如果他们能产出较快的油流而且成本低。
最近发现气田就是这种情况。
接下来，我们赋予Aguja的虚假名字就是为了讲述这些油田的成功例子。
图1 Aguja油田位于玻利维亚中部Chaco盆地的西北角。
基底构造图显示了Isarzama背斜的相对位置。
地层柱状图显示了主要的储集层和源岩。
该油田在Trija和冲积盆地附近的益背斜基底上，该背斜将油田和Ben i盆地分开（图1），圈闭类型是上盘背斜，它存在于连续冲断层上，Aguja有两个主要结构：Aguja中部和Aguja Norte,通过重要的转换压缩断层将较早开发的“Sur”油田分开Yantata Centro结构是一个三路闭合对低角度逆冲断层并伴随有小的摆幅。
如何进行本科毕业论文的外文翻译
如何进行本科毕业论文的外文翻译在本科毕业论文写作过程中，如果需要引用外文文献，对外文文献进行准确、流畅、准确的翻译是至关重要的。
接下来，将为大家介绍一些进行本科毕业论文外文翻译的方法和技巧。
一、理解外文文献的内容在进行外文翻译之前，首先需要对外文文献的内容进行充分的理解。
细致阅读外文文献，理解其中的专业术语和观点，了解作者的意图和论述结构。
只有对外文文献的内容有了深入理解，才能进行准确的翻译。
二、注意外文语言的特点不同语言有着不同的语法结构和表达习惯，所以在进行外文翻译时，需要注意外文语言的特点。
一方面，要尊重原文的语法和结构，避免过度汉化翻译。
另一方面，要注意翻译文句的通顺和流畅，保证翻译后的文句符合汉语的表达习惯。
三、使用合适的翻译工具在进行外文翻译时，可以借助一些翻译工具，如有道词典、谷歌翻译等。
这些工具可以帮助我们理解外文句子的大致意思，并提供一些词语的翻译参考。
但是，要注意翻译工具的局限性，不能完全依赖翻译工具进行翻译，需要结合自己的语言水平和专业知识进行校对和修正。
四、遵守学术规范在进行本科毕业论文外文翻译时，需要遵守学术规范。
首先，要保留原文的引用格式，包括作者、文章题目、期刊名称、出版年份等。
其次，要注意对外文翻译的准确性和完整性，不得刻意删除或改变原文的内容。
同时，在引用外文文献时，需要标明出处，以避免抄袭的问题。
五、请教专业人士如果在进行外文翻译时遇到困难或不确定的地方，可以请教专业人士进行指导和解答。
例如，可以咨询导师、专业翻译人员或语言教师的意见，获得他们的帮助和指导，以确保翻译的准确性和专业性。
六、多次校对和修改在完成外文翻译后，要进行多次的校对和修改，确保翻译的准确性和流畅性。
可以多次阅读翻译后的文稿，对比原文和翻译文稿，检查是否有错别字、语法错误或不准确的表达。
同时，可以请教他人对翻译进行审阅，听取他人的意见和建议，进行必要的修改和修正。
总之，在进行本科毕业论文外文翻译时，需要充分理解外文文献的内容，注意外文语言的特点，使用合适的翻译工具，遵守学术规范，请教专业人士，以及进行多次校对和修改。
本科毕业论文外文文献翻译
本科毕业论文外文文献翻译本科毕业论文外文文献翻译随着全球化的加速发展，外文文献在本科毕业论文中的重要性日益凸显。
外文文献翻译作为一种重要的研究方法，对于本科论文的撰写和论证具有重要的意义。
本文将探讨本科毕业论文外文文献翻译的意义、方法和技巧。
一、外文文献翻译的意义1. 拓宽研究视野：外文文献翻译可以让本科生接触到更广泛的学术研究成果，了解国际前沿的研究动态，拓宽研究视野，提高自身的学术素养。
2. 提高论文的质量：外文文献翻译可以为本科毕业论文提供更多的理论支持和实证研究，从而提高论文的质量和可信度。
3. 培养语言能力：外文文献翻译可以提高本科生的英语水平，培养语言能力，提高阅读和写作的能力。
二、外文文献翻译的方法1. 熟悉论文主题：在进行外文文献翻译之前，应该对本科毕业论文的主题进行深入了解，明确所需翻译的内容和重点。
2. 选择合适的文献：根据本科毕业论文的研究目标和需求，选择与主题相关、权威可信的外文文献进行翻译。
3. 精读和理解原文：在进行翻译之前，应该对原文进行仔细阅读和理解，确保对原文的意思有准确的理解。
4. 翻译和校对：根据理解的原文意思，进行翻译，并在翻译完成后进行校对，确保翻译的准确性和流畅性。
5. 结合上下文：在翻译过程中，应该结合上下文的语境，确保翻译的准确性和通顺性。
三、外文文献翻译的技巧1. 学会使用翻译工具：在进行外文文献翻译时，可以借助一些翻译工具，如谷歌翻译、有道翻译等，辅助翻译和理解。
2. 注重词汇的准确性：在翻译过程中，应该注重词汇的准确性，尽量选择与原文意思相符的词汇进行翻译。
3. 简化句子结构：在翻译过程中，可以适当简化句子结构，使翻译更加通顺和易懂。
4. 注意语法和语态：在进行外文文献翻译时，应该注意语法和语态的正确使用，避免语法错误和语态混乱。
5. 保持原文风格：在进行外文文献翻译时，应该尽量保持原文的风格和特点，使翻译更加贴近原文。
四、外文文献翻译的注意事项1. 避免机械翻译：在进行外文文献翻译时，应该尽量避免机械翻译，注重翻译的准确性和流畅性。
毕业论文外文翻译样例
1.Briefly on contractsThe law of contracts is concerned with the enforcement of promissory obligations. Contractual liability is usually based on consent freely given in the form of an express promise or one implied in fact from the acts of the parties. In some circumstances, however, the courts will imply a promise （often called implied in law or quasi contract）in order to avoid unjust enrichment in spite of lack of consent by the party who is bound by it。
The subject matter of contract law comprises capacity，formalities, offer and acceptance，consideration, fraud and mistake, legality, interpretation and construction, performance and conditions of performance，frustration and impossibility, discharge，rights of assignees and third party beneficiaries，and remedies。
It has, to a very considerable extent，preserved its unitary quality ，resisting fundamental distinctions between different classes of contracts according to either the subject of the agreement or the nature of the parties。
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本科毕业论文外文翻译外文译文题目：不确定条件下生产线平衡：鲁棒优化模型和最优解解法学院: 机械自动化专业: 工业工程学号: 201003166045学生姓名: 宋倩指导教师: 潘莉日期: 二○一四年五月Assembly line balancing under uncertainty: Robust optimization modelsand exact solution methodÖncü Hazır , Alexandre DolguiComputers & Industrial Engineering，2013，65：261–267不确定条件下生产线平衡：鲁棒优化模型和最优解解法安库·汉泽，亚历山大·多桂计算机与工业工程，2013，65：261–267摘要这项研究涉及在不确定条件下的生产线平衡，并提出两个鲁棒优化模型。
假设了不确定性区间运行的时间。
该方法提出了生成线设计方法，使其免受混乱的破坏。
基于分解的算法开发出来并与增强策略结合起来解决大规模优化实例。
该算法的效率已被测试，实验结果也已经发表。
本文的理论贡献在于文中提出的模型和基于分解的精确算法的开发。
另外，基于我们的算法设计出的基于不确定性整合的生产线的产出率会更高，因此也更具有实际意义。
此外，这是一个在装配线平衡问题上的开创性工作，并应该作为一个决策支持系统的基础。
关键字：装配线平衡；不确定性；鲁棒优化；组合优化；精确算法1.简介装配线就是包括一系列在车间中进行连续操作的生产系统。
零部件依次向下移动直到完工。
它们通常被使用在高效地生产大量地标准件的工业行业之中。
在这方面，建模和解决生产线平衡问题也鉴于工业对于效率的追求变得日益重要。
生产线平衡处理的是分配作业到工作站来优化一些预定义的目标函数。
那些定义操作顺序的优先关系都是要被考虑的，同时也要对能力或基于成本的目标函数进行优化。
就生产（绍尔，1999）产品型号的数量来说，装配线可分为三类：单一模型（SALBP），混合模型（MALBP）和多模式（MMALBP）。
在混合模型线和类似的生产流程中的同一产品的几个版本都需要他们。
凡生产流程有明显不同的生产线都需要计划并被称为多模型生产线。
从整体上对单一模型的装配线来说，对于一种均匀的产品的制造，就会有两个基本能力取向的问题：在给定一个所需的周期时间内最小化工作站的数量，所有这是由工作站时间的最大值（SALBP1）中所定义；或在给定的工作站数目下最小化周期时间（SALBP2）。
结合两种构想和优化工作站的数量和周期时间的效率问题(SALBP 2)，也经常被研究。
在现实生活中,装配过程中受到各种不确定性来源的影响,如操作时间的可变性、资源使用或可用性。
这些变化威胁到装配目标和避免它们造成的损失是至关重要的。
在这些资源中,操作时间的变化是重要的,特别是对于包含手动操作的生产线。
在大量变化的情况下,生产管理是昂贵的(生产线停工,工人的再分配,加班、短缺,等等)。
在这方面,本研究着重于预防这些成本的产生。
为此,我们制定了鲁棒SALBP-2。
在这个问题中,工作站被认为是预先确定的数量,因此变化影响生产周期和生产率。
开发一个算法来分配操作工作站,使其有可能在定义的最小周期内完成。
因此, 即使面对突发事件也能表现良好的更可靠的装配系统将会被设计出来。
我们强调,这项研究既有助于装配线设计的理论也有助于其实践。
从理论上讲,这是第一篇将鲁棒优化理念应用在模型上和避免在生产线产生中断的文章,。
此外,弯管机分解并不常用来解决平衡问题。
事实上,绝大多数的研究使用动态规划,分支界限法或启发式方法。
另一方面，在实践中，在汽车，机械和电子行业的不同公司可能受益我们的模型和算法从而建立可靠的装配生产线。
此外，我们的算法具有不需要综合历史数据或概率分布的优势；在许多行业中，以前的可靠的数据可能不能用来估计运行时间的概率分布，特别是对新的生产线来说。
本文的其余部分安排如下。
第2部分就相关问题和生产线平衡方法和模型的文献和对不确定性的规避做了总结。
第3.1节和3.2节分别叙述了确定性的数学模型和鲁棒问题。
为了解决争用问题，分解算法是在第4节表达，实验分析和计算结果在第5节，。
最后，第6节则给出了结论和未来研究的角度。
2.相关文献为了使SALBP-2最优，绍尔和克莱因（1996）提出了一个分支定界算法，而学士学位urdag等（1997）开发了近似算法。
Goksen和Agpak（2006）随后提出了一个多准则决策方法及制定了目标规划模型，U型线。
然而，Simaria和维拉里纽（2004）强调了混合模型，具体MALBP-2生产，并得出与遗传算法的近似解。
奥兹坎和Toklu（2009）提出了一个数学模型和模拟退火算法来平衡双面线路。
多桂等研究了一个生产线平衡不同的扩展和最低成本目标下合并设备的选择（2012）。
对所有问题的分类方案和代表性的论文通过百胜等人提出（2007年）。
我们也参考了读者舍尔和Becker（2006），百胜等人的调查和Battaia Dolgui（2013）其他有关问题和模型。
需要注意的是生产线平衡的研究论文的大部分假设所有数据的完全了解。
但是，在今天，为了达到输出目标对不确定性的来源保障机制的整合是至关重要的，。
为了这个目的，我们可以使用鲁棒优化，这是那些模型不确定性和影响的基础优化方法之一，正如随机规划，灵敏度分析，参数规划和模糊规划一样。
在这些方法中，随机规划被广泛应用，因为它是一个使用概率分布来描述不确定的数据的功能强大的建模系统。
它同样也被应用到生产线平衡，但我们再次强调，随机的方法只有在准确的概率描述下是适用的。
最近已经吸引了许多研究者关注的另一种替代方法是模糊规划。
它采用模糊数字和通过模糊集隶属函数，而不是随机变量的定义产生的约束。
隶属函数可能会允许一些约束违反和衡量约束补偿。
它也应用到生产线平衡。
敏感度分析或稳定性有所不同，因为它在本质上是反应性的，不适用于在建模阶段的不确定性。
Sotskov和Gurevsky等研究了解决生产线平衡问题的方案，并得出在加工时间的微小变化下保持最优的预先解决方案的充要条件。
他们进行了事后最优性分析，而我们在处理时间模型的可变性，并得出鲁棒问题的最优解（S）。
鲁棒优化考虑最坏情况下的绩效，并寻求那些在最坏的情况表现良好的解决方案。
最常见的鲁棒模型是最小最大化模型和极大极小遗憾模型。
该最小最大模型是在所有情况下最小化最高费用。
Kouvelis和Yu（1997）全面地讨论它们并将它们应用于宽范围组合优化问题之中。
最小最大后悔模型寻求最小化最大的遗憾，这就是解决方案的成本和在所有的情况中最优方案的差别。
他们常被用来模拟鲁棒版本的组合优化问题：比如最小生成树问题，一些生产线平衡问题。
最小最大化模型和极大极小遗憾方法是悲观的，所以他们可能在很多情况下表现不佳。
为了避免过度悲观，Bertsimas和Sim建议了一种限制不确定的方法，该方法中在所有系数子集得到他们的上界值。
使用这种限制不确定性的方法，Hazir 得出多模式项目调度的优化模型。
其在生产线平衡中的应用都是十分新的。
Al-e hashem 提出了一个混合模型生产线（MMALBP ）的构想。
Gurevsky （2012年）制定了鲁棒SALBP-1，并提出了分支定界求解算法。
近日，纳扎里安及高（2013年）调查了决策制定者的保守程度与生产线设计之间的关系；不同的是，他们把研究重点放在车间的非生产时间的分析。
3.问题与模型3.1确定性的单一模型假设一个有K 个生产工作地和N 项操作的生产系统，它的目标是在最大化工作地数（工作地总操作时间，方程（3））前提下的最小化周期时间（方程（1）），一个工作地被分配给每个操作（方程（2））和不能突破优先约束（方程（4））:Min C （1） 服从于∑∈=jk jk1SI Xfor j=1，…，n （2）∑∈≤kM j jkjC t Xfor k=1，…，K （3）∑∑∈∈≤iJk SI k jkikkXk SI X A ∈∀），（j i j i ES LS ≥ （4）}{10jk ，∈X for j=1，…，n jk SI ∈ （5） 在上述配方中，二元决策变量jk X 分配操作j 站到k （式（5））。
图G =（N ，A ），其中N 为节点集和A ⊆ N ⨯N 是一组弧，操作的是模型的优先级关系。
此外，以下参数是必需的，以消除多余的优先级约束：在操作j 可以被执行（ES j 和LS j ）的最早和最晚工作站，工作站区间（SIj=[ESj ，LSj ]）和设置操作分配到台站k （M k = {j: k ∈SI j }）。
⎥⎥⎥⎤⎢⎢⎢⎡+=-∈∑C ES P /t t *j l l j j ）（ j LS =K+1-⎥⎥⎥⎤⎢⎢⎢⎡+-∈∑C F /t t *j l l j ）（ 值得注意的是，本文这些参数的设定需要定义一系列前提条件（*j *j F P 和）和设定周期时间-C 的上限我们使用两个鲁棒优化模型和现在的精确解算法制定了鲁棒SALBP-2（RSALBP-2）。
3.2鲁棒SALBP-2（RSALBP-2）。
在本节中，我们提出一个考虑操作时间变化的模型。
当考虑到变化时，时间周期不可避免地会比不考虑变化的确定性解决方案要长，。
然而，在这一点我们的主要目的是保持尽可能小的增加。
接下来，我们指出如下的鲁棒方法：考虑到操作时间的区间不确定性，不确定的时间由j ~t 定义，可以在其标准值和上限值之间取值，也就是j ~t ⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡∈—，j j t t ，j=1，…，n 。
假定标准值tj 是逼近时间，以此降低观察到较低涨幅的可能性。
这样看来，随着误差的增加，操作j 面临的风险也可能增加了。
我们第一个问题的解决借用了Bertsimas 和Sim (2003)的方法，而第二个问题则遵循了一种新的方法。
应该注意到的是，RSALBP-2问题的两个版本都是非确定性难题，因为作为因为一种特殊情况的SALBP-2也是非确定性困难问题。
3.2.1问题1在这个问题中，只有操作Γ分配给有变化的工作地。
当Γ= 0时，操作时间的变化所带来的后果被忽略，并且确定性问题标准时间值（SALBP-2）被获得。
相比之下，这个参数的高值表明风险规避行为。
极端的情况下成为一个极大极小优化问题。
这个鲁棒版本的组成如下：MinC （6）服从于C M ≤+∑∈）（x g xt k jkj jkk=1，…，K （7） 和方程（2），（4），（5）{0,1}}u u u x d a x {x g jk j jk M j jk jk j k kk∈∈∈Γ≤=∑∑，：）（M M （8）在这个模型中,）（x g k 定义了每个工作站的最大时间偏差k 。