中山大学3062眼科学2019年考博真题考博试卷
中山大学妇产科学2019年考博真题试卷
2.子宫肌瘤用
3.gnrh指证
4.胎儿非整倍体产前筛查
四、论述题
1.子宫内膜异位症合并不孕的因素
2.葡萄胎后滋养细胞疾病的诊断
3.子闲前期的预测和预防
五、病例分析题
停经51天hcg6000多，b超提示宫外孕，双侧卵巢囊肿，后手术，术中没看见异常，只剥了右侧囊肿，术后查hcg 10000,mtx保守治疗，复查hcg23333，查b超提示右侧附件宫外孕约7周，胚胎存活，问诊断鉴别诊断，治疗方案？
中山大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中山大学
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：妇产科学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、选择题（30个）
二、名词解释
1.席汉综合征
2.前置胎盘/植入
3.绝经过ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้期
4.TORCH综合症
5.卵泡募集
三、简答题
中山大学病理生理学2015--2019年考博真题
1.Cell signal transduction
2.Hepatic insufficiency
3.paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
4.hypovolemic shock
二、简答题
1.试述应激时下丘脑垂体-肾上腺皮质体统对机体的影响。
2.试述休克和DIC的关系。
4、myocardial stunning
二、问答题（20分*4题=80分）
1.肝性脑病相关的神经递质种类及其导致肝性脑病的机制。
2.长期高血压引起心脏衰竭的发病机制。
3.全身适应性综合征各期的神经内分泌变化及其生理效应。
4.试述细胞信号转导异常引起霍乱的机制。
中山大学
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
4.热休克蛋白
5.APC抵抗
二、论述题
1.氨在肝性脑病中对神经递质的影像。
2.慢性肾脏病合并高血压的机制。
3.代谢性酸中毒对循环系统的影像。
4.休克早起（代偿期）微循环的特点及其机制，以及对心脏、肾脏、脑功能的影像。
中山大学
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理生理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（每题5分，共20分）
1.renal osteodystrophy
2.hepatic encephalopathy
3.recessive edema
4.non-reflow phenomenon
二、简答题（每题20分，共80分）
1.心衰代偿反应时血容量增加的机制及对机体的意义。
2.DIC引起出血的机制。
3.ARDS患者为什么常出现I型呼吸衰竭。
中山大学2042生物化学2019年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生学考试试题
考试科目：2042生物化学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释
第1页 共1页
1. PC 2. 模体 3. Kin of 酶 cy 4. TCGA 5. transma 6. Gpcr 7. Emsa 8. Sh2结构域 9. mrna编辑 10. The cancer genome altas 二、简答题 1. 红细胞氧化还原机制 2. 阻塞性黄疸，尿胆素尿胆原减少、尿胆红素升高 3. 生即化，化即生，生化即化生，新后陈，陈后新，新陈恒代谢含义 4. 细胞焦亡，列举2条信号通路 5. X染色体，上调不影响，下调表达减少，敲除细胞死亡，试述突变对其影响 6. 断裂基因，意义 三、论述题 1. 为什么说地中海贫血的患者是有患者死亡，但他却使所有人免受疟疾？ 2. DNA中有很多回文序列和发夹结构？他们的生物学特征是什么。举3个例子并说明他们的生物学
作用。 3. HPV2008年获得诺贝尔奖。请论述HPV导致宫颈癌的发病机制。 4. 真核生物的基因表达调控是怎样的。请分层叙述。
第1页 共1页
医学考博2019真题
Listening ：无Vocabulary ：Section A31. According to the Geneva ______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. Routines 32. Environmental officials insist that something be done to ______acid rain.A. curbB. sueC. detoxifyD. condemn33. It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, and itwill not be a long process.A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. principallyD. approximately34. Diabetes is one of the most______ and potentially dangerous disease in the world.A. crucialB. virulentC. colossalD. prevalent35. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medicalhelp to ______the problem.A. affiliateB. alleviateC. aggravateD. accelerate36. How is it possible that such______ deception has come to take place right underour noses?A. obviousB. significantC. necessaryD. widespread37. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from______on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD. contamination38. Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have ______effects onbones.A. adverseB. prevalentC. instantD. purposeful39. Generally, vaccine makers _____ the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a processthat can take four to six months.A. penetrateB. designateC. generateD. exaggerate40. We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly by giving ______to our anger.A. ventB. impulseC. temperD. offenceSection B41. The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A. improvedB. returnedC. deterioratedD. changed42. Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at nightwhen it ’s lit up.A. decoratedB. illustratedC. illuminatedD. entertained43. Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problemof traffic congestion.A. amelioratedB. aggregatedC. deterioratedD. duplicated44. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing oneappropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countable45. The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understandswhy.A. deficitB. deviationC. draw backD. discrepancy46. He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A. successorB. replacementC. surrogateD. choice47. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number ofindustrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices,and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A. ancientB. carefullyC. very largeD. carefully protected48. When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overlydependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.A. extremelyB. exclusivelyC. exactlyD. explicitly49. The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array ofemergency room of doctors and nurses.A. preoccupiedB. unwaryC. watchfulD. dozing50. The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-preventiontechniques that hiscolleagues accused him of inconsistency.A. waveredB. instigatedC. experimentedD. reliedClozeWe spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social 51 —it helpsus understand a person ’emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adults avoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have knownfar 52 about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska, assistant professor of psychologyat the University of California, Riverside, we now, know that anxious children tend toavoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The53 and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to beafraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study, “Anxiety Sympand Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Leaming”w,as published in the journal TheJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry."Looking at someone ’s eyes helps us understand whether a person is feeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respondand what to do next. But, we know much less about eye patterns in children —so,understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of sociallearning, ”Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchersshowed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old,images of two women ’s faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped withan eye tracking device that allowed them to measure54 on the screen children werelooking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown each of the twowomen a total of four times. Next, one of the images was55 with a loud scream anda fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children saw both facesagain without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1. All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired withthe loud scream t han the face that was not paired with the scream, 56 they payattention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2. Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they wereof the faces.3. The more children avoided eye conta；cthe more afraid they were 57 the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of aface when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay moreattention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about thesituation and plan what to do next.However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads togreater 58 experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety59 , the study finds that — over time — children may be m i s s6i n0g_ o i m u p t ortantsocial information. This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary,and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more54. A. where B. when C. how D. what55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested57. A. to B. of C.at D. about58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry59. A. in the long run B. for a long timeC. in the short timeD. in a long time60. A. with B. without C. of D. onReading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parentsduring the sensitive “attachment p”e riod from birth to three may scar a child ’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby' s work that children shouldnot be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separationit entails, and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under threewho is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modem societies that comparisonsbased on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that theinsulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does notusually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as theNgoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone —far from i Certainty, Bowlby ’s analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayedeffects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statisticalstudies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the resultswould certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children hadproblems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, t here have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children ’s development.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effectsdifficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parentsand show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children findthe transition to nursery eas，yand this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experienceand available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.61. According to the passage, the consequence of parental separation________.A. still needs more statistical studiesB. has been found negative is more seriousC. is obviousD. in modem times62. The author thinks that John Bowlby ’s concern___________.A. is relevant and justifiableB. is too strong to RelieveC. is utterly groundlessD. has something that deserve our attention63. What ’s the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A. The children ’s unhappiness and protest was due to the day care the children received.B. The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C. The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children ’s development.D. Early care was reasonable for babies since it ’p sracti c ed by so many peoplenowadays.64. According to the passage, which of the following is probably a reason forparents to send their children under three to day care?A. They don ’t know about day care ’s negative effect.B. They are too busy to care fortheir children.C. They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D. They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65. What ’s the author ’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion fromBowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age ofthree?A. He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's proposition is well-grounded.B. He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C. He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needsfurther study.D. He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory in themselves.Passage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increasebetween one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animalhabitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the risein temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant andmarine life and economic activity in Canada’N sort h are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississaugawho is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem alongthe Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice inthe region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oiland gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of thecountry home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research hasalready found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing animportant change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（淳游植物） is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Manyanimals time their annual migration to the Arctic forwhen food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. " ' Animals' behaviorcan evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of adecade, r ather than hundreds of years, ”says Moore, " Animals can't change theirbehavior that quickly. ”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in theregion, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resourceextraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will helpgovernment, industry and communities make decisions about resource management,economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study — which involves Canadian, American and Europeanresearchersand government agencies will also use a novel technology to gatheratmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a largeresearch aircraft，and they ’re easier to deploy, ” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with pilotedaircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will ______.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67. To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicatedby the passage, the international study ______.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC. involves so many countries for different investigationsD. is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he ways, “Animals can ’t change their behavior that quickly, ”what doesMoore mean by that quickly?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D. The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in theArctic______.A. becomes more difficult than ever beforeB. is likely to build a novel economy in the regionC. will surely lower the average world temperatureD. needs the research-based supporting information70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will _______.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB. get more data to be required for their researchC. use more novel technologies in researchD. conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby ’s liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in theJournal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormonelevels and impaired liver development. Thestudy findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day ormore in women, which is approximately 2 to 3 cups coffee per day, can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animalstudies have further suggestedthat prenatalcaffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liverdevelopment with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, adebilitating condition normally associated w ith obesity and diabetes. However, theunderlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver developmentremains poorly understood. A better understanding of how caffeine mediates theseeffects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study, Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China,investigated the effects of low (equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee) and high dose(equivalent of 6-9 cups of coffee) caffeine, given to pregnant rats, on liver function andhormone levels of their offspring. Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of the liver hormone, insulin likegrowth factor (IGF-1), and higher levels of thestress hormone, corticosteroid at birth. However, liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up' phase, characterised by increased levels of IGF-1, which is important for growth.Dr. Yinxian Wen, study co-author, says, “Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother, which inhibits IGF-1 activityfor liver development before birth. However, compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normalliver function, as IGF-1 activity increasesand stress hormone signalling decreases. The increased risk of fatty liver disease causedby prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced,compensatory postnatal IGF-1 activity. ”These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lowerbirth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our currentunderstanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest thepotential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future. However, theseanimal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr. Wen comments, "Our work suggeststhat prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findingsstill need to be confirmed in people, I wouldrecommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71. Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats givencaffeine?A. Lower birth weight.B. Smaller stress.C. Liver development problem.D. Growth problem.72. If a pregnant woman takes 3 cups of coffee, what will probably happen?A. Her weight will get lower and lower.B. The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C. She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.D. Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.73. Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A. A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has beenachieved.B. 4-5 cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C. Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D. The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74. What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development whentaking in prenatal caffeine?A. Lower stress hormone, lower birth weight before birth.B. Higher stress hormone, lower growth hormone before birth.C. Higher stress hormone, more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D. Lower stress hormone, less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75. What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A. The research hasn ’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B. The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C. Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D. We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the healthPassage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers.Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, composemusic, walk through plate-glass windows, and commit murder in their sleepHow many of these stories have a basis in fact, and how many are pure fakery?No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrelof salt, others are a matter of record.In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen combed a waterfrontneighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours lateron a strange sofa in a strange living room, with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep.And the great French writer V oltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed,dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and went backto bed.At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting upin the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. He would take a swim and then go back tohis room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, PanditRamrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that hehad left his bed. Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer. The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep. The farmer,in his sleep, visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker.He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago. He is said toknow more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five yearshad lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he, "Of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers becauseI have read about them in the newspapers. B ut none of mysleepers ever walked, and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, Idoubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of thosedramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. Itlends itself to controversy and misconceptions, what is certain about sleepwalking isthat it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is muchmore common than is generally supposed.Some have estimated that there are fourmillion somnambulists in the United States. Others set the figure even higher. Manysleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record, which means that anaccurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vividdream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, o r some otheremotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare ’L asdy Macbeth. Hernightly wanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, “The eyes are open but their sense is shut. ”The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep. Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Macbeth, he has weightyproblems on his mind. Dr. Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says, “Some people stay awake all night worrying about t heir problems. The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in the sensory area." In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things, but he does not think about what he is doing.76. The second sentence in the second paragraph means that_________.A. no one knows, but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB. the sleepwalking stories are like salt adding flavor to people ’s lifeC. sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD. the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions, yet there are stilltruthfully recorded stories77. ________was supposed to be the world's champion sleepwalker.A. The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB. The man danced a minuet in his sleepC. The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD. The boy walked five hours in his sleep78. Sleepwalking is the result of ______ according to the passage.A. emotional disorderB. a vivid dreamC. lack of sleep and great anxietyD. insanity79. Dr. Zeida Teplitz seemed to_________.A. agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB. conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC. disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD. think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80. The writer makes it obvious that_________.A. sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB. most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC. it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD. sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identifiedtwo sources of psychic energy, which he called "drives ”: aggression and libido. The keto his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without themediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams.The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplaythe role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processesinconscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud s drives really do exist,and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operatesmostly below the horizon of consciousness.Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modem suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress,lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers.Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of theforebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, aneurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a placenear the cortex known as the ventraltegmental area, which in humans lies just abovethe hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, theanimal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something.Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matterany other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a generaldesire for something new. “What I was seeing, ” he says, “was the urge to do stuff.Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that soundsvery much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seekpleasure in the world of objects, ” says Solms. "Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically. ” Solms studied the same region of the brain forhis work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takesplace during a particular form of sleep known as REM — rapid eye movement — whichis associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. WhenSolms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the “”s e e m k i o n t g i o n. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libid—o which is just what Freud had believed.Freud's psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it alsohappensto be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience,meaningful theory of the mind. “Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin,who lived before the discovery of genes, ” says Panksepp. “Freud gave us a vision ofmental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it. ” Perhaps it ’sof proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.。
中山大学2042生物化学2019年考博真题试卷
三、论述题
1.为什么说地中海贫血的患者是有患者序列和发夹结构？他们的生物学特征是什么。举3个例子并说明他们的生物学作用。
3.HPV2008年获得诺贝尔奖。请论述HPV导致宫颈癌的发病机制。
4.真核生物的基因表达调控是怎样的。请分层叙述。
中山大学医学院
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中山大学
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：2042生物化学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
1.PC
2.模体
3.Kin of酶cy
4.TCGA
5.transma
6.Gpcr
7.Emsa
8.Sh2结构域
9.mrna编辑
10.The cancer genome altas
二、简答题
1.红细胞氧化还原机制
2.阻塞性黄疸，尿胆素尿胆原减少、尿胆红素升高
3.生即化，化即生，生化即化生，新后陈，陈后新，新陈恒代谢含义
4.细胞焦亡，列举2条信号通路
5.X染色体，上调不影响，下调表达减少，敲除细胞死亡，试述突变对其影响
中山大学内科学(心血管)2019年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
பைடு நூலகம்中山大学
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（心血管）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
必答题：每题10分
1肺栓塞临床分型
2干燥综合征腺体外表现
3肠结核和克罗恩的鉴别要点
4抗甲状腺药物使用疗程
5 70岁老年男性晕厥，作为管床医生1.需要评估的内容。2需要进行的检查（从最重要的开始）
6嗜酸性粒细胞增多症，列举继发性升高的原因。
7肾性贫血的机制。
专业题——心血管内科：30分
心内专业病例分析一份心悸时心电图（房颤）一份缓解时心电图（窦缓）一份动态（窦性停搏）综合以上出一份心电图报告。初步诊断进一步诊断及治疗方案（从最重要的开始）
病例分析，也是晕厥，还伴有心衰和冠心病给了三张心电图，分别是房颤、房速、窦缓，然后让写心电图诊断、临床诊断以及进一步诊疗计划。总之是一个综合了冠心病、心律失常和心力衰竭这三个大章节的一道题目，综合性很强
中山大学外科学(心脏与大血管外)2019年考博真题
5.男，65岁，因“进行性吞咽困难1个月”，门诊胃镜检查提示“食管肿物”入院。查体：神志清，对答切题，缺水貌，心肺检查无异常，腹部膨隆，肠鸣音消失，四肢肌力减弱，腱反射减退。血钾30mmol/L，请回答：病人可能存在哪种酸碱平衡失调？入院检查尿液pH为4.5，请解释原因。（7’）
6. ERAS的英文和中文全称是什么？ERAS带来的益处包括哪些？（7’）
7.请简述乳腺癌前哨淋巴结的定义、临床意义和定位方法。（7’）
8.简述外科感染抗菌药பைடு நூலகம்合用药的指征。（7’）
9. TIPS手术的中英文全称是什么？简述其操作过程及主要适应症。（7’）
10.儿童跌倒后，肘部肿痛、畸形，肘关节活动障碍，临床上如何鉴别肱骨髁上骨折还是肘关节脱位？（7’）
11.试述急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎的治疗原则及具体治疗措施。（10’）
心脏与大血管外科（20’）：
12.请述三尖瓣闭锁的（Tandom/Edwards）分型。（10’）
13请述冠状动脉搭桥手术适应症及禁忌症。（10’）
考
博
真
题
中山大学
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（心脏与大血管外）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
公共课简答题（80’）：
1.简述破伤风的临床表现。（7’）
2.试述腹部外伤的手术探查指征。（7’）
3.根据哪些临床表现，急性阑尾炎临床诊断可以成立？（7’）
中山大学口腔正畸学2013,2019年考博真题
4、减少临床牙根吸收的措施
5、乳牙合终末平面类型及意义
三、论述题
1、以安氏三类为例，论述颅合面代偿性生长机制及意义
2、合架模型的建立及意义
3、正常合的六个关键及意义
中山大学
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：口腔正畸学
注意：所有答案一律题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中山大学
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：口腔正畸学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（英文）：
1、第三序列弯曲
2、颞下颌关节角
3、Bolton指数
二、简答题
1、开合的病因
2、隐形矫治的适应症
医学历年考博真题总结
国家医学考试中心2005年病理学（博士全国统考题）一、简答题（20）：1.肿瘤的定义，肿瘤与反应性增生的区别和联系。
2.乙性脑炎的镜下病理改变。
3.乳头状甲状腺癌的病理特点。
4.列举导致心、肺、肠、脑等坏死的疾病，及坏死类型。
二、论述题（40）：1.举例五种肉芽肿性疾病，病理特点及具有诊断价值的病理改变。
2.原发性肺结核的病变特点、病理变化过程、预后。
3.病例分析：一个典型的慢性支气管炎--肺气肿--肺心病--合并上呼吸道感染--右心衰的病变过程，病理变化与临床表现的联系。
4.多在半年内可痊愈的肝炎，问其属于哪一型肝炎？结合病理特点，分析为何可在半年内痊愈？协和医科大学2005年血液内科（博士）协和医科大学2005年血液内科（博士）一、名词解释（30分）：APS、WAS、PRCA、HES、ALIP、LGLL、VOD、PV、TPO、MALT二、填空（？分记不清了）1.已发现与遗传性出血性毛细血管扩张症相关的基因有（）（）（）（）。
2.WHO将MDS分为（）（）（）（）（）（）（）七类。
3.先天性再生障碍性贫血包括（）（）（）。
4.遗传球主要的分子病变涉及（）（）（）（）。
5.EPO在胚胎期由（）合成，成体则主要由（）合成。
6.WHO关于伴有重现性细胞遗传学异常的AML分类为（）（）（）（）。
7.国际多发性骨髓瘤工作组在MM新的分期标准中采用的两项客观指标为（）（）。
8.国际组织细胞协会将langerhans细胞组织细胞增多症分为单系统疾病和多系统疾病。
其中单系统疾病中的单部位型有（）（）（），多部位型有（）（）。
9.诊断幼年型粒单细胞白血病的最低实验室标准有（）（）（）。
10.MYH-9相关性疾病包括（）（）（）（）（）。
11.VitK依赖的凝/抗凝因子包括（）（）（）（）（）（）（）。
12.Gaucher病分为（）（）（），Nieman-Pick病A/B型为（）缺乏所致，C型为（）缺乏所致。
13.Downey将传单患者异型淋巴分为（）（）（）。
医学考博2019真题
Listening：无Vocabulary：Section A31. According to the Geneva ______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. Routines32. Environmental officials insist that something be done to ______acid rain.A. curbB. sueC. detoxifyD. condemn33. It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, and it will not be a long process.A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. principallyD. approximately34. Diabetes is one of the most______ and potentially dangerous disease in the world.A. crucialB. virulentC. colossalD. prevalent35. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical help to ______the problem.A. affiliateB. alleviateC. aggravateD. accelerate36. How is it possible that such______ deception has come to take place right under our noses?A. obviousB. significantC. necessaryD. widespread37. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from ______on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD. contamination38. Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have ______effects on bones.A. adverseB. prevalentC. instantD. purposeful39. Generally, vaccine makers _____ the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can take four to six months.A. penetrateB. designateC. generateD. exaggerate40. We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly by giving ______ to our anger.A. ventB. impulseC. temperD. offenceSection B41. The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A. improvedB. returnedC. deterioratedD. changed42. Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at night when it’s lit up.A. decoratedB. illustratedC. illuminatedD. entertained43. Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of traffic congestion.A. amelioratedB. aggregatedC. deterioratedD. duplicated44. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countable45. The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understands why.A. deficitB. deviationC. draw backD. discrepancy46. He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A. successorB. replacementC. surrogateD. choice47. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A. ancientB. carefullyC. very largeD. carefully protected48. When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overly dependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.A. extremelyB. exclusivelyC. exactlyD. explicitly49. The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array of emergency room of doctors and nurses.A. preoccupiedB. unwaryC. watchfulD. dozing50. The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-prevention techniques that his colleagues accused him of inconsistency.A. waveredB. instigatedC. experimentedD. reliedClozeWe spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social 51 —it helps us understand a person’ emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adults avoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have known far 52 about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska, assistant professor of psychology at the University of California, Riverside, we now, know that anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The 53 and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to be afraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study, “Anxiety Symptoms and Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Leaming”, was published in the journal The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry."Looking at someone’s eyes helps us understand whether a person is feeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respond and what to do next. But, we know much less about eye patterns in children—so, understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of social learning,” Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchers showed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old, images of two women’s faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped with an eye tracking device that allowed them to measure 54 on the screen children were looking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown each of the two women a total of four times. Next, one of the images was 55 with a loud scream and a fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children sawboth faces again without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1. All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired with the loud scream than the face that was not paired with the scream, 56 they pay attention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2. Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they were of the faces.3. The more children avoided eye contact；the more afraid they were 57 the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of a face when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay more attention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about the situation and plan what to do next.However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads to greater 58 experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety 59 , the study finds that—over time—children may be missing out 60_ important social information. This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary, and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more54. A. where B. when C. how D. what55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested57. A. to B. of C.at D. about58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry59. A. in the long run B. for a long timeC. in the short timeD. in a long time60. A. with B. without C. of D. onReading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment” p eriod from birth to three may sca r a child’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby' s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under three who is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modem societies that comparisons based on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does notusually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone—far from it.Certainty, Bowlby’s analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on childre n’s development.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy，and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.61. According to the passage, the consequence of parental separation________.A. still needs more statistical studiesB. has been found negative is more seriousC. is obviousD. in modem times62. The author thinks that John Bowlby’s concern___________.A. is relevant and justifiableB. is too strong to RelieveC. is utterly groundlessD. has something that deserve our attention63. What’s the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A. The children’s unhappiness and protest was due to the day car e the children received.B. The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C. The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children’s development.D. Early care was reasonable for babies since it’s practiced by so many people nowadays.64. According to the passage, which of the following is probably a reason for parents to send their children under three to day care?A. They don’t know about day care’s negative effect.B. They are too busy to care for their children.C. They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D. They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65. What’s the author’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three?A. He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's proposition is well-grounded.B. He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C. He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needs further study.D. He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory in themselves. Passage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animal habitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant and marine life and economi c activity in Canada’s North are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research hasalready found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（淳游植物）is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. " ' Animals' behavior can evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade, rather than hundreds of year s, ” says Moore, " Animals can't change their behavior that quickly. ”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resource extraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will help government, industry and communities make decisions about resource management, economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian, American and European researchers and government agencies will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft，and they’re easier to deploy,” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will ______.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67.To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicated by the passage, the international study ______.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC. involves so many countries for different investigationsD.is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he ways, “Animals can’t change their behavior that quickly,” what does Moore mean by that quickly?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D.The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in the Arctic______.A. becomes more difficult than ever beforeB. is likely to build a novel economy in the regionC. will surely lower the average world temperatureD. needs the research-based supporting information70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will _______.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB. get more data to be required for their researchC. use more novel technologies in researchD. conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby’s liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in the Journal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormone levels and impaired liver development. The study findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day or more in women, which is approximately 2 to 3 cups coffee per day, can result in lowerbirth weights of their children. Animal studies have further suggested that prenatal caffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liver development with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a debilitating condition normally associated with obesity and diabetes. However, the underlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver development remains poorly understood. A better understanding of how caffeine mediates these effects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study, Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China, investigated the effects of low (equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee) and high dose (equivalent of 6-9 cups of coffee) caffeine, given to pregnant rats, on liver function and hormone levels of their offspring. Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of the liver hormone, insulin like growth factor (IGF-1), and higher levels of the stress hormone, corticosteroid at birth. However, liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up' phase, characterised by increased levels of IGF-1, which is important for growth.Dr. Yinxian Wen, study co-author, says, “Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother, which inhibits IGF-1 activity for liver development before birth. However, compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normal liver function, as IGF-1 activity increases and stress hormone signalling decreases. The increased risk of fatty liver disease caused by prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced, compensatory postnatal IGF-1 activity. ”These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lower birth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our current understanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest the potential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future. However, these animal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr. Wen comments, "Our work suggests that prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findings still need to be confirmed in people, I would recommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71. Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats given caffeine?A. Lower birth weight.B. Smaller stress.C. Liver development problem.D. Growth problem.72. If a pregnant woman takes 3 cups of coffee, what will probably happen?A. Her weight will get lower and lower.B. The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C. She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.D. Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.73. Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A. A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has been achieved.B. 4-5 cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C. Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D. The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74. What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development when taking in prenatal caffeine?A. Lower stress hormone, lower birth weight before birth.B. Higher stress hormone, lower growth hormone before birth.C. Higher stress hormone, more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D. Lower stress hormone, less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75. What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A. The r esearch hasn’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B. The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C. Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D. We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the health Passage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers. Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, compose music, walk through plate-glass windows, and commit murder in their sleepHow many of these stories have a basis in fact, and how many are pure fakery? No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrel of salt, others are a matter of record.In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen combed a waterfront neighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours later on a strange sofa in a strange living room, with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep. And the great French writer V oltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed, dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and went back to bed.At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting up in the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. He would take a swim and then go back to his room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, Pandit Ramrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that he had left his bed. Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer. The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep. The farmer, in his sleep, visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen asleepwalker. He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago. He is said to know more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five years had lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he, "Of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers because I have read about them in the newspapers. But none of my sleepers ever walked, and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, I doubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of those dramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. It lends itself to controversy and misconceptions, what is certain about sleepwalking is that it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is much more common than is generally supposed. Some have estimated that there are four million somnambulists in the United States. Others set the figure even higher. Many sleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record, which means that an accurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vivid dream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, or some other emotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare’s Lady Macbeth. Her nightly wanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, “The eyes are open but their sense is shut.”The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep. Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Macbeth, he has weighty problems on his mind. Dr. Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says, “So me people stay awake all night worrying about their problems. The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in the sensory area." In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things, but he does not think about what he is doing.76. The second sentence in the second paragraph means that_________.A. no one knows, but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB. the sleepwalking stories are lik e salt adding flavor to people’s lifeC. sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD. the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions, yet there are still truthfully recorded stories77. ________was supposed to be the world's champion sleepwalker.A. The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB. The man danced a minuet in his sleepC. The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD. The boy walked five hours in his sleep78. Sleepwalking is the result of ______ according to the passage.A. emotional disorderB. a vivid dreamC. lack of sleep and great anxietyD. insanity79. Dr. Zeida Teplitz seemed to_________.A. agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB. conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC. disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD. think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80. The writer makes it obvious that_________.A. sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB. most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC. it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD. sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identified two sources of psychic e nergy, which he called "drives”: aggression and libido. The key to his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without the mediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams. The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplay the role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processes in conscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud s drives really do exist, and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operates mostly below the horizon of consciousness. Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modem suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress, lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers. Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of the forebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, a neurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a place near the cortex known as the ventraltegmental area, which in humans lies just above the hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, the animal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something. Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matter any other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a general desire for some thing new. “What I was seeing,”he says, “was the urge to do stuff. ” Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that sounds very much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seek pleasure in the world of objects,” says Solms. "Panksep p discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically.” Solms studied the same region of the brain for his work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takes place during a particular form of sleep known as REM—rapid eye movement—which is associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. When Solms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key。
中山大学外科学(移植外科)2008,2010,2017,2019年考博真题
考试科目：外科学（移植外科） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
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中山大学
2010年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：移植外科 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、 所有外科考生必答题（80’） 1. 在手术切口铺无菌巾或者贴无菌敷料的目的？ 2. 肱骨髁上骨折的分型及并发症？ 3. 儿茶酚胺症的原因及临床表现？ 4. 若病人体液急性丧失达体重的5%，有何临床表现？ 5. 心脏疾病可增加病人术后死亡的风险，Goldman指数哪两项得分最高？ 6. 临床诊疗过程中如何预防潜在的HIV感染？ 7. SIRS的中英文全名及诊断的临床指标？ 8. 伤口按表现不同如何分类？手术切口愈合如何分级？试举例说明。 9. Crohn disease 外科治疗适应症及手术原则？ 10. 下肢深静脉血栓非手术治疗方法？ 11. PEG中英文全称及适应症？ 12. 如何评价目前外科治疗甲状腺功能亢进症？
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二、 选答题（20’） 移植外科 1. 肝移植术后发生中远期肾功能不全及肾衰竭的相关因素，如何处理？（10’） 2. 肾移植术后外科并发症及内科远期并发症。（10’）
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中山大学
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：移植外科 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 1. 什么是营养评价？ 2. 那些乳腺癌病人需要切除乳房。 3. 最常见的功能性胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤及其临床表现。 4. Mallary-Weiss syndrome是什么，常见病因和临床表现。 5. 内痔的分度。 6. 结肠损伤一期修复的禁忌症。 7. .双侧甲状腺次全切除术后，出现呼吸困难的原因，紧急处理措施。 8. 腹部外伤急诊患者，中心静脉压正常，血压下降，如何用简单的方法判断
中山大学生理学2004,2013,2015,2018--2019年考博真题
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷医学考博历年真题试卷中山大学医学院2004年生理学（博士）一、名词解释1、肺活量2、牵张反射3、应急反应4、行波理论5、基础代谢二、问答题1、生理性止血过程2、心脏泵功能的调节3、肺表面活性物质的作用及意义4、胰液分泌的调节5、抗利尿激素的分泌与调节6、兴奋性和抑制性突触后电位比较及其意义7、比较神经肌肉接头传递与突触传递的特点2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：生理学注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、简答题1.神经元与神经元的作用方式2.感觉器官的生理特点3.特异投射和非特异性投射的异同点4.醛固酮的生理作用和分泌的调节5.动作电位的形成机制和特点二、论述题1.什么是肌肉神经偶联？及其过程？2.缺氧和二氧化碳积储对呼气运动的作用及其机制？3.自律细胞自律性的影响因素及机制？2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：生理学注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、简答题（4×10=40分）1.阈值和阈电位对兴奋性的影响？2.影响心肌细胞传导性的因素？3.CO中毒对呼吸系统的影响及机制？4. 肺泡表面活性物质的生理作用？二、论述题（3×20=60分）1.胰液的成分，生理作用及其分泌的调节？2.肝脏失血1000毫升对尿量的影响及机制？3.在动物上，下丘之间横断脑干会出现什么现象，分析其机制？2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：生理学注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、简答题1.Rh血型系统的特点以及临床意义。
2胃酸的生理作用。
3皮质肾单位和髓质肾单位的结构和功能差异。
4什么是蜗音器微电位，以及他的特点。
5.什么是肌牵拉反射？有哪些类型？有何意义？二、论述题1.用所学知识解释去大脑僵直的发生机制。
2.用所学知识解释老年人，直立性昏阙的机制。
中山大学解剖考博试题
中⼭⼤学解剖考博试题解剖试题中⼭⼤学医学院1995年解剖学（博⼠）1．⼼脏的⾎供。
2．胃的静脉淋巴回流。
3．眼的神经⽀配。
4．颈部淋巴回流。
中⼭⼤学医学院1996年解剖学（博⼠）1．眼的神经⽀配。
2．内囊的位置和后肢损伤后的临床表现。
3．肾脏的位置毗邻。
4．腋窝淋巴结的分布及回流。
5．腹膜的附属结构，⼤⼩⽹膜的功能。
中⼭⼤学医学院1997年解剖学（博⼠）1．神经元的形态分类。
2．眼眶内的静脉和神经分布。
3．三⾓肌、前锯肌、背阔肌的起⽌，功能和神经⽀配。
5．本体感觉传导通路。
为什么⼩脑损害会引起指⿐不准，⾛路蹒跚。
6．上下腔静脉的构成，之间吻合的临床意义。
7．腋动脉的分段，分⽀供应的器官和伴随神经⽀配的器官。
中⼭⼤学医学院1998年解剖学（博⼠）1. 眼肌的神经⽀配。
2. ⾷管的⾛形及⽐邻。
3. 甲状腺的位置及⽐邻。
4. 臂丛神经的结构。
5. 头⾯部精细感觉的传导通路。
6. 腹股沟管的结构。
7. ⼼脏的⾎液供应。
8. 门静脉及腔静脉的侧枝循环。
以上8题任选5题即可。
每题20分。
中⼭⼤学医学院1999年解剖学（博⼠）1. 以肩关节为例叙述关节的基本结构和附属结构。
2. 眼动脉的分⽀和静脉回流。
3. 瞳孔对光反射路径。
⼀侧视神经和动眼神经损伤的表现。
4. 脑⼲特殊内脏运动神经核的名称，位置，纤维组成颅神经的分布。
5. 颈外动脉在颈部的分⽀、起始、⾛⾏和分布。
6. 腹膜后间隙的定义、范围和脏器。
7. 臀部神经的分层，经梨状肌上孔的神经⾎管及相对的供应和⽀配。
8. 直肠肛管上下的动脉、静脉和神经的特点中⼭⼤学医学院1998年解剖学（博⼠）1、试述臂丛的组成，各部的位置及分⽀的名称，其中五⼤分⽀各⽀配哪些肌群？2、眼球的运动（包括眼外，内肌）和感觉（特殊和⼀般感觉）受哪些神经⽀配？其中动眼神经损伤可能出现什么症状？3、试述⾷管的位置、⾏程和三个⽣理性狭窄的部位及其临床意义。
4、试述滋⼼脏动脉的来源及其分布范围，⼼脏静脉的回⼼途径。