Chapter 7, Jewish, Early Christian Art
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Eight large piers
Off-axis placement of the Narthex
Justinian, Bishop Maximianus and attendants, mosaic from the north wall of the apse, San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, c.547
away from the Roman Church 3. Crusaders came to fight for the cross against
the Saracens (Muslims)
Three
Russia considered itself the Third Rome and condemned the godless Turks who destroyed Constantinople. Old Rome, New Rome or Third Rome were a continuum that spanned two and half millennia when artists and architects produced the most significant works of art history.
Syncretistic
Byzantine art emerged as identifiable and distinctive.
Exterior of San Vital, Ravenna, 540-547
columns
transepts apse
Axial
Exedrae
Domed Octagon over the ambulatory
Columns in the nave
Main dome with clerestory windows, half dome helping with the stability and thrust of the large central dome, and smaller half domes supporting columned exedrae .
Yahweh : One of the Hebrews’ name for God.
Covenant: a solemn agreement that is binding for all parties
Jewish History: Originated 2000 years before the common era with a divine covenant between god of the ancient Israelites and Abraham The Torah holds the Old Testament They await the coming of the Messiah, “The anointed one”
Romans disallowed Christianity •Hated their “alien beliefs” •Christ made salvation and redemption possible •Celebrated the Eucharist •Persecuted Christians and Jews from 305 -312
END OF ICONOCLASM
Virgin Mary (Theotokos) and Child enthroned, apse mosaic, Hagia Sophia, Constantinople, 867
Christ enthroned with saints (Harbaville Triptych), c. 950
Interior of the Katholikon (looking at the dome) Hosios, Loukas, Greece, early first quarter of 11th Century
What architectural design do you see?
Crucifixion, mosaic in the Church of the Dormition, Daphni, Greece, c. 1090-1100
33 -1453
Art of Late Antiquity
Judaic Art 245 CE
Messiah :in the Hebrew Bible, an anointed king who will lead the Jews back to the land of Israel and establish justice in the world
Procopius, “A Golden chain of Heaven.”
Ascension of Christ, Folio 13 verso of the Rabbula Gospels from Zagba,Syria. 586
❖Iconoclasts destroyed many of the images as iconophiles continued to create them. ❖Few Byzantine survive between 500-726 CE ❖In 843 iconoclasm was repealed and images were reinstated, causing a burst of creative power. ❖Icons violate the 2nd commandment that the Lord dictated to Moses, “ Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them.”
Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, from Rome, Italy, c 359
In situ
After Constantine believed his power to overtake Maxentius was due the power he gained from Christ: ❖The new buildings had to meet the requirements of Christian liturgy ❖Provide a suitably monumental setting ❖Accommodate the rapidly growing number of worshippers ❖Leading to:
Christian history: •Adopted the Old Testament from Judaism •Completed the New Testament during the fourth century •Many Christians were poor and relished the idea of an afterlife where they were judged equally •Theodosius officially established Christianity as the official religion of Rome at the end of the fourth century.
Three events of fateful significance began to end for Byzantium. 1. The Turks conquered most of Anatolia 2.The Byzantine Christian Orthodox church broke
Theodora and attendants, mosaic, San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, c. 547
➢270 X 240 feet ➢Dome is 108 feet in diameter ➢Dome’s crown rises 180 feet from the ground ➢First dome collapsed in 558 ➢Its replacement required repair in the 9th and 14th centuries ➢Rivals architectural wonders of the world: Pantheon, the Baths of Caracalla, and the Basilica of Constantine. ➢Turned into an Islamic Mosque by the Ottoman Empire
Romans hated all monotheistic religions: According to Josephus they literally starved all the Jews in Judea by disallowing them to buy food. This horror caused then to eat garbage, shoes and belts, and hate the Romans. The Romans crucified Christ.
Catacombs and Funerary Art Christian Art: 2nd and 3rd Century
Bible from the Greek Biblos meaning book.
Catacombs from the Latin ad catacumbas, meaning “in the hollows”
Exedra
Forty windows
Apse
Dome of Pendentives
Buttresses
Half Domes Piers
Dome
Piers
Buttresses
Nave reserved for the Clergy, Congregates ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱere separated by sex and confined to the shadows of the aisles and galleries
Christ as the Good Shepherd, catacomb of Priscilla, Rome, 2nd and 3rd Century
In situ
Christian Community House , Dura Europos, Syria, c 240-256
Sarcophagus with philosopher, orant and Old and New Testament scenes, Santa Maria Antiqua, Rome, c.270
Elaborate basilicas Memorials Mausoleums
Architrave
Apse
Clerestory Windows Gable Roof altar
N A V E
Narthex
transepts
4 Aisles
Architrave
Atrium
Interior of the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, c 425-426
The Crossing of the Red Sea, from Dura-Europos, 200 CE
Samuel Anoints David, detail of the Dura Europos Synagogue, c 245-256
Moses Giving Water to the Twelve Tribes, Detail from the west wall.
Off-axis placement of the Narthex
Justinian, Bishop Maximianus and attendants, mosaic from the north wall of the apse, San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, c.547
away from the Roman Church 3. Crusaders came to fight for the cross against
the Saracens (Muslims)
Three
Russia considered itself the Third Rome and condemned the godless Turks who destroyed Constantinople. Old Rome, New Rome or Third Rome were a continuum that spanned two and half millennia when artists and architects produced the most significant works of art history.
Syncretistic
Byzantine art emerged as identifiable and distinctive.
Exterior of San Vital, Ravenna, 540-547
columns
transepts apse
Axial
Exedrae
Domed Octagon over the ambulatory
Columns in the nave
Main dome with clerestory windows, half dome helping with the stability and thrust of the large central dome, and smaller half domes supporting columned exedrae .
Yahweh : One of the Hebrews’ name for God.
Covenant: a solemn agreement that is binding for all parties
Jewish History: Originated 2000 years before the common era with a divine covenant between god of the ancient Israelites and Abraham The Torah holds the Old Testament They await the coming of the Messiah, “The anointed one”
Romans disallowed Christianity •Hated their “alien beliefs” •Christ made salvation and redemption possible •Celebrated the Eucharist •Persecuted Christians and Jews from 305 -312
END OF ICONOCLASM
Virgin Mary (Theotokos) and Child enthroned, apse mosaic, Hagia Sophia, Constantinople, 867
Christ enthroned with saints (Harbaville Triptych), c. 950
Interior of the Katholikon (looking at the dome) Hosios, Loukas, Greece, early first quarter of 11th Century
What architectural design do you see?
Crucifixion, mosaic in the Church of the Dormition, Daphni, Greece, c. 1090-1100
33 -1453
Art of Late Antiquity
Judaic Art 245 CE
Messiah :in the Hebrew Bible, an anointed king who will lead the Jews back to the land of Israel and establish justice in the world
Procopius, “A Golden chain of Heaven.”
Ascension of Christ, Folio 13 verso of the Rabbula Gospels from Zagba,Syria. 586
❖Iconoclasts destroyed many of the images as iconophiles continued to create them. ❖Few Byzantine survive between 500-726 CE ❖In 843 iconoclasm was repealed and images were reinstated, causing a burst of creative power. ❖Icons violate the 2nd commandment that the Lord dictated to Moses, “ Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them.”
Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, from Rome, Italy, c 359
In situ
After Constantine believed his power to overtake Maxentius was due the power he gained from Christ: ❖The new buildings had to meet the requirements of Christian liturgy ❖Provide a suitably monumental setting ❖Accommodate the rapidly growing number of worshippers ❖Leading to:
Christian history: •Adopted the Old Testament from Judaism •Completed the New Testament during the fourth century •Many Christians were poor and relished the idea of an afterlife where they were judged equally •Theodosius officially established Christianity as the official religion of Rome at the end of the fourth century.
Three events of fateful significance began to end for Byzantium. 1. The Turks conquered most of Anatolia 2.The Byzantine Christian Orthodox church broke
Theodora and attendants, mosaic, San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, c. 547
➢270 X 240 feet ➢Dome is 108 feet in diameter ➢Dome’s crown rises 180 feet from the ground ➢First dome collapsed in 558 ➢Its replacement required repair in the 9th and 14th centuries ➢Rivals architectural wonders of the world: Pantheon, the Baths of Caracalla, and the Basilica of Constantine. ➢Turned into an Islamic Mosque by the Ottoman Empire
Romans hated all monotheistic religions: According to Josephus they literally starved all the Jews in Judea by disallowing them to buy food. This horror caused then to eat garbage, shoes and belts, and hate the Romans. The Romans crucified Christ.
Catacombs and Funerary Art Christian Art: 2nd and 3rd Century
Bible from the Greek Biblos meaning book.
Catacombs from the Latin ad catacumbas, meaning “in the hollows”
Exedra
Forty windows
Apse
Dome of Pendentives
Buttresses
Half Domes Piers
Dome
Piers
Buttresses
Nave reserved for the Clergy, Congregates ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱere separated by sex and confined to the shadows of the aisles and galleries
Christ as the Good Shepherd, catacomb of Priscilla, Rome, 2nd and 3rd Century
In situ
Christian Community House , Dura Europos, Syria, c 240-256
Sarcophagus with philosopher, orant and Old and New Testament scenes, Santa Maria Antiqua, Rome, c.270
Elaborate basilicas Memorials Mausoleums
Architrave
Apse
Clerestory Windows Gable Roof altar
N A V E
Narthex
transepts
4 Aisles
Architrave
Atrium
Interior of the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, c 425-426
The Crossing of the Red Sea, from Dura-Europos, 200 CE
Samuel Anoints David, detail of the Dura Europos Synagogue, c 245-256
Moses Giving Water to the Twelve Tribes, Detail from the west wall.