移民问题论文(中英文)

国际移民与国家安全及其有组织犯罪浅析

国际移民问题业已成为全球化时代的中心问题之一。根据联合国研究机构的定义，移民是指在其出生国或国籍所在国以外超过12个月的人。目前全球移民数量约为1.75亿，比90年代初期增长了46%。这些移民包括难民和申请庇护者、外国留学生、各种长期访客、非法留居者、澳大利亚、加拿大、美国等国批准获得国籍的外国出生国民。

一、中国的状况

当前国际移民所包括的三种主要矛盾在中国均有反映，并且是某些矛盾的主要集中地。据统计，最近20年以来，中国公费派出留学人员共有三十二万人，其中仅十一万人学成归国，自费留学的人员回国率与此相比更低。“智力外流”问题我们并不陌生，关于这一话题的讨论贯穿了改革开放二十余年的历史。不同的是，似乎八十年代的讨论侧重于留学与爱国主义的关系等涉及国家政治和个人情感的问题，而九十年代更多聚焦于经济维度：留学被看作一`项可以用金钱量化的人力资本投资，较少赋予政治含义。

需要注意的新现象是，中国已经迎来了海外留学生的回潮时期，这表现在“海龟派”的涌现和不绝于耳的相关讨论。2001年5月，加州大学伯克利分校李安娜教授在对2000名硅谷移民的调查中发现，来自大中华区的华人占到硅谷外来技术移民的46%，其中43%愿意在未来适当时机回国工作，77%在硅谷的华人称自己已有一个以上的朋

友或同事回国。在此之前台湾也曾经历过类似的现象，两者背后都隐藏着大中华地区高速增长的经济诱因。

回国率的上升意味着中国本土和海外移民的经济联系更为深刻和广泛，也更有可能通过政府保障海外贸易和提供投资便利等政策措施，使华人移民更容易接受本国政府针对他们的税收计划。在散居模式中，税收之外的项目也应在列入规划。聚集大量高级知识分子的发达国家应当促进这些人员同其祖国之间的学术交流，比如安排外籍学者回国短期授课，以提升当地的教育水平。这对中国等人口密集的国家尤其适用。只要具有足够的胆魄和远见，中国就有可能成为世界上第一个实现散居模式的发展中国家。在此之前，首先需要重新考虑承认双重国籍的立法，政府也应着手讨论和安排相应的散居模式项目。

The Analysis of the International Migration and National Security Including Organized Crime

The issue of international migration has become one of the central problems of globalization. According to the definition of United Nations study institutions, migration means the people who were born more than 12 months in other countries than the countries of their birth and origins. For now, the number of global migration is about 175 billion，which grows by 46% than the beginning of 1990’s. The migrants are foreign-born nationals who are granted and gained citizenship including refugees, applying asylum seekers, overseas students, all long visitors, and illegal residents, Australia, Canada, and America and so on.

I. The state of China

Currently China shows all the three major conflicts including international migration and it is the main concentration of some conflicts. By the statistics, dispatched overseas people at China public expense in total are 320 thousand, among them, only 110 thousand people return to their countries after study, and the rate of going home in overseas people at their own expense are lower than it. We are not strange to”talent floating” issue, the discussion of the topic runs through the reform and opening history for over two decades. The difference is that 1980s' discussion focuses on national politics and personal feelings involving the relation between study abroad and patriotism, etc, but 1990s'

discussion particularly focuses on economic dimension: study abroad is regards as a kind of investment in human capital and is merely given political meaning.

The new phenomenon we need to care is that China has ushered overseas students' back-floating period, which shows in the emergence of the returnees and the relative discussion in our ears. The Chinese from greater China account for 46% of Silicon Valley skilled immigrants, 43% of them like to return home to work at an appropriate time in the future, 77% of the Chinese in Silicon Valley claim at least one of their friends or colleagues going home according to the research in 2000 Silicon Valley skilled immigrants in May.2001, which is done by the professor Li Anna in University of California, Berkeley. Taiwan has experienced the similar phenomenon before, it hide the economic cause of rapid growth in greater China behind them.

The rising of going home means the economic relation between local China and overseas immigrants is much deeper and broader, it is probable to pass by policy measures, such as government protecting foreign trade and offering investment facilitation, which can let Chinese immigrants accept local policies for their taxes plan easily. In the pattern of Diasporas, the item other than taxes also should be included in plan. The developed countries which gather a host of highly intellectual should promote the academic exchanges between them and their