省略和替代

省略和替代
一、省略
（一）、简单句中的省略
1、对话语境中前后省略。

------ How are you feeling today?
------ ( I’m) Much better.
------ How are you ?
------ ( I’m) Fine.
Sounds reasonable to me.
2. 介词in, from等在搭配中的省略。

He spends his evening (in) studying Chinese.
They are busy (in) cleaning the room.
We could stop them (from) moving the heavy box.
这类词常为：waste/succeed/difficulty/trouble/keep/prevent等。

3、省略不定式符号to。

不定式作动词make/let以及感官动词的宾语补足语时要省略to，但变成被动语态时to不能省略。

The boss made the workers work all day and all night.
T he workers were made to work all day and all night.
在密切联系的语境中，为避免重复，作宾语或宾语补足语的不定式只保留to。

Don’t touch anything unless your teacher tells you to.
----- Did you invite him to the party yesterday?
----- Yes, I’d tried to, but he refused to.
The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him______?
A. not to
B. not to do
C. not do it
D. do not it
(二)、并列句的省略
为使句子简洁，在无损句子完整的前提下常省略相同成分。

He often regards English as easy and French as difficult.
I could have stayed home, but I didn’t.
Linda handed in her composition, but Jenny didn’t.
Are you come on Monday or Sunday?
(三)、复合句的省略
1、状语从句中的省略
在由when, while, as, before, after, till, until, once等引导的时间状语从句；由if, unless, whether等引导的条件状语从句；由though, although, even if, whatever 等引导的让步状语从句；由as, than引导的比较状语从句；由as, as if, as though引导的方式状语从句中，如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致时，可以省略从句的主语和助动词。

When completed, the museum will be open to the public next year.
Bob caught a big fish while swimming across the river.
He’ll go to the seaside for his holiday if possible.
You can use my mobile if necessary.
I’m taller than he.
The higher the temperature, the greater the pressure.
I can only do the way as told to do.
After half an hour, he became quieter.
2、某些虚拟语气的句子可以省略should, 虚拟条件句有时可以省略if,但从句使用倒装结构,把were, had, 或should提到主语前。

I suggest that he study more English before going abroad.
Were I you, I would go with her.
Had you come earlier, you would have met him.
有时条件从句可以完全省略。

I would have left yesterday.
3、宾语从句中的连词that，限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词常省略。

I think you are wrong.
She is the woman we are talking about.
二、替代
替代有三种：名词性替代、动词性替代、分句性替代。

1、名词性替代常用one, it, that, those, the same和人称代词或物主代词。

Mr Smith gave the textbooks to all the pupils except the ones who had already taken them.
I hope there are enough glass for each guest to have one.
I hate it when people talk with their mouths full.
----- He was nearly drowned once.
------ When was that?
------ It was in 1998 when he was in the middle school.
The houses of the rich are larger than those of the poor.
------ Can I have a cup of black coffee with sugar, please?
------ Give me the same.
2、动词性替代常用do, do so/it/that等。

------ I told him about it.
------ I did, too.
He had promised to pay, but failed to do so/it/that.
3、分句性替代常用so, not。

(1)、He hope he’ll win and I hope so too.
----- Will Professor Wang attend our meeting?
----- I think/guess/suppose so.
------ Will it rain today?
------ I believe not.
so代替宾语从句，表示说话者赞同前述事实，常用的动词有：think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine, guess, say, hope, fear等。

I don’t think so. / I think not. I don’t believe so. / I believe not. I don’t expect so. / I expect not. 但I’m afraid not. I fear not. I hope not.
（2）、与so有关的两种句型
①表示说话者赞同前述事实。

So+主语+连系动词/助动词/情态动词。

------ It was cold yesterday.
------ So it was.
②表示前述情况也适用于另一主语。

通用句型：So it is/was with+另一主语。

He is a farmer. So it is with his brother.
I enjoyed the book. So it was with my wife.
She didn’t come. So it was with her sister.
肯定情况：So+连系动词/助动词/情态动词+另一主语。

I am a teacher, so is he.
I enjoyed the book and so did my wife.
He can swim, so can his sister.
否定情况：Neither/Nor+连系动词/助动词/情态动词+另一主语。

She didn’t come, neither/nor did her sister.。