省略与代替

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英汉说明文体中省略与替代之比较

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文献标志码Ａ文章编号１６７１—８１００（２００９）０１－－０１１５－－０４
引
言
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实例分析
（１）上海上外（集团）公司是由上海外国语大
省略和替代被韩礼德（Ｈａｌｌｉｄａｙ）和哈桑（Ｈａ－ｓｏｎ）（１９７６）视为四种语篇衔接手段之一。所谓替代是指用少量的语言替代形式替代上下文中出现的一个或几个词语，它是句子语言词项之间的一种关系。替代与被替代词语有着相同的结构功能，即前提词项放在被替代形式的位置上而不改变句意。它们之间的联系构成了句子之间的衔接关系。省略和替代用法十分相似，它是指篇章中旬子或小句中一些基本结构成分的缺省，这些成分从语法上讲是重要的，但作者或说话人认为它们在语境中已经不言而喻，故而不必再提出。韩礼德和哈桑指出，省略实际上是一种零位替代（ｓｕｂ－
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高三英语寒假作业强调句替代略倒装句

领兑市安插阳光实验学校市中学高三英语寒假作业：强调句、替代、省略、倒装句知识目标：强调句、替代、省略、倒装句知识框架梳理：强调句 it is …… that……1.强调句型用于强调陈述句；2.强调句型用于强调一般疑问句；3.强调句型用于强调特殊疑问句；4.强调句型用于强调not…until…句型;5.强调句型与状语从句、语从句、祈使句的混合考查。

替代1.do/does/did替代动词;2.so和not分别代替肯和否的从句.省略1.主语的省略；2.谓语或谓语的一的省略；3.宾语的省略；4.不式的省略；5.宾语从句和状语从的省略；6.虚拟条件if的省略。

倒装句1.倒装：2.完全倒装：3.常考的几个重要句型：So +be/情态/助动词+主语Neither+be/情态/助动词+主语So +adj/adv …+that …Neither …, nor …Not only …, but also …Not until …1. Try____ she might, Sue couldn’t get the door open.A. ifB. whenC. sineD. as2. Only when he reached the tea-house ______it was the same place he’d been in last year.A. he realizedB. he did realizeC. realized heD. did he realize3. —It’s nice. Never before____ such a spe cial drink! —I’m glad you like it.A.I have hadB. I hadC. have I hadD. had I4. Was it on a lonely island ______ he was saved one month after the boat went down?A. whereB. thatC. whichD. what5.It is not how much we do but how much love we put into what wedo_____benefits our work most. A. who B. which C. that D. what 6. —Have you seem the film Under the Hawthorn Tree?— Of course, I have. It was in our village _______ it was made.A. thatB. whereC. whenD. which7. It’s not what we do once in a while ______ shapes our lives, but what we do consistentlyA .which B. that C. how D. when 8. Jane won’t join us for dinner tonight and .A. neither won’t TomB. Tom won’t eitherC. Tom will tooD. so will Tom9.It sounds like something is wrong with the car’s engine._______, we’d better take it to the garage immediately.A. OtherwiseB. If notC. But for thatD. If so10._____ a strange plant! I've never seen it before. A. Which B. What C. How D. Whether 11.It doesn’t matter if they want to come to your party, _______?A. doesn’t itB. does itC. don’t theyD. do they12. I have seldom seen my mother _______ pleased with my progress as she is now .A. soB. veryC. tooD. rather13. It was from only a few supplies that she had bought in the village _______ the hostess cooked such a nice dinner. A. whereB. thatC. whenD.which14.—Who should be responsible for the accident?—The boss, not the workers. They just carried out the order .A. as toldB. as are toldC. as tellingD. as they told15. John’s success has nothing to do with good luck. It is yearsof hard work has made him what he is today.A. whyB. whenC. whichD. that16. Little about her own safety, though she was in great danger herself.A. did Rose careB. Rose did careC. Rose does careD. does Rose care17. —Is everyone here?—Not yet……Look , there_______ the rest of our guests!A. comeB. comesC. is comingD. are coming18. If you have a job, yourself to it and finally you’ll succeed.A. do devoteB. don’t devoteC. devotingD. not devoting19. We laugh at jokes, but seldom about how they work.A. we thinkB. think weC. we do thinkD. dowe think20 John opened the door . There _____ he had never seen before.A. a girl did standB. a girl stoodC. did a girl standD. stood a girl21.—I wonder ________ you’ll water t his kind of flower.—Every other day.A. how oftenB. how longC. how soonD. how much22. Not until he left his home ______ to know how important the family was for him.A had he begunB did he beginC he beganD he had begun23. At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the JialingRiver______, one of the ten largest cities in China.A. lies ChongqingB. Chongqing liesC. does lie ChongqingD. does Chongqing lie24. a certain doubt among the people as to the practical value of the project.A. It hasB. They haveC. It remainsD. There remains25. For a moment nothing happened. Then all shouting together.A. voices had comeB. came voicesC. voices would comeD. did voices come26. Every evening after dinner, if not from work, I willspend some time walking my dog. A. being tired B.tiring C. tired D. to be tired27. You and I could hardly work together, ?A. could youB. couldn’t IC. couldn’t weD. could we28. According to statistics, a man is more than twice as likely to die of skin cancer _________ a woman.A. thanB. suchC. soD. as29. The computer was used in teaching. As a result, not only________, but students became more interested in the lessons.A. saved was teachers’ energyB. was teachers’ energy savedC. teachers’ energy was savedD. was saved teachers’ energy30. So sudden ________that the enemy had no time to escape.A. did the attackB. the attack didC. was the attackD. the attack was第一节：完形填空You are travelling on an ocean ship when, suddenly a giant wave causes the ship to overturn. Hundreds of people die 21 , but you and several others 22 in the ballroom. Would you stay there and 23 for help? Or would you try, 24 the danger, to find your way out of the ship?This is the 25 faced by the characters in the film “Poseidon”.Trapped in the ballroom of the overturned ship, the 26 orders the surviving guests to wait for help. A small group of people 27 to accept this fate. They try to escape, knowing that there will be no way back 28 the captain locks the doors behind them.At the time of the disaster, each of the characters is trying to overcome personal problems in their own lives. All must face their 29 and make life and death decisions.Architect Richard Nelson is preparing to kill himself when the wave hits. He feels depressed over the 30 of his relationship with his partner. But he is forced to fight 31 his life, and learns to want to live again. He realizes he must 32 the past and not think too much about the bad.Robert Ramsey, a fireman, decides to 33 his own life so that his daughter, Jen, 34 live. He swims t o the ship’s control room 35 he must press a switch to change the direction of the ship.He knows he will likely 36 in the process, but just as surely, he knows that it’s the only way his fri ends can escape. His actions give the others a chance to reach 37 . They escape from the ship just before it 38 , killing all those waiting inside and Jen’s father as well. All the characters who survive feel 39 to be alive, but they are also aware that their own 40 , bravery and determination saved their own lives.21. A. gradually B. immediately C. finally D. individually22. A. stay B. dance C. survive D. live23. A. ask B. cry C. wait D. demand24. A. despite B. in C. with D. except25. A. position B. dilemma C. danger D. scene26. A. director B. passenger C. sailor D. captain27. A. refuse B. agree C. hesitate D. dislike28. A. unless B. until C. once D. when29. A. death B. survival C. courage D. fears30. A. end B. departure C. failure D. difficulty31. A. against B. for C. with D. over32. A. let alone B. let out C. let go of D. let down33. A. give out B. give away C. give in D. give up34. A. might B. can C. would D. must35. A. which B. there C. where D. then36. A. succeed B. fail C. survive D. drown37. A. home B. safety C. success D. destination38. A. breaks B. explodes C. sinks D. overturns39. A. relieved B. lucky C. relaxed D. happy40. A. choices B. calmness C. fortune D. confidence第二节：阅读理解AThe booking notes of the play “the Age of Innocence”:Price: $10BOOKINGThere are four easy ways to book seats for performance:------ in personThe Box Office is open Monday to Saturday, 10 a. m. -8 p. m.------ by telephoneRing 01324976 to reserve your tickets or to pay by credit card （Visa, MasterCard and Amex accepted）------ by postSimply complete the booking form and return it to Global Theatre Box Office.------ on lineComplete the on-line booking form at www. Satanfiedtheatre. comDISCOUNTS:Saver: $2 off any seat booked any time in advance for performances from Monday to Thursday. Savers are available for children up to 16 years old, over 60s and full-time students.Supersaver: half-price seats are available for people with disabilities and one companion. It is advisable to book in advance. There is a maximum of eight wheelchair spaces available and one wheelchair space will be held until an hour before the show.Standby: best available seats are on sale for $6 from one hour before the performance for people eligible（suitable）for Saver and Supersaver discounts and thirty minutes before for all other customers.Group Bookings: there is a ten percent discount for parties of twelve or more.School: school parties of ten or more can book $6 standbytickets in advance and will get every tenth ticket free.Please note: we are unable to exchange tickets or refund money unless a performance is cancelled due to unforeseen circumstances.41. If you want to book a ticket, you CANNOT ________.A. use the Internet.B. ring the booking number and pay for the tickets by credit card.C. go to the Box Office on Sundays.D. complete a booking form and post it to the Box Office.42. According to the notes, who can get $2 off?A. A 20-year-old full-time college student.B. A 55-year-old woman.C. An 18-year-old teenager.D. The people who book the tickets on Fridays.43. If you make a group booking for a group of 14 adults, how much should you pay?A. $120B. $126C. $140D. $15044. From the passage we can know all the following information except that ________.A. There are only 8 wheelchair spaces in the theatre.B. The audience can’t refund money if the performance is on show.C. A group of 12 persons can get 10 percent discount.D. A school party of 15 students should pay $90 for the standby tickets.45. What kind of tickets are the cheapest?A. The standby tickets.B. The standby tickets for school parties of ten or more.C. The tickets for Saver discount.D. The tickets for group booking.BFrom the health point of view we are living in an amazing age. We are free from many of the most dangerous diseases. A large number of once deadly illnesses can now be cured by modern medicine. It is almost certain that one day medicines will be f ound for the most stubborn remaining diseases. The expectation of life has increased greatly. But though the possibility of living a long and happy life is greater than ever before, every day we witness the unbelievable killing of men, women and children on the roads. Manvs the motor-car. It is a never-ending battle which man is losing. Thousands of people the world over are killed or horribly killed each year and we are quietly sitting back and letting it happen.It has been rightly said that when a man is sitting behind a steering wheel (方向盘), his car becomes the extension of his personality. There is no doubt that the motor-car often brings out a man’s very worst qual ities．People who are normally quiet and pleasant may become unrecognizable when they are behind a steering-wheel. They say, they are ill-mannered and aggressive, willful as two-year-olds and completely selfish．All their hidden angers and disappointments seem to be brought to the surface by the act of driving.The surprising thing is that society smiles so gently on the motorist and seems to forgive his behavior. Everything is done for his convenience. Cities are allowed to become almost uninhabitable because of heavy traffic; towns are made ugly by huge car parks; the countryside is ruined by road networks; and the deaths become nothing more than a number every year, to be easily forgotten.It is high time a world rule was created to reduce this senseless waste of human life. With regard to driving, the laws of some countries are unbelievably lax (不严格) and even the strictest are not strict enough. A rule which was universally accepted could only have an obviously beneficial effect on the accident rate．Here are a few examples of some of the things that might be done. The driving test should be standardized and made far more difficult than it is; all the drivers should be made to take a test every three years or so; the age at which young people are allowed to drive any vehicle should be raised to at least 21; all vehicles should be put through strict tests for safety each year. Even the smallest amount of alcohol in the blood can damage a person's driving ability. Present drinking and driving laws (where they exist) should be made much stricter. Speed limits should be required on all roads. Governments should lay down safety specifications for car factories, as has been done in the USA. All advertising stressing power and performance should be banned. These measures may not sound good enough. But surely nothing should be considered as too severe if it results in reducing the number of deaths. After all, the world is for human beings, not motor-cars.46. What is the main idea of this passage?A. Traffic accidents are mainly caused by motorists.B. Thousands of people the world over are killed each year.C. Only stricter traffic laws can prevent accidents.D. The laws of some countries about driving are too lax.47. What does the author think of society toward motorists?A. Society laughs at the motorists.B. Society forgives their rude driving.C. Victims of accidents are nothing.D. Huge car parks are built in the cities and towns.48. What does the author mean by saying “his car bec omes theextension of his personality” in Para. 2 ?A. Driving can represent his manners.B. Driving can show the other part of his personality.C. Driving can bring out his character.D. Driving can show his hidden qualities.49. Which of the followings is NOT mentioned as a way against traffic accidents?A. Test drivers every three years.B. Stricter driving tests.C. Build more highways.D. Raise age limit and lay down safety specifications.50. The author’s attitude towards the present traffic situation is ________.A. unsatisfiedB. positiveC. appealingD. unclear。

英语中的省略和替代

(2) Were I you , I would do the work better. (If I were you)
(3) Should there be a flood, what should we do?
(If there should be a flood)
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5. 英语中有一些固定的省略结构：在以if, when, though, as if (好象)等连词引导的从句中, 如从句中的主要动词是be, 常将主语 it 和动词be 省略。 If it is necessary, we shall send a telegram home. 如有必要, 我们就往家里打电报。 Whenever it is possible, he will come to my help. 他一有可能就来帮助我。
1) 并列的不定式可省去后面的 to.
I told him to sit down and wait for a moment. 2) help 当“帮助”讲时, 后面的宾语或宾补的
不定式符号to可带可不带。
I will help (to) do it for you.
I will help you (to) do it. (3) 介词but前若有动词do, 后面的不定式不带
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简单句中的省略
1. 省略主语: 祈使句中的主语通常被省略; 其他省略的主语的情况多限于少数现成的说法。
(1) (You) Come in, please.
(2) ( I ) See you tomorrow.
(3) ( I ) Thank you for your help.
(4) ( I ) Beg your pardon.

英语语法总结：代替与省略

英语语法总结：代替与省略英语中，为了避免不必要的重复，经常用so, not, to, do, does 代替前面出现的动词或相关内容。

(1) 从上两例中看出，do / does / did 代替动词。

He translated the article better than I did. （did代替wrote it）—Do you think she is clever?—I think so. （so代替she is clever）(2) "so 与not" 代替某个词、短语、句子等，通常用于hope, think, believe, expect, suppose, be afraid, fear, imagine, etc后作宾语。

—Is it correct?—I'm afraid not. (not correct)(3) "to" 用作不定式，常跟随下列动词：want, mean, hope, expect, refuse, seem, intend, be, afraid, etc.I asked him to go to the party, but he refused to. (go to the party)(4) "do so, do that, do it" 用来代替动态动词，而不能代静态动词。

—He gave up studying English.—Why did he do so? (= give up studying English) —The dish tastes nice.—Yes, so it does. (tastes nice)（此句不能用it does it 或it does so, 因taste属静态动词。

）(5) 为使语言精炼，避免不必要的重复，对话中常用省略形式。

—He is thinking of buying a car?—Is he? （这里，“thinking of buying a car”被省略了。

英语语法：替代

带后置修饰语的替代词one/ ones也常见于比带后置修饰语的替代词one/ ones也常见于比较分句中。例如：较分句中。例如： Our new cassette is more expensive than the one we had before. before. I like this picture better than the one you showed me yesterday. 替代词one/ ones 在形容词比较级在形容词比较级、替代词 one/ ones在形容词比较级、最高级以及某些限定词如this, which，及某些限定词如this, which，序数词等之后可以省略。例如：省略。例如： I want the fifth volume, not the fourth (one). (one). If I miss the 9:15 train, I’ll catch the next (one). (one). The second chapter is much longer than the first (one). (one).
１）替代词one/ ones只能替代单数／复数可数名替代词one/ ones只能替代单数只能替代单数／词。例如：例如： There are good films as well as bad ones. (ones = ones. films) They sent us a lot of small apples instead of big ones. ones. (ones = apples) 如果名词词组中心词是不可数名词，如果名词词组中心词是不可数名词，就不能用one/ ones替代要避免重复，替代，能用one/ ones替代，要避免重复，通常采用名词性省略: 性省略: We prefer green tea to black (tea). (tea). I like fresh candy better than stale (candy). (candy).

替代与重复 -

1 .名词性省略 1) Old (men) and young men were invited. 老人和年轻人都被邀请了。 2) He has workers from Ireland and (workers) from France in his . 在他的工厂里，有来自爱尔兰的工人，也有来自法国的工人
二、省略(Elipsis)
省略和替代一一样，也是避免重复的一一种常用手段。两者常常互相替换使用，有的语言学家甚至把省略称为“零位替代”(zero-substitution)。英语省略的类型很多，有名词性省略、动词性省略、分句性省略;有句法方面的省略，也有情景方面的省略。在并列结构中，英语常常省略前面已出现过的词语，而汉语则往往重复这些词语，如:
1.5名词（enough, the same,
the kind, the former, the latter）
I don‘t want any more coffee. I ’ve had enough.
我不想再要咖啡了，我的咖啡够了。 I wish to have a cup of milk with sugar .Won't you have the same? 我想要一杯加糖的牛奶。你不想要一样的吗? American food is not the same as the English kind. 美国的食物和英国的食物不完全一样。
1.2指示代词(that, those)

The language of a child differs from that of his parents. 孩子的语言不同于家长的语言。
Men's work histories differ in most respects from those of their female colleagues. 男性的工作经历在很多方面都和女性同事的工作经历不同。

替代与省略

未知驱动探索，专注成就专业
替代与省略
在信息传递和交流的过程中，替代与省略是常见的现象。

替代和省略的使用可以帮助人们更高效地传递和理解信息，而且在各个领域都有广泛的应用。

本文将介绍替代与省略的定义、分类和应用领域，并分析其中的优缺点。

替代的定义和分类
替代是指用一种语言现象代替另一种语言现象的行为。

常见的替代形式包括：
1. 同义词替代
同义词替代是指使用与原词义相近或相同的词语来替代原来的词语。

这种替代常用于文学作品、广告宣传和政府报道等各种文本中。

例如，在文学作品中可以使用华丽的词语替代平凡的词语，以增加作品的艺术性和吸引力。

2. 区别替代
区别替代是指使用与原词义有差异或相反的词语来替代原来的词语。

这种替代常用于表达作者的个人观点、强调事物的不同特点或表达反讽的目的。

例如，可以使用
1。

高中语法解析名词性从句的省略与替代

高中语法解析名词性从句的省略与替代名词性从句是英语语法中的一个重要概念，它在句子中起到名词的作用。

在名词性从句中，有时候我们可以进行省略和替代，以达到简化句子结构和提高表达效果的目的。

本文将对名词性从句的省略与替代进行解析。

一、名词性从句的省略名词性从句可以根据句子的上下文和语境，进行一定的省略。

主要有以下几种情况。

1. 省略由that引导的从句在一些情况下，由that引导的名词性从句可以省略掉that。

例如：- She said (that) she would come to the party.她说她会来参加派对。

这里的that可以省略，仍然能够保持句子的完整和语义的连贯。

2. 省略由whether或if引导的从句当名词性从句是一个宾语从句或介词宾语从句，并且从句中的主语与主句的主语一致时，可以将whether或if引导的从句省略。

例如：- He asked if/whether I had finished my homework.他问我是否完成了作业。

这里的if/whether可以省略，句子依然完整且意思清楚。

3. 省略由疑问词引导的从句当名词性从句由疑问词引导（如who, what, where等），而且在从句中充当主语时，可以省略疑问词。

例如：- Who will go with me is still uncertain.谁会和我一起去还不确定。

这里的疑问词who可以省略，整个句子仍然通顺。

二、名词性从句的替代除了省略，名词性从句还可以通过替代词或短语来简化句子结构。

主要有以下几种情况。

1. 替代词it名词性从句中，有时候可以使用替代词it来代替整个从句。

这种情况下，it在句中作形式主语或形式宾语，而原本的名词性从句则置于句末。

例如：- It is important to learn English.学英语很重要。

这里的it代替了整个名词性从句，使句子更加简洁明了。

2. 替代词so名词性从句中，有时候可以用替代词so来代替整个从句，表示“这样的情况”或“这样一种事实”。

名词所有格中的省略和替代原则

名词所有格中的省略和替代原则名词所有格是英语中表达所有关系的一种方式。

当我们需要表达某物或某人对另一物或另一人的所有关系时，可以使用名词所有格。

在使用名词所有格时，有时候我们会遇到一些省略和替代的情况，本文将探讨名词所有格中的省略和替代原则。

1. 省略的情况在一些特定的语境中，我们可以省略名词所有格的一部分或全部。

下面是几种常见的省略情况：（1）省略名词所有格中的名词：“Is this your car?”（这是你的车吗？）（2）省略名词所有格中的名词和动词：“She is a teacher, and her father too.”（她是一名教师，她父亲也是。

）2. 替代的情况在某些情况下，我们可以使用代词替代名词所有格，以避免重复使用。

以下是一些常见的替代方式：（1）使用代词替代人称名词所有格：“Is this yours?”（这是你的吗？）（2）使用代词替代物名词所有格：“I like this book, but I prefer hers.”（我喜欢这本书，但我更喜欢她的。

）（3）使用反身代词替代人称名词所有格：“He likes my car, but I don't li ke myself.”（他喜欢我的车，但我不喜欢我自己。

）3. 注意事项在使用名词所有格的省略和替代时，需要注意以下几点：（1）确定上下文，确保省略和替代的用词能够清晰表达所指物或所指人。

（2）不要频繁使用省略和替代，以免使句子含义模糊或不清楚。

（3）注意代词的格形式和数形式，确保与名词所有格所代替的名词保持一致。

在英语中，名词所有格是非常常用的一种表达方式。

通过掌握名词所有格中的省略和替代原则，我们可以更加准确地表达所有关系，使句子简洁、流畅。

理解并熟练运用名词所有格的省略和替代原则，对于提高英语写作和口语表达能力都具有重要的意义。

高中语法小窍门强调句的省略与替代

高中语法小窍门强调句的省略与替代高中语法小窍门：强调句的省略与替代高中语法学习对学生来说是一项重要的任务，其中，强调句是一个常见的语法现象。

在写作和阅读中，使用强调句可以突出某个信息，使句子更加生动有力。

本文将介绍一些高中语法小窍门，帮助学生更好地理解和运用强调句的省略与替代。

一、省略省略是指在强调句中省略部分内容，从而使句子简洁明了。

我们可以通过以下几种情况来实现强调句的省略。

1. 省略be动词在强调句中，我们可以省略be动词，而直接使用形容词、副词、名词或动词过去分词来强调某一事物或状态。

例如：(1) He is a good student. → A good student he is.(2) It is important to study hard. → Important to study hard it is.2. 省略助动词在一些情况下，我们也可以省略强调句中的助动词。

例如：(1) I did invite her to the party. → Did invite her to the party I.(2) They will finish the pro ject on time. → Will finish the project on time they.3. 省略疑问词当强调句中的疑问词被其他成分代替时，可以省略疑问词。

例如：(1) Where did you leave your keys? → Left your keys where?(2) What did she say to you? → Said to you what?二、替代替代是指在强调句中使用其他词语或短语来代替所要强调的内容，以增加句子的表达效果。

1. 用副词替代形容词在强调句中，我们可以用副词替代形容词，使句子更加生动。

例如：(1) He is incredibly generous. → Incredibly, he is generous.(2) She is truly talented. → Truly, she is talented.2. 用名词替代动词有时候，我们可以用名词替代动词，以达到强调的效果。

高中语法指南不定代词的省略与替代

高中语法指南不定代词的省略与替代高中语法指南：不定代词的省略与替代在英语中，不定代词是一类用以代替名词或名词短语的词汇，常见的有somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, nothing等。

然而，当我们在表达时，有时会遇到不定代词的省略与替代，这就是我们今天要探讨的话题。

一、不定代词的省略1. 不定代词在特定语境下可以被省略，以避免重复或使句子更简洁。

例如：- I have something to tell you, but I forgot what it was.（我有事要告诉你，但我忘记是什么了。

）- Did you buy anything at the supermarket? No, I didn't buy anything.（你在超市买了什么吗？没有，我什么都没买。

）在这两个例句中，不定代词something与anything在第二个句子中被省略了，因为它们的意思在上下文中已经表达清楚，省略后可以使句子更流畅。

2. 不定代词的省略还需要注意一些特殊情况。

a) 当不定代词与形容词连用时，通常不能省略。

例如：- He is someone special.（他是个特别的人。

）b) 当不定代词被否定或包含否定前缀的副词修饰时，不定代词不能省略。

例如：- I can't find anything in the fridge.（我冰箱里什么都找不到。

）二、不定代词的替代在一些情况下，我们可以用其他词来替代不定代词，以避免重复或使句子更具表现力。

1. 指示代词this/that/these/those可用来替代不定代词，表示具体的事物或人。

例如：- He wants to buy a new car. This is his dream.（他想要买一辆新车。

这是他的梦想。

）这里的this引用了上文提到的"a new car"，起到了替代不定代词的作用。

介词短语的替代与省略

介词短语的替代与省略介词短语在英语中起着连接并展示关系的重要作用。

然而，有时候为了简化语言表达，我们可以通过替代或省略介词短语来使句子更加简洁明了。

本文将探讨介词短语的替代与省略的用法及相关例子。

一、替代介词短语1. 直接宾语代替介词短语在某些情况下，可以使用直接宾语来替代介词短语，使句子更加简洁清晰。

例如：原句：They went to the park for a picnic.改句：They went to the park to picnic.原句中的介词短语"for a picnic"可以被直接宾语"to picnic"所替代。

2. 形容词修饰代替介词短语形容词可以在某些情况下替代介词短语，使句子更加简练。

例如：原句：She walked with a smile on her face.改句：She walked, smiling.在这个例子里，我们使用修饰代替了介词短语"with a smile on her face"。

3. 名词定语代替介词短语有时候，我们可以使用名词定语来代替介词短语，以简化句子。

例如：原句：He goes to the library with books from the university.改句：He goes to the university library.在这个例子中，我们使用了名词定语"university"来替代介词短语"with books from the university"。

二、省略介词短语1. 删减多余的介词当句子中含有多个相同的介词短语时，可以省略其中的一部分。

例如：原句：She went to the store and bought a new dress.改句：She went to and bought a new dress.在这个例子中，我们省略了第二个并列介词短语"in the store"。

英文中的替代与省略现象

英文中的替代与省略现象替代现象替代的定义在英文中，替代（Substitution）是一种语言现象，指的是在句子或篇章中，用一个词语或结构来代替另一个词语或结构，以避免重复，增强语言的连贯性和经济性。

替代的类型1. 名词性替代：使用代词（如he, she, it, they等）或不定代词（如one, ones, some等）来代替前面提到的名词或名词短语。

例句：My cat is playing with a ball. It looks very happy.（句中的“it”替代了前面的“my cat”）2. 动词性替代：使用助动词（如do, does, did等）加so或not来代替前面提到的动词短语。

例句：She likes to dance. So do I.（句中的“so do I”替代了“I also like to dance”）3. 分句性替代：使用替代词（如so, not等）或替代结构（如the same as, such as等）来代替前面提到的整个分句或句子。

例句：John is a good student. So is Mary.（句中的“so is Mary”替代了“Mary is also a good student”）替代的作用替代在英文中的作用主要体现在以下几个方面：1. 避免重复：通过使用替代，可以避免在文章中重复使用相同的词语或结构，使语言更加简洁。

2. 增强连贯性：替代能够建立句子或段落之间的联系，使文章更加连贯流畅。

3. 强调信息：通过选择适当的替代词或结构，可以突出文章中的重点信息，增强表达效果。

省略现象省略的定义省略（Ellipsis）是英文中另一种常见的语言现象，指的是在句子或篇章中，为了表达简洁或避免重复，故意省略某些词语或结构，但不影响句子的完整性和理解。

省略的类型1. 名词性省略：在上下文清晰的情况下，省略名词或名词短语。

例句：I have a pen. She has a pencil.（句中的“a pencil”前省略了“has”，因为与前一句结构相似）2. 动词性省略：在并列结构或从句中，省略与前面相同的动词。

名词性从句的省略与替代技巧

名词性从句的省略与替代技巧名词性从句是由一个引导词引导的从句，充当句子中的名词成分。

在使用名词性从句时，我们有时可以通过省略和替代的方式来简化句子结构，使语言更加简洁流畅。

本文将探讨名词性从句省略和替代的技巧。

一、名词性从句的省略1. 宾语从句的省略当主句的宾语和宾语从句的主语一致时，可以省略宾语从句的连接词。

例如：He said (that) he would come tomorrow.（他说他明天会来。

）2. 表语从句的省略当主句的表语和表语从句的主语一致时，可以省略表语从句的连接词。

例如：The fact is (that) he is not coming.（事实是他不来。

）3. 同位语从句的省略当同位语从句和前面的词具有同样的指代对象时，可以省略同位语从句的连接词。

例如：The news (that) he passed the exam made me happy.（他通过了考试的消息让我很高兴。

）二、名词性从句的替代1. 用代词替代名词性从句我们可以使用代词来代替名词性从句，这样可以减少重复，简化结构。

常见的代词有：- It：常用于替代宾语从句或表语从句，而引导词常为that。

例如：I find it difficult to understand.（我发现这很难理解。

）- That：常用于替代同位语从句。

例如：I heard that he got a promotion.（我听说他升职了。

）2. 用动名词或不定式替代名词性从句有时候，我们可以用动名词或不定式来替代名词性从句，使句子结构更加简洁。

例如：- I believe his story.（我相信他的故事。

）替换为- I believe in his story.（我相信他的故事。

）- I hope to see you again.（我希望再次见到你。

）替换为- I hope that I can see you again.（我希望能再次见到你。

同位语从句的省略和替代原则

同位语从句的省略和替代原则同位语从句是指在句子中作为某个词或短语的同位语的从句。

在语法上，同位语从句与定语从句、宾语从句等类似，不同之处在于它的位置和功能。

本文将重点探讨同位语从句中的省略和替代原则，以解决在写作中常见的问题。

一、同位语从句的省略原则同位语从句的省略是指在具体表达时省去一些成分，使句子更加简练，但仍能保持句子的完整性和语义的准确性。

同位语从句的省略可以分为两种情况：1. 省略引导词在同位语从句中，当引导词在主句中已经出现，并且能够清楚地指代同位语从句中的内容时，可以省略引导词。

例如：我听说他对这个消息非常感兴趣。

在这个例句中，"我听说他"已经表达了"对这个消息"的宾语，因此可以省去从句中的引导词"我听说他对这个消息非常感兴趣"。

2. 省略谓语在同位语从句中，当从句的谓语与主句的谓语相同或相似时，可以省略从句的谓语。

例如：大家都希望明天能够顺利展开比赛。

在这个例句中，"大家都希望"已经表达了"明天能够顺利展开比赛"的意思，因此可以省去从句中的谓语，使句子更加简洁。

二、同位语从句的替代原则同位语从句的替代是指在上下文中使用代词或其他短语来替代同位语从句，以避免重复或提供更准确的表达。

同位语从句的替代可以通过以下方式实现：1. 使用代词在同位语从句中，可以使用代词来代替从句的内容。

例如：我听说他对这个消息非常感兴趣，但他没有表态。

在这个例句中，"这个消息"可以通过代词"它"来替代，使句子更加简洁。

2. 使用名词短语在同位语从句中，可以使用名词短语来替代从句的内容。

例如：他希望能够顺利展开比赛，这是大家的共同心愿。

在这个例句中，"能够顺利展开比赛"可以通过名词短语"大家的共同心愿"来替代，使句子更加流畅。

总之，同位语从句的省略和替代原则是写作中非常重要的技巧。

宾语从句中引导词的省略和替代技巧

宾语从句中引导词的省略和替代技巧在英语语法中，宾语从句是由一个引导词引导的从句，该从句作为动词的宾语。

然而，在实际的交流中，我们有时可以省略或替代宾语从句中的引导词，以简化语句结构或更加自然地表达意思。

本文将介绍宾语从句中引导词的省略和替代技巧。

一、省略引导词的情况1. “that” 的省略：在宾语从句中，如果引导词是“that”，且从句中的主语是句子的主语，则可以将“that”省略。

例如：- She said (that) she was tired.- He believes (that) they will win the game.2. “whether” 的省略：在宾语从句中，如果引导词是“whether”，且从句中的主语是动词的主语，则可以将“whether”省略。

例如：- He asked (whether) she had finished her homework.- I don't know (whether) they will come to the party.3. “if” 的省略：在宾语从句中，如果引导词是“if”，且从句中的主语是动词的主语，则可以将“if”省略。

例如：- He wonders (if) she is happy.- I doubt (if) it will rain tomorrow.二、替代引导词的情况1. “that” 的替代：在宾语从句中，除了直接省略“that”之外，还可以使用一些代替词来引导宾语从句，例如“whether”和“if”。

例如：- She wonders whether she should go to the party.- He asked if she had seen the movie.2. “what” 的替代：当宾语从句中的内容具体表示某事物或事实时，可以用“what”来替代整个从句。

例如：- I don't know what time it is.（我不知道现在是几点。

数学课本中的省略号

数学课本中的省略号
数学课本里，省略号是一种常见的表示法。

它也被叫做空格，表示某些中文字符被省略掉，以节约字符而留下空白或者可以指定要求填空的地方。

但是这种表示方式往往会让学生们感到困惑，他们会到底应该填什么？
首先，在数学课本中，省略号往往用于表示等式的右边留空，表明可以填入任意数字。

比如，在数学课本中可能会出现：2x+3=___。

在这里，学生可以填入任意一个数字来代替省略号，以填充等式的右边，完成等式计算。

其次，省略号也可以在乘法和除法中使用，这要根据具体情况而定。

如果在乘法中出现了省略号，则意味着可以填入任意数字或者变量，来完成乘法计算。

而在除法中，省略号则表示可以填入一个未知的答案，来完成除法计算。

此外，省略号还可以用于表示具有特定意义的符号，比如，在数学课本上可能会出现“x+y=___”的类似的表达式，在此，用省略号来表示等号，这样可以更加清晰地表达出这个式子的意思。

最后，在数学课本中，省略号也可以用于表示数学函数中的一些操作。

比如，在某个函数中可能会出现“f(x)=___”，这里的省略号表示函数对x的求值，以及此求值应该是什么结果。

总的来说，在数学课本中，省略号是一种非常常用的表示方式。

它可以用来表示等式右边留空，以及乘法和除法运算，甚至还可以表示某些特殊的符号和数学函数上的计算结果。

学生们应该认真阅读课
本，以了解省略号的特殊用法，从而更好地学习和理解数学。

英汉领属关系类名词短语中心词的省略替代问题.pdf

张美琪英、汉语中都有表示领属关系一类的名词短语，在一定的上下文中，这类短语又都有中心词的省略或替代现象，但彼此情况各有不同。

本文拟从两种语言中这类短语的结构形式以及领属关系的再分类入手对这一现象作初步的探讨，以期找出二者之间的主要异同。

结构形式英语中这类名词短语有两种结构形式，一是“属格名词（包括英汉领属关系类名词短语中心词的省略替代问题属格式），二是“中心词＋短语”以下简称代词）＋中心词式（以下简称式）。

的属格主要用于指人及其他高级生命的名词短语通常用于指具式的，如人名、人称名词（或代词）等；体物品或抽象事物，如物质名词、抽象名词等，但也能用于指有生命东西的名词。

以下例证中式：（（式，为为（（）汉语中这类名词短语只有一种结构形式，即“名词（或代词）＋‘的’＋中心词”，其中作为修饰语部分的名词（或代词）即可指人及其他有生命的东西，也可指具体物品或抽象事物；当修饰语为代词的时候，“的”字往往可用可不用。

以下各例为（（在汉语中相应的表示法：（）你邻居的财产（）她（的）眼睛（）桌子的腿（）意志的力量相比之下，表示同一种关系，英语有两种格式，而汉语只有一种格式。

英语的两种格式中，式的领属关系是通过名词或代词本身的屈折变化形式即属格表示的，为综合性表示法，而式的领属关系则是通过形式词即介词表示的，为分析性表示法。

汉语中名词或代词没有格的变化形式，名词短语中的修饰语和中心词之间的领属关系是通过加形式词即结构助词“的”字这一分析性手段表示的“；的”字在一定条件下可有可无。

显然，就通过形式词表达领属关式相当，而就修饰语和中心系而言，汉语的格式与英语词的词序而言，式相同，而与英语汉语的格式与英语式相反。

领属关系的再分类几种主要类型无论英语还是汉语，名词短语中名词性修饰语和中心词之间的语义关系都并不限于领属关系，此外，也还可以有主谓、动宾、描写，以及同位；丁声树等多种不同关系（。

参等，）如本文题目所示，本文仅讨论领属关系一种。