英国国家概况之英国经济
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Absolute Decline and Relative Decline 绝对衰退和相 对衰退。英国经济一直在不断发展中，但因其他国家发 展速度较之英国更快，所以英国的世界经济地位才相对 衰退。
2020年6月11日
8
二战时期英国的“货币战争”
¡ 二战期间，英国打了一场极为隐秘的战争：反抗大面积涌入的，足以使经 济崩溃的假钞。纳粹德国为了破坏英国经济，制造了价值上亿的假钞。截止 1945年，三分之一强的英镑是假钞。
1942年9月24日，英格兰银行收到了一捆来自英国西非银行的面值为10 英镑的假钞。终身首席出纳员肯尼斯第一次发现假钞的出现居然可以横跨欧 洲、非洲、中东、美洲和亚洲。银行认为，这是“有史以来最危险的假钞事 件”。
当时英国政府并不知道，这是一个由希特勒本人主导的阴谋：纳粹德国 制造了这些纸币，旨在削弱同盟国的经济实力。
战争武器：假钞
将假钞作为一种战争武器并不新鲜。拿破仑曾经批准印制假冒的奥地利 和俄国纸币；美国内战时，南北双方为了打击敌方财政系统，也曾广泛使用 假账单。
事实上，二战期间英国也建立了自己的造假队伍——“A”技术小队， 但他们的工作被限制在伪造护照、文件、邮票和伪装用品的制造上，从来没 有进行过大规模的假钞运作。
development.
1945 - 60s slow - 70s recession
British disease :
soaring inflation
workers’ strike for more pay
slow growth of productivity
2020年6月11日
College of Foreign Languages, Hainan Normal University
2020年6月11日
Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher (born 13 October 1925) was Prime Minister of United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. She is the only woman to have held either post.
4
English-Speaking
Countries
2020年6月11日
College of Foreign Languages, Hainan Normal University
The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking
II. During the Two World Wars
The Society and
1900-1920 the Relative Decline of UK CultureofMajor
English-Speaking
6
Countries
Background:
Economy
After the Second Industrial Revolution, the United States and Germany presented an increasing challenge to Britain’s role as leader of the global economy and had developed large-scale industries by 1900. Britain's comparative economic advantage had lessened. but British colonies and foreign investment location from the profit far more than the United States and Germany. Its economic strength is still the most strong, London is still the world financial center, pounds is still the world's most strong hard currency, the British fleet to Britain still bring huge profits, the British bankers can still offer to foreign government and business the most amount of credit. Even so, the absolute advantage after all lost.
5
Countries
Britain’s share oΒιβλιοθήκη Baidu world trade fell from 1/4 in 1880, 1/6 in 1913, and 1/8 in
1948.
An Unfavorable Position
1. debt
2. end of the empire
3. Large military spending
The Society and Culture of Major
3
English-Speaking
Countries
2020年6月11日
College of Foreign Languages, Hainan Normal University
The Society and Culture of Major
Countries
I. Early History (-1900)
2
A Watt Steam Engine
agriculture
export wool
14thC, dominant foreign trade
17thC, a leader in textile
1588 defeated Spanish Armada
success.
Negative aspects:
high unemployment
widened gap between the poor and the rich
high crime rates
unsatisfactory social services
2020年6月11日
College of Foreign Languages, Hainan Normal University
III. During 1945-1979
10
Countries
In 1945 the Labor party: Reforms
nationalization of industries
high taxes
a welfare state
It laid the foundation for postwar British social and economic
The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking
IV. During 1979-1997
12
Countries
Conservative Party (P73)
“In politics if you want anything said,
Thatcher’s reform: ask a man. If you want anything done,
The United States became the center of the world economy. The war weakened Britain, France, Italy; and the united States became the world's top economic power, the world financial center transfered from London to New York .
但英国从殖民地和国外投资场所攫取的利润远远超过了美国和德国，它 的经济实力仍是最雄厚的，伦敦仍是世界金融中心，英镑仍是世界上最 坚挺的硬通货，英国船队仍然给英国带来巨大的利润，英国银行家仍然 能向外国政府和企业界提供最大数额的信贷。
2020年6月11日
College of Foreign Languages, Hainan Normal University
privatization
ask a woman.”
—Margaret Thatcher
low taxes reduced social welfare
Margaret Thatcher 1979-1990John Major (1990-97)
Thatcher’s economic policy achieved remarkable
1939年9月，丘吉尔考虑过造假的提议，但未能计划周详怎样将其付诸
行动。1940年4月11日，英国特情组织的负责人拜会了首相张伯伦，询问内
阁在敌人领土上散播伪造的德国马克的可能性和可取性。张伯伦总结道，英
202镑 大0年和”6德。月1国1日马克的实力悬殊，“如果德国报复，我们明显会比他们的损失
9
The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking
The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking
Countries
III. During 1945-1979
11
? Pictures of workhouse
2020年6月11日
College of Foreign Languages, Hainan Normal University
2020年6月11日
College of Foreign Languages, Hainan Normal University
This is a relative decline rather than an absolute one. Britain is more wealthier and more productive than it was in 1945, but since other countries developed more rapidly.
The Society and Culture of Major
7
English-Speaking
Countries
•Wars caused the European weak and the rise of Japan, the world pattern changed.
大战造成了欧洲的衰弱和美日的兴起，世界格局发生改变。 The war saw an expansion of economic production, but also forced Britain to use up its financial reserves and borrow large sums from the US 战争，看到了经济生产的扩张，但也迫使英国使用其财政储备和从美国借巨款. 英国从债权国变成债务国
4. A catchingup by Germany and Japan
5. Lack of a relationship between industry and banks
2020年6月11日
College of Foreign Languages, Hainan Normal University
1700-1944 British Empire
1750-1850 Industrial Revolution
workshop of the world(P70)
2020年6月11日
College of Foreign Laacnogttuonagteexstil,eHfaacitonraynaftNeroInrmduastlriUal nRievvoelrustiiotny
The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking
Countries
Unit 6: The UK Economy
College of Foreign Languages, Hainan Normal University
The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking
2020年6月11日
8
二战时期英国的“货币战争”
¡ 二战期间，英国打了一场极为隐秘的战争：反抗大面积涌入的，足以使经 济崩溃的假钞。纳粹德国为了破坏英国经济，制造了价值上亿的假钞。截止 1945年，三分之一强的英镑是假钞。
1942年9月24日，英格兰银行收到了一捆来自英国西非银行的面值为10 英镑的假钞。终身首席出纳员肯尼斯第一次发现假钞的出现居然可以横跨欧 洲、非洲、中东、美洲和亚洲。银行认为，这是“有史以来最危险的假钞事 件”。
当时英国政府并不知道，这是一个由希特勒本人主导的阴谋：纳粹德国 制造了这些纸币，旨在削弱同盟国的经济实力。
战争武器：假钞
将假钞作为一种战争武器并不新鲜。拿破仑曾经批准印制假冒的奥地利 和俄国纸币；美国内战时，南北双方为了打击敌方财政系统，也曾广泛使用 假账单。
事实上，二战期间英国也建立了自己的造假队伍——“A”技术小队， 但他们的工作被限制在伪造护照、文件、邮票和伪装用品的制造上，从来没 有进行过大规模的假钞运作。
development.
1945 - 60s slow - 70s recession
British disease :
soaring inflation
workers’ strike for more pay
slow growth of productivity
2020年6月11日
College of Foreign Languages, Hainan Normal University
2020年6月11日
Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher (born 13 October 1925) was Prime Minister of United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. She is the only woman to have held either post.
4
English-Speaking
Countries
2020年6月11日
College of Foreign Languages, Hainan Normal University
The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking
II. During the Two World Wars
The Society and
1900-1920 the Relative Decline of UK CultureofMajor
English-Speaking
6
Countries
Background:
Economy
After the Second Industrial Revolution, the United States and Germany presented an increasing challenge to Britain’s role as leader of the global economy and had developed large-scale industries by 1900. Britain's comparative economic advantage had lessened. but British colonies and foreign investment location from the profit far more than the United States and Germany. Its economic strength is still the most strong, London is still the world financial center, pounds is still the world's most strong hard currency, the British fleet to Britain still bring huge profits, the British bankers can still offer to foreign government and business the most amount of credit. Even so, the absolute advantage after all lost.
5
Countries
Britain’s share oΒιβλιοθήκη Baidu world trade fell from 1/4 in 1880, 1/6 in 1913, and 1/8 in
1948.
An Unfavorable Position
1. debt
2. end of the empire
3. Large military spending
The Society and Culture of Major
3
English-Speaking
Countries
2020年6月11日
College of Foreign Languages, Hainan Normal University
The Society and Culture of Major
Countries
I. Early History (-1900)
2
A Watt Steam Engine
agriculture
export wool
14thC, dominant foreign trade
17thC, a leader in textile
1588 defeated Spanish Armada
success.
Negative aspects:
high unemployment
widened gap between the poor and the rich
high crime rates
unsatisfactory social services
2020年6月11日
College of Foreign Languages, Hainan Normal University
III. During 1945-1979
10
Countries
In 1945 the Labor party: Reforms
nationalization of industries
high taxes
a welfare state
It laid the foundation for postwar British social and economic
The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking
IV. During 1979-1997
12
Countries
Conservative Party (P73)
“In politics if you want anything said,
Thatcher’s reform: ask a man. If you want anything done,
The United States became the center of the world economy. The war weakened Britain, France, Italy; and the united States became the world's top economic power, the world financial center transfered from London to New York .
但英国从殖民地和国外投资场所攫取的利润远远超过了美国和德国，它 的经济实力仍是最雄厚的，伦敦仍是世界金融中心，英镑仍是世界上最 坚挺的硬通货，英国船队仍然给英国带来巨大的利润，英国银行家仍然 能向外国政府和企业界提供最大数额的信贷。
2020年6月11日
College of Foreign Languages, Hainan Normal University
privatization
ask a woman.”
—Margaret Thatcher
low taxes reduced social welfare
Margaret Thatcher 1979-1990John Major (1990-97)
Thatcher’s economic policy achieved remarkable
1939年9月，丘吉尔考虑过造假的提议，但未能计划周详怎样将其付诸
行动。1940年4月11日，英国特情组织的负责人拜会了首相张伯伦，询问内
阁在敌人领土上散播伪造的德国马克的可能性和可取性。张伯伦总结道，英
202镑 大0年和”6德。月1国1日马克的实力悬殊，“如果德国报复，我们明显会比他们的损失
9
The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking
The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking
Countries
III. During 1945-1979
11
? Pictures of workhouse
2020年6月11日
College of Foreign Languages, Hainan Normal University
2020年6月11日
College of Foreign Languages, Hainan Normal University
This is a relative decline rather than an absolute one. Britain is more wealthier and more productive than it was in 1945, but since other countries developed more rapidly.
The Society and Culture of Major
7
English-Speaking
Countries
•Wars caused the European weak and the rise of Japan, the world pattern changed.
大战造成了欧洲的衰弱和美日的兴起，世界格局发生改变。 The war saw an expansion of economic production, but also forced Britain to use up its financial reserves and borrow large sums from the US 战争，看到了经济生产的扩张，但也迫使英国使用其财政储备和从美国借巨款. 英国从债权国变成债务国
4. A catchingup by Germany and Japan
5. Lack of a relationship between industry and banks
2020年6月11日
College of Foreign Languages, Hainan Normal University
1700-1944 British Empire
1750-1850 Industrial Revolution
workshop of the world(P70)
2020年6月11日
College of Foreign Laacnogttuonagteexstil,eHfaacitonraynaftNeroInrmduastlriUal nRievvoelrustiiotny
The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking
Countries
Unit 6: The UK Economy
College of Foreign Languages, Hainan Normal University
The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking