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2017年江苏南京师范大学语言学概论考研真题

2017年江苏南京师范大学语言学概论考研真题
1、名词解释（每题3分，共5题，计15分）
（1）尖团音
（2）克里奥尔语
（3）音位变体
（4）生成语法
（5）汉藏语系
2、索绪尔把人类的言语活动分为“语言”和“言语”两类，请说明它们的区别与联系。

（10分）
3、从历史演变的角度，简要说明汉语民族共同语的发展概况。

（10分）
4、从现代汉语的角度，简述“语言分化”的基本内容。

（10分）
5、从语言结构的角度，举例说明汉语语音发展的基本规律？（10分）
6、举例说明语言符号之间的基本关系10分）
7、举例说明常见的几种语法范畴（10分）
8、试述语音分析的基本方法（15分）
9、试述词汇系统的五种聚合关系。

（15分）
10、试述语法分析常见的几种方法。

（15分）
11、试述结构语法的基本特点。

（15分）
12、就你所知，试述对“语言学”的理解。

（15分）。

南京师范大学汉语言文字学04――07初试试题

南京师范大学汉语言文字学04――07初试试题科目名称：语言学与古代汉语共做部分（60分）[指汉语言文字学和语言学与应用语言学两个专业都要做的题]一、填空题（共10分，每空1分）1、《句法结构》的作者是_________。

2、语言中的句子就是无穷的，但形成句子的材料和_________却是非常有限的。

3、基本元音共计_________个。

4、文字源于_________。

5、具有区别词的语音形式作用的音高、音重、音长等音位称之为_________。

6、_________就是汉语复音词的一种。

由两个意义相似、有关或恰好相反的词素形成，其中一个词素的意义沦为整个词的意义，另一个词素只是做为点缀。

7、《经籍纂诂》按_________编次被释的字，分成一百零六卷。

8、许慎在《说道文解则叙利亚》中对“会意”的表述就是_________。

9、王力先生综合各家的意见，将先秦古韵分成_________部。

10、《十三经注疏》中《春秋左传》为晋代_________备注，唐代孔颖达等正义。

二、术语表述题（共20分后，每题5分后）1、亲属语言2、他源文字3、例如字4、《诗词曲语词汇释》三、简答题（共30分，每题5分）1、常见的语法手段包括哪些？2、什么是文字和语言之间的关系？3、什么是基本词及基本词的特点？4、通假字和六书中的冒用字的区别就是什么？5、古今词义的变化通常存有哪几种情况？6、你认为上古汉语中有成熟的第三人称代词吗？汉语言文字学专业必搞部分（90分后）一、单项选择题（共10分后，每题1分后）1、《v》就是f存有最早、留存最完备的，它的纂者就是_________a唐代ob隋代法言c宋代丁度等d宋代彭年等2、在下列部中，凫蛾部的一m是_________a支、、元、微b脂、幽、~、宵c蒸、|、侯、侵d之、x、歌、物3、在以下字母中，凫度嶙帜傅囊唤m就是_________a船、匣、u、奉b清、澄、群、泥c摹怼⒍ā⑷d心、奉、邪、敷4、在先秦r期，疑句中，_________作ezr通常前置a代~b人q代~c疑代~d名~5、清代以後，一般人裼玫摹傲”的序是_________as慎的名q及次序b班固的名q及次序cs仲的名q，班固的次序d的名q，班固的次序6、我第一部方言o〉闹作是《方言》，今本共十三卷，h代_________撰a⑽bp雄c钚d玄7、由同一z源派吐出淼囊唤m~，叫作_________，它往往音同x近，音将近x同或音x皆将近a同音~b同源~c同x~d同形~8、古代hz我粼~有三大特c_________a多x性、`活性、能够a性b重言、`活性、逆序c多x性、能够a性、明_性d重言、逆序、能够a性9、《史之t唐列鳌罚骸敖癖i宗r器而族之，犹如f分后之一，假令愚民挑l陵一g土，陛下何以加其法乎？”一句中\用了_________的修成o方式appb躲避mc比喻d直截了当10、杜牧《泊秦淮》：“\寒水月\沙，夜泊秦淮近酒家”一句中\用了_________的修o方式a映rb互c避}d摹二、分析操作题（共30分后）⑾铝芯渥臃g成f代文w，然後指出k分析其中特殊的z法f象。

南京师范大学0307语言学真题

2003年南师大英语语言学考试题目---初试一、单选题。

1.The scholars who put forward interaction hypothesis hold ________.A) language acquisition is a process of “stimulus-response”.B) humans are predisposed to acquire a language.C) human’s linguistic potentiality must be comb ined with the environment.D) human’s linguistic environment can be ignored as long as humans have language acquisition device.2.American Black English is _______.A) a social variety B) a regional varietyC) a combination of social and regional dialect. D) a temporal dialect3.According to Basil Bernstein, elaborated code is extensively used by _________.A) middle class people and their children.B) working-class people and their children.C) both middle class and working class peopleD) parents of children without any distinction of social background.4. Read the following two sentences and decide what kind of error the learner commits in the second sentence:He practiced English a lot last month. (1)*She comed back home early yesterday. (2)The error in the second sentence belongs to the category of ___________.A) mother tongue interference B) overgeneralizationC) cross-association D) performance error5.In the Semantic Triangle advanced by Ogden and Richards, “thought or reference” is ______.A) word, sentence B) the object C) concept D) symbol6.The word “laze” is an example of _______ in word formation.A) acronym B) blending C) functional shift D) back formation7. Pragmatics is a study of ________.A) language learning B) language acquisitionC) language planning D) language in use8. A linguist is interested in _________.A) what is said B) what is right both in syntax and in semanticsC) what is grammatical D) what ought to be said9. In English elements in construction are generally _______.A) linear B) continuous C) discontinuous D) endocentric10. __________ is a sound produced by bringing the tip of the tongue into contact with the upper teeth to create the obstruction.A) An alveolar B) A bilabial C) A palatal D) A dental二、名词解释1.linguistic universalsnguage acquisition device:3.cultural diffusion4.suggestopedia:5.polysemy6.utterance meaning:7.coinage 8.articulatory phonetics:9.endocentric construction 10.structural change:三、判断1.According to Chomsky, th e word “competence” is not limited to the ability of an ideal native speaker to construct and recognize grammatical sentences in his language.2.Eskimos have countless words for snow because snow is so common in their culture that they regard it far less important.3.Plato and Aristotle argued that the categories of thought determined the categories of language.4.Audiolingualism, contrary to American structuralism and behaviorist psychology, emphasizes the importance of regular patterns.5.People in the west tend to verbalize their gratitude and compliments less than Chinese speakers.6.It is unlikely that there is a prelinguistic stage when babies just babble.7.When varieties are classified in terms of use, they are called registers.8.From sociological view we can derive meaning from context.9.The relationship between “alligator” and “reptile” is homonymy.10.Denotation id the additional meaning than an expression carries while often shows people’s attitudes or emotions towards the subjects being talked about.11.Speech act theory was proposed by Austin and has been developed by Grice.12.A language is weakened when it borrows large numbers of words from other languages.13.Searle suggests 5 basic categories of illocutionary acts as follows: assertives, commissives, expressives, informatives and declarations.14.There is a single cause of language change.15.Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.16.Spoken utterances share some common linguistic features with written utterances.17.A small set of rules can generate an infinite number of sentences, all of which are idiomatic.18.IC analysis shows linear relationship, so it helps to account for the ambiguity of certain constructions.19.Linguists are interested in the sounds that convey meaning in human linguistic communication.20.Simply speaking, a morpheme can be defined as a minimal unit of meaning.四、问答1.Of all the theories you have learned on language acquisition, which one seems to you most reasonable? Why?2.Point out the marked differences between sociolinguistic study and traditional linguistic studies.3.How does the following exchange of conversation illustrate the Politeness Principle?A: We’ll miss Bill and Agatha, won’t you?B: Well, we’ll miss BILL.4.What is the distinction between sense and reference?5.How do you tell compounds from the noncompounded word sequence?6.What are the two criteria suggested by Chomsky for judging grammar?2003年南师大英语语言学考试题目---复试一、判断Passage one:The study of how we do things with sentence is the study of speech acts. In studying speech acts, we are acutely aware of the importance of the context of utterance. In some circumstances There is a sheepdog in the closet is a warning, but the same sentence may be a promise or even a mere statement of fact, depending on circumstances. We call this purpose----a warning, a promise, a threat, or whatever----the illocutionary force of a speech act.Speech act theory aims to tell us when we appear to ask questions but are really giving orders, or when we say one thing with special (sarcastic) intonation and mean the opposite. Thus, at a dinner table, the question Can you pass the salt? means the order Pass the salt! It is not a request for information, and yes is an inappropriate response.1.Illocutionary acts are special case of speech acts, referring to the speaker’s intention in uttering something.2.Because the illocutionary force of a speech act depends on the context of the utterance, speech act theory is a part of pragmatics.3.In most cases, the illocutionary force of “Look out!” is a suggestion.4.The speech act theory originated with the British philosophy John Austin in the late 70’s.5.Billy and Joe were long-time pals. One time Billy was in desperate need of money. His car had broken down and he needed $300 to fix it. So, he asked Joe for a load. Joe said he could lend Billy the money. This made Billy happy and he said to Joe; (a) “You are a terrible friend.”It is non-sarcastic answer.(b) “Yo u are a fine friend.”It is a sarcastic one.Passage twoInflectional is a term used in Morphology to refer to one of the two main categories or processes of sword formation, the other being derivational. These terms also apply to the two types of affix involved in word formation. Inflectional affixes signal grammatical relationships, such as plural, past tense and possession, and do not change the grammatical class of the stems t which they are attached; that is, the words constitute a single paradigm, e.g. walk, walks, walked. A word is said to “inflect for” past tense, plural, etc. In traditional (pre-linguistic) grammatical studies, the term “accidence” was used in this sense.In the phrase inflecting language (“inflectional” or “inflected” langu age), the term refers to a type of language established by comparative linguistics using structural (as opposed to diachronic) criteria, and focusing on the characteristics of the word. In this kind of language, words display grammatical relationships morphologically: they typically contain more than one morpheme but, unlike agglutinative languages, there is no one-to-one correspondence between these morphemes and the linear sequence of morphs. In languages such as Latin, Greek, Arabic etc. the inflectional forms of words may represent several morphological oppositions, e.g. in Latin amo(I love), the form simultaneously represents present tense, active, first person singular, indicative. This “fusing” of properties has led to such languages being called fusi onal and had motivated the word-and-a model of analysis. As always in such classifications, the categories are not clear-cut: different languages will display the characteristic of inflection to a greater or lesser degree.1.A language in which nouns have inflectional properties is an inflectional language.2.The affix “un-” or “dis-” is an inflectional affix.3.The agglutinative language is a language that typically expresses concepts in complex words consisting of many elements,rather than by inflection or by using isolated elements.4.Many English adjectives have inflectional properties.5.The Chinese language is an agglutinative language.Passage threeEach tongue draws a circle about the people whom it belongs, and it is possible to leave this circle only by simultaneously entering that of another people. Learning a foreign language ought hence to be the conquest of a new standpoint in the previously prevailing cosmic attitude of the individual. In fact, it is so to a certain extent, inasmuch as every language contains the entire fabric of concepts and the conceptual approach of a portion of humanity. But this achievement is not complete, because one always carries over into a foreign tongue to a greater or lesser degree one’s own cosmic viewpoint—in deed one’s personal linguistic pattern.(von Humboldt [1836]1971:39-40)1.This passage mainly discusses the relationship between one’s personal linguistic pattern and a foreign language.2.According to the author of this passage, language is a powerful instrument that allows us to make sense of the world.3.This passage reveals the fact that one’s own cosmic viewpoint determines linguistic orientation.4.The author of this passage seems to believe that language and the world outlook are two sides of the coin.5.The author of this passage seems to advocate that one’s language presupposes one’s way of thinking.二、问答1.Give examples to illustrate several different approaches to meaning.2.Why do we need two principles of conversation, i.e. the cooperative principle and the politeness principle?3.What does it mean that a linguist is interested in what is said, not what he thinks ought to be said?4.What is the advantage of IC analysis? Take “Drive the car near the station” as an example.5.Describe briefly the social differences in the use of language among speakers of the Chinese language.三、评论State clearly the interrelationship between language and cognition, giving theoretical analysis as well as empirical illustration.2004年南师大英语语言学考试题目---复试一、单选题。

2003-2007年南师大英语语言学考试题目

2003年南师大英语语言学考试题目---初试一、单选题。

1.The scholars who put forward interaction hypothesis hold ________.A) language acquisition is a process of “stimulus-response”.B) humans are predisposed to acquire a language.C) human’s linguistic potentiality must be com bined with the environment.D) human’s linguistic environment can be ignored as long as humans have language acquisition device.2.American Black English is _______.A) a social variety B) a regional varietyC) a combination of social and regional dialect. D) a temporal dialect3.According to Basil Bernstein, elaborated code is extensively used by _________.A) middle class people and their children.B) working-class people and their children.C) both middle class and working class peopleD) parents of children without any distinction of social background.4. Read the following two sentences and decide what kind of error the learner commits in the second sentence:He practiced English a lot last month. (1)*She comed back home early yesterday. (2)The error in the second sentence belongs to the category of ___________.A) mother tongue interference B) overgeneralizationC) cross-association D) performance error5.In the Semantic Triangle advanced by Ogden and Richards, “thought or reference” is ______.A) word, sentence B) the object C) concept D) symbol6.The word “laze” is an example of _______ in word formation.A) acronym B) blending C) functional shift D) back formation7. Pragmatics is a study of ________.A) language learning B) language acquisitionC) language planning D) language in use8. A linguist is interested in _________.A) what is said B) what is right both in syntax and in semanticsC) what is grammatical D) what ought to be said9. In English elements in construction are generally _______.A) linear B) continuous C) discontinuous D) endocentric10. __________ is a sound produced by bringing the tip of the tongue into contact with the upper teeth to create the obstruction.A) An alveolar B) A bilabial C) A palatal D) A dental二、名词解释1.linguistic universalsnguage acquisition device:3.cultural diffusion4.suggestopedia:5.polysemy6.utterance meaning:7.coinage 8.articulatory phonetics:9.endocentric construction 10.structural change:三、判断1.According to Chomsky, the word “competence” is not limited to the ability of an ideal native speaker to construct and recognize grammatical sentences in his language.2.Eskimos have countless words for snow because snow is so common in their culture that they regard it far less important.3.Plato and Aristotle argued that the categories of thought determined the categories of language.4.Audiolingualism, contrary to American structuralism and behaviorist psychology, emphasizes the importance of regular patterns.5.People in the west tend to verbalize their gratitude and compliments less than Chinese speakers.6.It is unlikely that there is a prelinguistic stage when babies just babble.7.When varieties are classified in terms of use, they are called registers.8.From sociological view we can derive meaning from context.9.The relationship between “alligator” and “reptile” is homonymy.10.Denotation id the additional meaning than an expression carries whil e often shows people’s attitudes or emotions towards the subjects being talked about.11.Speech act theory was proposed by Austin and has been developed by Grice.12.A language is weakened when it borrows large numbers of words from other languages.13.Searle suggests 5 basic categories of illocutionary acts as follows: assertives, commissives, expressives, informatives and declarations.14.There is a single cause of language change.15.Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.16.Spoken utterances share some common linguistic features with written utterances.17.A small set of rules can generate an infinite number of sentences, all of which are idiomatic.18.IC analysis shows linear relationship, so it helps to account for the ambiguity of certain constructions.19.Linguists are interested in the sounds that convey meaning in human linguistic communication.20.Simply speaking, a morpheme can be defined as a minimal unit of meaning.四、问答1.Of all the theories you have learned on language acquisition, which one seems to you most reasonable? Why?2.Point out the marked differences between sociolinguistic study and traditional linguistic studies.3.How does the following exchange of conversation illustrate the Politeness Principle?A: We’ll miss Bill and Agatha, won’t you?B: Well, we’ll miss BILL.4.What is the distinction between sense and reference?5.How do you tell compounds from the noncompounded word sequence?6.What are the two criteria suggested by Chomsky for judging grammar?[ 本帖最后由虹影的小窝于2007-6-29 20:32 编辑]本帖地址：/thread-1943733-1-1.html 转载请注明本帖地址。

南京师范大学语言学考研真题

611汉语综合：古代汉语一、名词解释1．三十六字母2．康熙字典3．貌4．古今字二、字词1．姜氏何厌之有2．与我心有戚戚焉3．访诸蹇叔4．所谓故国者5．树艺五谷6．闲于甲兵，习于战攻7．明足以察秋毫之末8．襄王闻之，颜色变作，身体战栗。

9．佗邑唯命10．今恩足以推及禽兽三、简答1．六书，四体二用，以及贡献和局限。

2．古代汉语和现代汉语在句法结构上的差别及举例。

四、标点翻译雍氏之役，韩征甲与粟于周。

周君患之，告苏代。

苏代曰：“何患焉？代能为君令韩不征甲与粟于周，又能为君得高都。

”周君大悦曰：“子苟能，寡人请以国听。

”苏代遂往见韩相国公中曰：“公不闻楚计乎？昭应谓楚王曰：‘韩氏罢于兵，仓廪空，无以守城，吾收之以饥，不过一月必拔之。

’今唯雍氏五月不能拔，是楚病也。

楚王始不信昭应之计矣，今公乃征甲及粟于周，此告楚病也。

昭应闻此，必劝楚王益兵守雍氏，雍氏必拔。

”公中曰：“善。

然吾使者已行矣。

”代曰：“公何不以高都与周。

”公中怒曰：“吾无征甲与粟于周，亦已多矣。

何为与高都？”代曰：“与之高都，则周必折而入于韩，秦闻之必大怒，而焚周之节，不通其使，是公以弊高都得完周也，何不与也？”公中曰：“善。

”不征甲与粟于周而与高都，楚卒不拔雍氏而去。

611汉语综合：现代汉语一、名词解释1．语音的社会性2．所字3．义素4．谱系分类二、分析1．根据语料讨论不和没的区别。

2．客人来了和来了客人的语法语义区别，以及为什么说经常说：那个客人来了，不说一个客人来了？词类分析并说明理由：刚才、刚刚偶然、偶尔3．“男”“男人”4．“主要”“重要”5．分析歧义并说明怎么消除歧义一星期就读了三本书鸡不吃了这群人多半儿没去过那里老王有个女儿很骄傲看望王老师的学生6．连线题王力？，丁声树《现代汉语语法讲话》，吕叔湘《中国文法要略》，王引之《经传释词》，黎锦熙《新著国语文法》三、论述1．现代汉语的历史来源2．汉语为什么缺乏形态？用什么表示语法意义？802语言学基础一、填空1.抽象思维在大脑哪个半球2.语言符号的任意性3.主谓结构4.句子5.发乐音时，是哪个部位6.谱系分类7.聚合规则二、名词解释1.音位的自由变体2.隐喻3.形态4.语义指向三、论述1.辅音和声母，元音和辅音的关系2.多义词和同音词的异同3.不同角度对语素的分类4.语法结构表示语法意义的手段及举例四、分析题1.根据描写写出音素或者对音素描写2.“没有穿破的衣服”层次分析法分析语义3.泰卢固语4.zcs jqx gkh与四呼表格？5.分析动词与名词的语义关系:考大学，考笔试，吃食堂，过春节，吃大碗五、论述题语言和方言的关系803语言学概论1.语音学的英文术语是什么？请举例说明语音的物理基础（10分）2.“音位”这一术语由哪个语言学流派提出的？请解释音位的概念，分析归纳音位的基本原则（10分）3.举例说明常见的几种体态范畴（10分）4.在句子语义学中，题元分析（或语义角色）是一种常见的语义分析方法，请举例说明。

南师大汉语言文字学及应用语言学现代汉语真题

一，名词解释(20分)1，音节2，词的基本义和引申义3，连动式4，借代二，按要求完成下列各题（60分）1，给下列词语注汉语拼音（要求声，韵，调全对，10分）民族昌盛阿姨飞跃牛奶2，指出下列汉字各属于哪种造字法（10分）车刃见松裹3，在下列词中找出单纯词（10分）椅子烂漫人流尴尬老乡葡萄船只崎岖水汪汪潺潺4，指出下列词组的结构类型（10分）是朋友慢慢走今天或明天拿刀切菜派他去5，用层次分析法分析下列词组（如果是多义词组，要做多种分析10分）统一祖国是我们的心愿我的哥哥和姐姐的三位同事6，分析下列复句，如果是一重复句，知名分句之间的逻辑关系，如果是多重复句，既要分清分句之间的层次，又要知名分句之间的逻辑关系。

（10分）（1）中国是火药的故乡，又是火箭的故乡。

（2）他们虽然有各种各样改造自然，改造人民生活的理想，但由于那是的自然科学水平还很低，无论如何，他们也不会指出像今天我们所说的电气化，机械化，自动化的计划来。

（3）不是鱼死，就是网破。

三，简答题（共40分）1，简述在连续的语流中汉语的音节在声调方面发生的主要变化。

2，以给出的词语为例，简述反义词构成的基础。

好—坏浅---大伟大----渺小高----不高3，举例简析兼语句和主谓词组作宾语的区别。

4，简述修辞同语音的关系。

四，论述题（每题15分，共30分。

每位考生只需要答两题，1为文理科共答题，2为文科方向题，3为理工科---计算机语言方向题）1，举例论述义素分析法的基本步骤。

2，论述转换分析法的来源及分析方法。

3，论述什么是“被’字句，运用被字句的条件限制。

一，名词术语解释（每题五分，共20分）1,音位的自由变体2，复合词3，语法特点4，言语行为二，按要求完成下列各题（共60分）1，给下面这句话注汉语拼音，要求声韵调全对（10分）航天事业是高远的，它肩负着人类生存与发展的需要2，指出下列汉字各属于哪一种造字方法。

（10分）雨下从寐叹3，在下列词中找出单纯词（10分）蜡黄参差从容作者咖啡歌儿尴尬纷纷4，指出下列短语的结构类型（10分）他中等身材喜欢干净写文章做演说深圳特区去图书馆借书5，用层次分析法分析下列短语并指明结构关系，如果多义作多种分析（10分）我国的选手获得了冠军打死了敌人的排长6，分析下列多重复句，既要分清分句间的层次，又要知名分句间的逻辑关系。

语言学试卷(期中及南师大)

语言学期中测试班级: 姓名：学号:I: Multiple Choice第一章语言与语言学1. Linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of ___.A. A particular languageB. The system of a particular languageC. Human languages in generalD. The English languageWilliam Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet, Juliet said "What's in a name That which wecall a rose by any other name would smell as sweet." This illustrates ___.A. the arbitrary nature of languageB. the big difference between human language and animal communicationC. the creative nature of languageD. the universality of language3. Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of languageA. Productive.B. Dual.C. SymbolicD.Arbitrary4. Who put forward the distinction between langue and paroleA. HallidayB. Ferdinand de SaussureC. Noam ChomskyD. Charles Hockett5. One of the properties of language is that a language user can understand and produce sentenceshe/she has never heard before. This property of language is called ___.A. dualityB. arbitraryC. displacementD. Productivity6. The ____ function refers to the fact that language can be used for establishinga favorable atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas.A. phaticB. directiveC. evocativeD. performative7. Modern linguistics is the scientific study of language. Consequently, modern linguistics emphasizes the importance of language data collected from ___.A. newspapers and magazinesB. writing by the famous writersC. the language people actually speakD. radio broadcasts8. Language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learningrather than by instinct. This property of language is called ___.A. interchangeabilityB. cultural transmissionC. productivityD. arbitrarinessa linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ___.A. DescriptiveB. linguisticC. prescriptiveD. analytic linguistic10. Which of the following statements is NOT trueA. Language is a system.B. Animals also have language.C. Language is symbolic.D. Language is arbitrary.11. According to Noam Chomsky, which of the following is seen as the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his languageA. Competence.B. Parole.C. PerformanceD. Langue12. Our linguistic ability is a ___ gift of the species' gene program.A. biologicalB. physicalC. scientificD. chemical13. The description of a language at some point in time is a ___ study.A. diachronicB. prescriptiveC. descriptiveD. synchronic14. One of the properties of language is that there is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. This property of language is ___.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrariness15. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This is what we mean by ___.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrariness16. Cultural transmission is one of the ____features of language.A. suprasegmentalB. pragmaticC. distinctiveD. design17. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not lay down rules for "correct " linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___.A. descriptiveB. sociolinguisticC. prescriptiveD. psycholinguistic18. Which of the following is the exception to the feature of arbitrariness of languageA. Native English wordsB. Borrowed wordsC. Onomatopoeic wordsD. One-syllable words19. Saussure took a(n) ____ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language froma ___ point of view.A. sociological, psychologicalB. psychological, sociologicalC. Applied, pragmaticD. Semantic, linguistic20. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ___.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable第二章语音学与音系学1. The tone, defined as variation, is an important suprasegmental feature of tone languages such as ____.A. ChineseB. EnglishC. Chinese and EnglishD. English and French2. According to the places of articulation, sounds in English such as /t/, /l/ and /z/ can be labeled as ____ ones.A. dentalB. bilabialC. velar D alveolar3. Of the following sound combinations, only ____ is permissible according to the sequentla1 rules in English.A. kiblB. bkil C ilkb D. ilbk4. Of all the speech organs, the ____ is the most flexible.A lip B. mouth C. vocal cord D. tongue5. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal6. ____ is a voiced alveolar stop.A . /z / B. /d / C. /k/ D. /b/7. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by "copying" a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____.A. identicalB. similarC. exactly alikeD. same8. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ____.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair9. The sound /f/ is a ____.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodentals fricativel0. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle11. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____.A. suprasegmental featuresB. immediate constituentsC. phonetic componentsD. semantic features12. A(n)____is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme13. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones14. Which of the following statements about allophone is NOT correctA. Allophones are different forms of the same phoneme.B. Allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution.C. Allophones distinguish meani ng·D. Allophones are language specific.15. When pitch, stress and length variations are tied to the sentence rather than to the word, they are collectively known as ____.A. intonationB. toneC. phonemeD. sentence stress16. Which of the following is also called "semivowelsA. fricativesB. liquidsC. affricatesD. glides17. In terms of place of articulation, the two consonants /f/, /v/ are ____.A. denta1B. alveolarC. palatalD. labiodental18. In terms of manners of articulation, the sounds /p/, /b/, /t/,/d/, /k/,/g/ are ____.A. bilabialB. stopsC. affricatesD. fricatives19. What is your understanding of "the Adam’s apple”A. Part of Adam’s body.B. The front part of larynx.C. The top of larynx.D. A kind of apple.20. Which of the following is NOT a velar soundA. /k/B. /ŋ/C. /v/D./g/ 第三章形态学1. ____ is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.A. DerivationB. BlendingC. AbbreviationD. Compounding2. Words such as "telex " and "workfare "are created through ____.A. blendingB. compoundingC. conversionD. affixation3. According to the morphological analysis, the underlined part in the word “internationali sm” should be referred to as a ____.A. rootB. stemC. prefixD. suffix4. Which of the following words is made up of bound morphemes onlyA. Happiness.B. Television.C. Ecology.D. Teacher.5. Which of the following words is a derivativeA. Able.B. Pet.C. Dusty.D. Change.6. How many morphemes are there in the word “d i sarmed”A. 2.B. 3.C. 4D. 57. When "-ing" in "gangling" is removed to get a verb "gangle", we call this way of creating words ____.A. suffixingB. compoundingC. back-formationD. acronymy8. The phoneme "vision" in the common word “television” is a(n) ____.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme9. As is known ____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language.A. wordsB. sentencesC. phonemesD. morphemes10. “-s” in the word "books" is ____.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root11. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is ____.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic12. The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. This indicates that themeaning of a compound____.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phraseD. none of the above13. Bound morphemes are those that ____.A. have to be used independentlyB. cannot be combined with other morphemesC. have to be combined with other morphemesD. can either be free or bound14. As one of the affixes, a prefix is ____.A. below the stemB. after the stemC. before the stemD. in the middle of the stem15. ____ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. syntaxB. grammarC. morphologyD. morpheme16. Which one of the following is NOT a suffix for adjectivesA. -ous .B. -nessC. -al17. ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes18. The stem of the word “d isengagements” is ____.A. engagementB. disengageC. engageD. disengagement19. Which of the following words is a derivational oneA. CocktailB. ReadsC. EstablishmentD. Kids20. ____ and ____ can constitute a compound.A. A stem, an affixB. A free morpheme; a free morphemeC. A root, an affixD. A prefix, a suffixII: Define the following terms2. parole3. competence4. performance5. synchronic study6. diachronic study7. IPA8. phonetics 229. narrow transcription10. phonology11. phoneme12. phone13. allophone14. assimilation rules15. suprasegmental features16. morpheme17. morph18. allomorph19. free morpheme20. bound morpheme21. inflectional morpheme22. derivational morpheme23 compounding24. conversion25. derivation语言学期中测试班级: 姓名：学号:I: Multiple Choice第一章语言与语言学1. Linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of ___.A. A particular languageB. The system of a particular languageC. Human languages in generalD. The English languageWilliam Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet, Juliet said "What's in a name That which wecall a rose by any other name would smell as sweet." This illustrates ___.A. the arbitrary nature of languageB. the big difference between human language and animal communicationC. the creative nature of languageD. the universality of language3. Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of languageA. Productive.B. Dual.C. SymbolicD.Arbitrary4. Who put forward the distinction between langue and paroleA. HallidayB. Ferdinand de SaussureC. Noam ChomskyD. Charles Hockett5. One of the properties of language is that a language user can understand and produce sentenceshe/she has never heard before. This property of language is called ___.A. dualityB. arbitraryC. displacementD. Productivity6. The ____ function refers to the fact that language can be used for establishinga favorable atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas.A. phaticB. directiveC. evocativeD. performative7. Modern linguistics is the scientific study of language. Consequently, modern linguistics emphasizes the importance of language data collected from ___.A. newspapers and magazinesB. writing by the famous writersC. the language people actually speakD. radio broadcasts8. Language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning rather than by instinct. This property of language is called ___.A. interchangeabilityB. cultural transmissionC. productivityD. arbitrarinessa linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ___.A. DescriptiveB. linguisticC. prescriptiveD. analytic linguistic10. Which of the following statements is NOT trueA. Language is a system.B. Animals also have language.C. Language is symbolic.D. Language is arbitrary.11. According to Noam Chomsky, which of the following is seen as the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his languageA. Competence.B. Parole.C. PerformanceD. Langue12. Our linguistic ability is a ___ gift of the species' gene program.A. biologicalB. physicalC. scientificD. chemical13. The description of a language at some point in time is a ___ study.A. diachronicB. prescriptiveC. descriptiveD. synchronic14. One of the properties of language is that there is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. This property of language is ___.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrariness15. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This is what we mean by ___.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrariness16. Cultural transmission is one of the ____features of language.A. suprasegmentalB. pragmaticC. distinctiveD. design17. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not lay down rules for "correct " linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___.A. descriptiveB. sociolinguisticC. prescriptiveD. psycholinguistic18. Which of the following is the exception to the feature of arbitrariness of languageA. Native English wordsB. Borrowed wordsC. Onomatopoeic wordsD. One-syllable words19. Saussure took a(n) ____ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language froma ___ point of view.A. sociological, psychologicalB. psychological, sociologicalC. Applied, pragmaticD. Semantic, linguistic20. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ___.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable第二章语音学与音系学1. The tone, defined as variation, is an important suprasegmental feature of tone languages such as ____.A. ChineseB. EnglishC. Chinese and EnglishD. English and French2. According to the places of articulation, sounds in English such as /t/, /l/ and /z/ can be labeled as ____ ones.A. dentalB. bilabialC. velar D alveolar3. Of the following sound combinations, only ____ is permissible according to the sequentla1 rules in English.A. kiblB. bkil C ilkb D. ilbk4. Of all the speech organs, the ____ is the most flexible.A lip B. mouth C. vocal cord D. tongue5. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal6. ____ is a voiced alveolar stop.A . /z / B. /d / C. /k/ D. /b/7. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by "copying" a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____.A. identicalB. similarC. exactly alikeD. same8. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ____.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair9. The sound /f/ is a ____.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodentals fricativel0. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle11. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____.A. suprasegmental featuresB. immediate constituentsC. phonetic componentsD. semantic features12. A(n)____is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme13. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones14. Which of the following statements about allophone is NOT correctA. Allophones are different forms of the same phoneme.B. Allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution.C. Allophones distinguish meani ng·D. Allophones are language specific.15. When pitch, stress and length variations are tied to the sentence rather than to the word, they are collectively known as ____.A. intonationB. toneC. phonemeD. sentence stress16. Which of the following is also called "semivowelsA. fricativesB. liquidsC. affricatesD. glides17. In terms of place of articulation, the two consonants /f/, /v/ are ____.A. denta1B. alveolarC. palatalD. labiodental18. In terms of manners of articulation, the sounds /p/, /b/, /t/,/d/, /k/,/g/ are ____.A. bilabialB. stopsC. affricatesD. fricatives19. What is your understanding of "the Adam’s apple”A. Part of Adam’s body.B. The front part of larynx.C. The top of larynx.D. A kind of apple.20. Which of the following is NOT a velar soundA. /k/B. /ŋ/C. /v/D./g/ 第三章形态学1. ____ is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.A. DerivationB. BlendingC. AbbreviationD. Compounding2. Words such as "telex " and "workfare "are created through ____.A. blendingB. compoundingC. conversionD. affixation3. According to the morphological analysis, the underlined part in the word “internationalism” should be referred to as a ____.A. rootB. stemC. prefixD. suffix4. Which of the following words is made up of bound morphemes onlyA. Happiness.B. Television.C. Ecology.D. Teacher.5. Which of the following words is a derivativeA. Able.B. Pet.C. Dusty.D. Change.6. How many morphemes are there in the word “disarmed”A. 2.B. 3.C. 4D. 57. When "-ing" in "gangling" is removed to get a verb "gangle", we call this way of creating words ____.A. suffixingB. compoundingC. back-formationD. acronymy8. The phoneme "vision" in the common word “television” is a(n) ____.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme9. As is known ____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language.A. wordsB. sentencesC. phonemesD.morphemes10. “-s” in the word "books" is ____.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root11. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is ____.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic12. The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. This indicates that themeaning of a compound____.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phraseD. none of the above13. Bound morphemes are those that ____.A. have to be used independentlyB. cannot be combined with other morphemesC. have to be combined with other morphemesD. can either be free or bound14. As one of the affixes, a prefix is ____.A. below the stemB. after the stemC. before the stemD. in the middle of the stem15. ____ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. syntaxB. grammarC. morphologyD. morpheme16. Which one of the following is NOT a suffix for adjectivesA. -ous .B. -nessC. -al17. ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes18. The stem of the word “disengagements” is ____.A. engagementB. disengageC. engageD. disengagement19. Which of the following words is a derivational oneA. CocktailB. ReadsC. EstablishmentD. Kids20. ____ and ____ can constitute a compound.A. A stem, an affixB. A free morpheme, a free morphemeC. A root, an affixD. A prefix, a suffixII: Define the following terms1. langue2. parole3. competence4. performance5. synchronic study6. diachronic study7. IPA8. phonetics 229. narrow transcription10. phonology11. phoneme12. phone13. allophone14. assimilation rules15. suprasegmental features16. morpheme17. morph18. allomorph19. free morpheme20. bound morpheme21. inflectional morpheme22. derivational morpheme23 compounding24. conversion25. derivation南京师范大学联办生学士学位课程考试英语专业《英语语言学》课程考试卷I. Multiple Choice ( 20x1)Directons: You are supposed to choose the best out of the four choices and write theletter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in the TABLE.1. What are the dual structures of languageA. Sounds and letters.B. Sounds and meaningC. Letters and meaningD. Sounds and symbols.2. Which of the following is NOT a compound wordA. LandladyB. GreenhouseC. UpliftD. Unacceptable3. Which of the following statements about language is NOT trueA. Language is a system.B. Language is symbolic.C. Animals also have languageD. Language is arbitrary4. Who put forward the distinction between Langue and ParoleA. SaussureB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. Anonymous5. According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his languageA. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue6. The study of the way listeners perceive the sounds is called ____.A. acoustic phoneticsB. auditory phoneticsC. articulatory phoneticsD. phonology7. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in ____.A. the place of articulationB. the obstruction of airstreamC. the position of the tongueD. the shape of the lips8. Which is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcriptionA. Phonetics.B. Phonology.C. Semantics.D. Pragmatics.9. Which studies the sound systems in a certain languageA. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics10. Which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formedA. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. PhonologyD. Semantics11. ______ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. Sense relationD. Concept12. ______is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act13. Historical linguistics explores __________.A. the nature of language changeB. the causes that lead to language changeC. the relationship between languagesD. all of the above14. Language change is essentially a matter of change _____.A. in collocationsB. in meaningC. in grammarD. in usages15. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its _____.A. use of wordsB. use of structuresC. accentD. morphemes16. ______ in a person's speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.A. Regional variationB. Changes in emotionsC. Variation in connotationsD. Stylistic variation17. Human linguistic ability largely depends on the structure and dynamics of______.A. human brainB. human vocal cordsC. human memoryD. human18. Linguistic _____ is the brain's neurological specialization for language.A. fossilizationB. performanceC. competenceD. lateralization19. In first language acquisition, imitation plays _____.A. a minor roleB. a significant roleC. a basic roleD. no rule20. In general, a good second language learner is an adolescent_____.A. who has a strong and well-defined motivation to learnB. who seeks out all chances to interact with the inputC. who is willing to identify himself with the culture of the target language communityD. all the aboveII. Define the following terms (6x5)Directions: You are supposed to write each of the following definitions in the corresponding space.1. productivity2. context3. sentence and utterance4. regional dialect and sociolect5. psycholinguistics6. interlanguageIll. Decide whether the statements are true or false (10x1)Directions: You are supposed to put your answer T (true) or F (false) for each sentence into the corresponding space in the TABLE.1. A sentence cannot be a word or a fragment in strict sense, but an utterance can be a word or a fragment of a sentence.2. A stem first of all refers to any morpheme or combination of morphemes, but an affix can be added to it.3. Every word in a language can find at least one referent in the objective world.4. In most cases, lexicon means vocabulary and is related to the analysis and creation of words, idioms and collocations.5. The use of the term 'implicature' is different from 'implication' in that it usually indicates a rather narrowly denned logical relationship between two propositions.6. The defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication are termed design features.7. There are other channels, besides language, for communicating our thoughts, so language is only one aspect of semiotics.8. Modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, written language as secondary.9. Descriptive linguistics aims to lay down rules for 'correct' language use, ., to tell people what they should say and what should not say.10. Phonology is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and their patterns.IV. Answer the following questions (4x10).Directions: You are supposed to answer each of the following questions in the corresponding space.1. What are the possible causes of language change2. Draw a tree diagram for the following sentence to show its syntactic structure They knew that the senator would win the election.3. What is arbitrariness Illustrate it with examples4. What do you think of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis Give examples or proof to support your point of view. ^。

南京师范大学2020年[语言学与对外汉语教学理论]考研真题

南京师范大学2020年[语言学与对外汉语教学理论]
考研真题
一、语言学理论部分（共70分）
（一）名词解释题（每题5分，共20分）
1.音高
2.内部屈折法
3.共同语
4.语言类型学
（二）简答题（每题10分，共20分）
1.如何理解语言符号的任意性？
2.请结合实例简述划分音位的原则。

（三）论述题（每题15分，共30分）
1.什么是语义特征分析法?它在句法分析中有何作用?
2.当代语言学流派主要可以分为哪两种语言观？请结合是体例子，比较二者的不同。

二、对外汉语教学理论部分（共80分）
（一）名词解释题（每题5分，共20分）
1.长时记忆
2.交际策略
3.全身反应法
4.表达型失语症
（二）简答题（每题10分，共30分
1.简述对外汉语语音教学的原则。

2.简述文化适应假说的主要内容。

3.按照测试的用途分，HSK考试属于哪类语言测试?这种测试有何特点?
（三）论述题（每题45分，共30分）
1.简述任务法的教学模式，并评价其优缺点。

2.请结合具体例子，说明语序在对外汉语语法教学中的重要性。

南师英语语言学真题(初试)11

使用完毕前机密申
南京师范太学研究生招生入学考试试卷
aOii年硕士研究生招生入学考试初试题
科国代码 : 科目名称
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有答案必须写在答题纸上考生注意 :所有答案必须写在答题纸上 ,否则无效 ,活果自负。
说明:整套试卷均用汉语答题。
一、题每组哇 ) 名词解释 :(考生根据自已所报考的语种和研究方向,从下列方框内挑选相应的考题〈。注意:不得跨组选题 :务必在答题纸上注明所选题号;多答无效;每题 5分 ,共计 ⒛ 分。冫答题
法语浯言文学 :
13。
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15。
简说法国浪漫主义文学的思想特点和艺术特点追忆似水年华》简论普鲁斯特的创作风格从《
说出 5种 ) 举例说明法语新闻体 (sty1e jornahstique)的主要语言特点〈 ” “ (至少说 5种冫 16.举例说明法语中后果的表达有几种方法
aB简述席勒的《》阴谋与爱情》的意义。强盗、《
0i
欧洲语言文学 ⒛ ,简要阐述一下古希腊文化和古罗马文化的异同点。
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请简要回答为什么托斯卡纳方言能成为意大利标准语的基础。 “ ” 31。 ∷ 简述文艺复兴运动初期俗语文学在意大利的发展。 32,请举例说明意太利语语音的和谐性对构词和语法规则的影晌。
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石浯习得甲的个体差异及其对教学的宕示。 4.何为克拉什输入假设 ?描述该假设并作评价。 ⒊珀辅英语语言文学的英羡文学、美国文明方向:比较文学与世界文学的英美文学方向 ,并 5.请介绍一下短篇小说《木摇马上的赢家》对其主题与写作技巧作简要分析。 ⒍ 以课本所选诗歌中的两苜为例 ,探讨一下罗伯特・弗罗斯特的诗歌创作特点。

矿产

矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及审查大纲
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及《矿产资源开发利用方案》审查大纲一、概述
㈠矿区位置、隶属关系和企业性质。

如为改扩建矿山, 应说明矿山现状、
特点及存在的主要问题。

㈡编制依据
(1简述项目前期工作进展情况及与有关方面对项目的意向性协议情况。

(2 列出开发利用方案编制所依据的主要基础性资料的名称。

如经储量管理部门认定的矿区地质勘探报告、选矿试验报告、加工利用试验报告、工程地质初评资料、矿区水文资料和供水资料等。

对改、扩建矿山应有生产实际资料, 如矿山总平面现状图、矿床开拓系统图、采场现状图和主要采选设备清单等。

二、矿产品需求现状和预测
㈠该矿产在国内需求情况和市场供应情况
1、矿产品现状及加工利用趋向。

2、国内近、远期的需求量及主要销向预测。

㈡产品价格分析
1、国内矿产品价格现状。

2、矿产品价格稳定性及变化趋势。

三、矿产资源概况
㈠矿区总体概况
1、矿区总体规划情况。

2、矿区矿产资源概况。

3、该设计与矿区总体开发的关系。

㈡该设计项目的资源概况
1、矿床地质及构造特征。

2、矿床开采技术条件及水文地质条件。