从格律的角度欣赏英诗

1. Kinds of Poetry
In terms of content :
1) Lyrical Poems（抒情诗） lyre (里拉)
Songs（韵文) odes （颂诗） ballads（民谣） 2) Narrative Poems（叙事诗） Epics (史诗) ( heroic poems) ballads（民谣）


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Ⅶ.Forms of poem （诗体）
Form
is the design of a poem, the particular pattern it takes when it is written on paper. In each poem, we usually find a number of similar units. Each unit may have three lines, four lines or more. This recurring unit of a poem is called stanza.（诗节）
3） 同韵：有的诗押韵，一韵到底，大多是在同一节诗中共用 一个韵脚。

如下例就共用／i:p／为韵脚
The
woods are lovely, dark and deep, But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep. Robert Frost (1874-1963): Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
Ⅵ. Rhyme Scheme（韵式）


1.Concept: The arrangement of rhymes in a poem or stanza. 2.types: 1．end rhyme（尾韵）occurs at the end of a line. 1） 联韵： “aabb”型。
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Ⅴ.rhyme （押韵）
1.concept:

the repetition of the stressed vowel sound and all succeeding sounds
e.g. Home, Foam; chair, there 2. types: a) Internal rhyme:

2. 头韵(alliteration)：是指一行（节）诗 中几个词开头的辅音相同，形成押韵。

下例中运用／f／、／b／与／s／头韵生动写出了船 在海上轻快航行的景象。 The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, The furrow followed free, We were the first that ever burst Into that silent sea.
Like
a child / from the womb, Like a ghost / from the tomb, I arise / and unbuild / it again.
三音步抑抑扬格︶︶－／︶︶－／︶︶－
4． 扬抑抑格（重轻轻格）Dactylic foot: 每个 音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节构成。
O ˊhush thee / my ˊbabie / thy ˊsire was / a knight. 注：在同一首诗中常会出现不同的格律，格律解析 对朗读诗歌有一定参考价值。现代诗中常不遵守规 范的格律。
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Ⅱ. Foot （音步）
1.
Concept: a unit of poetic meter of stressed and unstressed syllable 2.Types:
I am the daughter of the Earth and Water.
(Shelley)
We plough and sow---we’re so very, very low.
(Ernest Jones)
Ah, distinctly I remember it as in the bleak December. ( Poe )

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Ⅲ. Rhythm （节奏/韵律）
concept:
The passage of regular or approximately equivalent time intervals between definite events or the recurrence of specific sounds or kinds of sounds or the recurrence of stressed and unstressed syllables is called rhythm. Twinkle, twinkle, little star, How I wonder what you are!
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•
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Monometer: one foot; Dimeter: two feet; Trimeter: three feet; Tetrameter: four feet;
Pentameter: five feet Hexameter: six feet Heptameter: seven feet Octameter: eight feet
Contents
Ⅰ. Meter Ⅱ. Foot Ⅲ. Rhythm Ⅳ. Sound patterns Ⅴ. Rhyme Ⅵ. Rhyme Scheme Ⅶ. Forms of poem Ⅷ. Appreciations

Ⅰ.meter （格）
1.concept:the
regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. 2.types: “︶” stands for unstressed syllable and “_” represents stressed syllable. “\” is used to separate different feet.
I shot an arrow into the air, a It fell to earth, I knew not where a For, softly it flew, the sight b Could not follow it in its flight. b Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: The Arrow and the Song
Robert Burns(1759-1796): My Luve Is like a Red, Red Rose 注:art=are luve=love bonnie=beautiful a`=all gang=go 上例中为四音步与三音步交叉，可标示为： ︶－／︶－／︶－／（︶－）

2．扬抑格（重轻格）Trochee：每个音步由一 个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成。
In terms of meter:
1) Metrical Poems（格律诗） Regular Rhyme; Regular Rhythm; Definite Number of Lines 2) Free Verse（自由诗） Irregular Rhyme and Rhythm; Irregular Number of Lines 3) Blank Verse（无韵诗） Without Rhyme ; With Rhythm
2） 交叉韵：abab型。
Sunset and evening star, a And one clear call for me! b And may there be no moaning of the bar, a When I put out to sea, b

Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892): Crossing the Bar
ˊTouch
her not / ˊscornfully, ˊThink of her / ˊmournfully.
-- Thomas Hood

两音步扬抑抑格－︶︶／－︶︶
5． 抑扬抑格（轻重轻格）Amphibrach：每个音步由一个非重 读音节加一个重读音节再加一个非重读音节构成。

如：三音步抑扬抑格︶－︶／︶－︶／︶－︶ 下例中最后一个音步为抑扬格。
Tyger!/
Tyger!/ burning / bright In the / forests / of the / night
Blake: The Tyger
William
上例中为四音步扬抑格（少一个轻音节），
可标示为：－︶／－︶／－︶／－
3． 抑抑扬格（轻轻重格）Anapaest foot: 每个音步 由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。
T.S. Coleridge: Rime of the Ancient Mariner


3．内韵：指词与词之间原因的重复形成 的内部押韵。

下面一节诗中／i／及／iη／重复照应，呈现出一派欢乐祥和 的气氛。
Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king; Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring, Cold dath not sting, the pretty birds do sing: Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo! Thomas Nashe(1567-1601): Spring, the Sweet Spring
Distinction between “foot” and “meter”
Foot is not to be confused with meter, though the names for feet end with “-meter”. Meter is based on syllables, indicating how stressed and unstressed syllables are arranged. Foot is applied with a single line, indicating how many meters are employed in that line. Note: Meter+foot =metrical rhythm/versification
Homer: Iliad《伊利亚特》; Odyssey《奥德赛》 3) Dramatic Poems（戏剧诗） Dante: Divine Comedy《神曲》 usu. in dialogue ; in blank verse Milton: Paradise Lost 《失乐园》
1. Kinds of Poetry
Appreciation of poetry from the aspect of Versification
What is poetry?
A literary form Written in lines Compressed content Rich imagery Beautiful harmony Great artistic appeal
1． 抑扬格（轻重格）Iambus：是最常见的一种格式，每个音 步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。

As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass, So deep / in luve / am I : And I / will luve / thee still,/ my dear, Till a` / the seas / gang dry:
2. Forms of Poetry




1）.Blank verse （无韵诗体） Blank verse: unrhymed iambic pentameter, a line consisting of five feet of unstressed and stressed syllables. （由不押韵的诗行组成的诗体，通常是抑扬格五音步） Examples: Shakespeare's plays, Milton's Paradise Lost and Wordsworth's Prelude are written in blank verse. The following is from Shakespeare's As You Like It : All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players: They have their exits and their entrances.