词汇学Antonymy课件

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some relevant points about antonyms
marked and unmarked members. some words without antonyms.
different antonyms under different circumstances.
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two features
feature1:in a complementary pair the contrast between the two terms are absolute.(the assertion of one implies the denail of the other) eg: alive single dead married
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conversives vs contraries
there is no gradation between two conversives. there is gradation between two contraries.
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types of antonyms
root antonyms :they are words with different roots. eg:deep --- shallow
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contraries
rich poor very poor very rich
feature3:
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contraries
some tips: 1:
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complementaries
definition:complementaries or contradictories represent a type of binary semantic opposition.
水火 fire and water 左右 right and left
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use of antonyms
Antonyms are often used for the sake of contrast to impress one`s listeners and readers. eg:Keep to the left,you are right; Keep to the right,you are wrong.
a powerful man --- a powerless man
a powerful man --- a weak man
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lexical antonymy vs. syntactic negation.
lexical antonymy is often stronger than syntactic negation. eg:I`m sorry to inform you that we are not at all satisfied with your sister.We are very much dissatisfied with her.

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Contraries
rich deep poor shallow heavy tall light short
Feature1:The two words have opposite meaning. Feature2:They are all gradable words.
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THANK YOU!
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different senses,different antonyms. fast "fixed and firmly" --- loose


"rapid" --- slow
"steadfast and loyal" ---disloyal
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different contexts,different antonyms. a thin slice --- a thick slice
conclusion:When people make comparisons,they use the unmarked terms.
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some words without antonyms.
house window forest coal Not all words have antonyms.Only some qualitative adjectives,some nouns,some verbs,adverbs,determiners have .
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words order of antonymous pairs.
Pay attention to these phrases which contain pairs of antonyms. Same order as chinese equivalents. 来去 come and go 因果 cause and effect Opposite order of chinese counterpart.
a thin man --- a fat man
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different collocations,different antonyms. fresh bread ---stale bread
fresh air ---stuffy air
fresh flower --- faded flower same collocations,different antonyms.

to love ---
to hate
derivational antonyms:they are words with same roots having negative affixes.
eg:prewar --- postwar
conformist --- nonconformist
lexical antonymy vs. syntactic negation. words order of antonymous pairs.
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marked and unmarked members.
There is a tiger in the cage . There is a tigress in the cage .

present
absent
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two features
feature2:complementary terms are nongradable. eg:He is very dead.
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contraries complementari es
can be modified by adverbs to convey the degree of its intensity. can be handled in terms of comparasion
Antonymy
Antonyms
A:Types of antonyms .
B:Some relevant points about
antonyms .
C:Use of antonyms .
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Classification
According to semantic contrast they will be divided into three types:contraries,complementari es and conversives. According to morphological structure,they will be divided into two types:root antonyms and derivational antonyms.
How tall is Tom ?
How short is Tom ? conclusion:unmarked member is used more widely than the marked one.
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marked and unmarked members.
He is taller than she is. He is shorter than she is.
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conversives vs complementaries
conversives have no absolute contrast between the opposites. complementaries have absolute contrast between theopposites. where there is conversives contrast with contraries where
yes
no
yes yes
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no no
have intermediate members
conversives
lend husband borrow wife
employer
above
employee
below
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conversives
feature1:there is an interdependence of meaning between two conversives.One member of the pair presupposes the other member. feater2:they are especially found in the definition of mutual social roles,spatial relationships and so on. more examples