第三章 词汇翻译 (1)
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第三章 词汇翻译（1）
主要内容
词义的判断 词义的选择 词义的引申
Traveler: Excuse me, are you free? MM: Of course, I’m not free. Traveler: Why? MM: I’m 200 hundred RMB for one night, or 30 dollars for whole day.
现代新词 危 险
给 厨 师
木 工
普通用语 给 现 在 公文用语 给 兹 予
办 法 措 施
私 下 擅 自
普通用语 飞
心
光 亮
ຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidu
半 夜
文学用语 飞翔
心 灵
晶 子 莹 夜
3. 慎用文言词和方言
词义的引申
• 抽象词义具体化 (1) A sofa is a compromise between a chair and a bed. 沙发是介于椅子和床之间的东西。 (2) Nixon was pleased by the distinction, but not overwhelmed. 尼克松对这种破格的礼遇感到高兴，但并没有受宠若惊。 (3) We are all human beings, and have the same organs and share the same experiences and agonies. 我们都是人，都有相同的五脏六腑，都要经历生老病死，悲 欢离合。
Try to translate these sentences
1. The apple farmer eats what he can, and cans what he cannot． 2. Since there is no time like the present, he thought it was time to present the present. 3. Never trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. 4. The soldier decided to desert his dessert in the desert． 5. The buck does funny things when the does are present.
• Incite (1) The captain’s example incited the men to bravery. 船长的榜样激发了水手们的勇敢精神。 (2) The plotters incited a crowd riot. 阴谋者煽动群众暴乱。
语体色彩举例 书面语 母 亲 口语词 妈 妈 诞 辰 生 日 散 步 溜 达 恐 吓 吓 唬 古语旧词 殆 致 厨 子 木 匠
词义的选择
1. 确切理解所选用 词的含义 2. 注意所选用词的 感情色彩和语体 色彩
词的感情色彩举例
褒义词 noble heroic sacrifice polite brave kindness
贬义词 accomplice cheat cruel die-hard invasion
• 在一定的上下文中，词的褒贬意义也可能发生转化 • Invasion/ invade (1) Our conference did in the end make detailed plans for the invasion. The date was to be 4 June, 1944. 我们的会议最后确实制定了进攻的详细方案。日期定在1944 年6月4日。 (2) We had been conferring with our allies on the crucial question of whether and when the island should be invaded. 我们已经同我们的盟国谈了是否进攻及何时进攻该岛的紧急 问题。
正是由于发明了电子计算机，人类才能够在过去的 几十年中创造出这么多的奇迹。
Practice: Die/death/dead≠死亡
(1) He is a dead shot. (2) He cut me dead at the meeting. (3) His feet feel dead. (4) He is dead to all sense of shame. (5) You’ll catch your death of cold. (6) He is dying for the book. (7) Never say die! (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 他是个神枪手。 他假装不认识我。 他的脚麻木了。 他毫不知耻。 你会感冒的。 他很想得到这本书。 别灰心！
• 具体词义抽象化 (1) There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 帝国主义者的性格既残暴又狡猾。 (2) Do you think this dictionary of English is the supreme court in all matters concerning English words? 你认为这本英语词典是英语词汇的权威词典 吗？
收入不多的
小结
Homework 1. I was not one to let my heart rule my head. 2. The invention of machinery had brought into the world a new era—the Industrial Age. Money had become King. 3. A nice enough young fellow, you understand, nothing upstairs. 4. Application of laser in medicine is still in its infancy. 5. During the war, he was an embryo surgeon, and joined the mobile medical team. 6. The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green. 7. The Great Wall is a must for most foreign visitors to Beijing. 8. Every day since I last wrote has been like its neighbor. 9. The enemy’s Achilles’ heel was his harbor defense. 10. She is a valuable acquisition to the firm.
(4) Before work you must carefully check whether flat tool is fastened on the tool carrier. (machinery) 工作前必须仔细检查平口刀是否紧固在刀架上。 (5) The pilot landed his plane on the aircraft carrier. (navy) 驾驶员将飞机落在航空母舰上。 (6) An alternative method is to transmit the combined digital signal from the parallel channels by frequency or phase modulation of common carrier. (communication) 另一种方法是对公共载波调频或调相的方法发送并列信道的 组合数字信号。 (7) In a crystal at equilibrium a dynamic balance exists between carrier generation and recombination. (semiconductor) 平衡晶体中载流子的产生与复合处于动态平衡之中。
• 引申要适度 The ill-paid workers ought to save sufficient means in their early days to support themselves in the decline of life. 入不敷出的劳动者应当及早积攒足够的资财 以便在晚年维持生计。
4.通过分析句子、句群的语法结构来判断词义 5.根据一个词在上下文中与其他词的逻辑关系、搭 配关系和篇章的整体效果来判断词义 • work (1) This method worked very well. 这种方法行之有效。 (2) It is due to the invention of the computer that man has been able to work so many wonders in the past few decades.
3. 根据专业内容来确定词义
• Carrier (1) A porter is a baggage carrier. (daily life) 搬运工就是搬运行李的人。 (2) Flies and mosquitoes are carriers of infectious diseases. (medical science) 苍蝇和蚊子是传染病的传播者。 (3) The solder glass is in a powdered form and is suspended in a liquid carrier for ease and accuracy of application. (chemistry) 为了便于使用和精确控制，焊料玻璃呈粉末状，并 悬浮于液态载体中。
•
有些中性词在一定的上下文中，可能带上褒贬 意义 • ambition (1) I am very reluctant to give up an ambition which I have cherished for over twenty years. 我真不愿放弃这20多年来抱有的雄心壮志。 (2) The domineering ambition of Hitler’s Germany was not satisfied. 希特勒德国的称霸野心没有得逞。
词义的判断
1. 通过查阅工具书确定词义
2. 根据一个词的词类来选择和确定词义
• sound (n. v. adj.) • n. (1) My car is making strange clicking sounds. (2) I like the sound of this rock band. (3) From the sound of things you were lucky to find him. (4) Long Island Sound (5) Jeff didn’t seem to like the sound of their plan.
• v. (1) A cup of tea sounds perfect. (2) The bell sounded for the end of the class. (3) You don’t sound the “b” in the word comb.
• adj. (1) Firm wishing to take part in the program must be able to show that they are financially sound. (2) a sound understanding of basic teaching skills (3) a sound heart (4) We arrived home safe and sound. (5) to have a sound night’s sleep (6) to give sb. a sound beating (7) a sound piece of writing
主要内容
词义的判断 词义的选择 词义的引申
Traveler: Excuse me, are you free? MM: Of course, I’m not free. Traveler: Why? MM: I’m 200 hundred RMB for one night, or 30 dollars for whole day.
现代新词 危 险
给 厨 师
木 工
普通用语 给 现 在 公文用语 给 兹 予
办 法 措 施
私 下 擅 自
普通用语 飞
心
光 亮
ຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidu
半 夜
文学用语 飞翔
心 灵
晶 子 莹 夜
3. 慎用文言词和方言
词义的引申
• 抽象词义具体化 (1) A sofa is a compromise between a chair and a bed. 沙发是介于椅子和床之间的东西。 (2) Nixon was pleased by the distinction, but not overwhelmed. 尼克松对这种破格的礼遇感到高兴，但并没有受宠若惊。 (3) We are all human beings, and have the same organs and share the same experiences and agonies. 我们都是人，都有相同的五脏六腑，都要经历生老病死，悲 欢离合。
Try to translate these sentences
1. The apple farmer eats what he can, and cans what he cannot． 2. Since there is no time like the present, he thought it was time to present the present. 3. Never trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. 4. The soldier decided to desert his dessert in the desert． 5. The buck does funny things when the does are present.
• Incite (1) The captain’s example incited the men to bravery. 船长的榜样激发了水手们的勇敢精神。 (2) The plotters incited a crowd riot. 阴谋者煽动群众暴乱。
语体色彩举例 书面语 母 亲 口语词 妈 妈 诞 辰 生 日 散 步 溜 达 恐 吓 吓 唬 古语旧词 殆 致 厨 子 木 匠
词义的选择
1. 确切理解所选用 词的含义 2. 注意所选用词的 感情色彩和语体 色彩
词的感情色彩举例
褒义词 noble heroic sacrifice polite brave kindness
贬义词 accomplice cheat cruel die-hard invasion
• 在一定的上下文中，词的褒贬意义也可能发生转化 • Invasion/ invade (1) Our conference did in the end make detailed plans for the invasion. The date was to be 4 June, 1944. 我们的会议最后确实制定了进攻的详细方案。日期定在1944 年6月4日。 (2) We had been conferring with our allies on the crucial question of whether and when the island should be invaded. 我们已经同我们的盟国谈了是否进攻及何时进攻该岛的紧急 问题。
正是由于发明了电子计算机，人类才能够在过去的 几十年中创造出这么多的奇迹。
Practice: Die/death/dead≠死亡
(1) He is a dead shot. (2) He cut me dead at the meeting. (3) His feet feel dead. (4) He is dead to all sense of shame. (5) You’ll catch your death of cold. (6) He is dying for the book. (7) Never say die! (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 他是个神枪手。 他假装不认识我。 他的脚麻木了。 他毫不知耻。 你会感冒的。 他很想得到这本书。 别灰心！
• 具体词义抽象化 (1) There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 帝国主义者的性格既残暴又狡猾。 (2) Do you think this dictionary of English is the supreme court in all matters concerning English words? 你认为这本英语词典是英语词汇的权威词典 吗？
收入不多的
小结
Homework 1. I was not one to let my heart rule my head. 2. The invention of machinery had brought into the world a new era—the Industrial Age. Money had become King. 3. A nice enough young fellow, you understand, nothing upstairs. 4. Application of laser in medicine is still in its infancy. 5. During the war, he was an embryo surgeon, and joined the mobile medical team. 6. The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green. 7. The Great Wall is a must for most foreign visitors to Beijing. 8. Every day since I last wrote has been like its neighbor. 9. The enemy’s Achilles’ heel was his harbor defense. 10. She is a valuable acquisition to the firm.
(4) Before work you must carefully check whether flat tool is fastened on the tool carrier. (machinery) 工作前必须仔细检查平口刀是否紧固在刀架上。 (5) The pilot landed his plane on the aircraft carrier. (navy) 驾驶员将飞机落在航空母舰上。 (6) An alternative method is to transmit the combined digital signal from the parallel channels by frequency or phase modulation of common carrier. (communication) 另一种方法是对公共载波调频或调相的方法发送并列信道的 组合数字信号。 (7) In a crystal at equilibrium a dynamic balance exists between carrier generation and recombination. (semiconductor) 平衡晶体中载流子的产生与复合处于动态平衡之中。
• 引申要适度 The ill-paid workers ought to save sufficient means in their early days to support themselves in the decline of life. 入不敷出的劳动者应当及早积攒足够的资财 以便在晚年维持生计。
4.通过分析句子、句群的语法结构来判断词义 5.根据一个词在上下文中与其他词的逻辑关系、搭 配关系和篇章的整体效果来判断词义 • work (1) This method worked very well. 这种方法行之有效。 (2) It is due to the invention of the computer that man has been able to work so many wonders in the past few decades.
3. 根据专业内容来确定词义
• Carrier (1) A porter is a baggage carrier. (daily life) 搬运工就是搬运行李的人。 (2) Flies and mosquitoes are carriers of infectious diseases. (medical science) 苍蝇和蚊子是传染病的传播者。 (3) The solder glass is in a powdered form and is suspended in a liquid carrier for ease and accuracy of application. (chemistry) 为了便于使用和精确控制，焊料玻璃呈粉末状，并 悬浮于液态载体中。
•
有些中性词在一定的上下文中，可能带上褒贬 意义 • ambition (1) I am very reluctant to give up an ambition which I have cherished for over twenty years. 我真不愿放弃这20多年来抱有的雄心壮志。 (2) The domineering ambition of Hitler’s Germany was not satisfied. 希特勒德国的称霸野心没有得逞。
词义的判断
1. 通过查阅工具书确定词义
2. 根据一个词的词类来选择和确定词义
• sound (n. v. adj.) • n. (1) My car is making strange clicking sounds. (2) I like the sound of this rock band. (3) From the sound of things you were lucky to find him. (4) Long Island Sound (5) Jeff didn’t seem to like the sound of their plan.
• v. (1) A cup of tea sounds perfect. (2) The bell sounded for the end of the class. (3) You don’t sound the “b” in the word comb.
• adj. (1) Firm wishing to take part in the program must be able to show that they are financially sound. (2) a sound understanding of basic teaching skills (3) a sound heart (4) We arrived home safe and sound. (5) to have a sound night’s sleep (6) to give sb. a sound beating (7) a sound piece of writing