高一英语第八单元Food Around The World (世界上的食物)

高一英语第八单元Food Around The World (世界上的食物) There are two expressions that include the word “corn”. A selfish person has little sense of shame about his selfishness as he thinks other people are selfish , too . We call this “measuring another\’s corn by one\’s own bushel ”.
An honest person admits the corn frankly if he loses in a game or debate . We think this is a gentlemanly way of talking one\’s own defeat . (corn 是美语对玉米的叫法。

美国是世界上最大的生产国。

“甜玉米”是最甜的玉米。

许多人喜欢吃甜玉米棒子。

爆玉米花在美国是很受欢迎的零食。

每家电影院的入口处都能买到它。

有两个包含 corn 字的习语。

自私的人对自己的自私心缺乏羞愧感，因为他认为别人也是自私的。

我们就把这个叫做“以自己的标准衡量他人，即以己度人。

一个诚实的人，如果比赛或者辩论失败，就坦诚地认输。

我们认为，这样接受失败是有风度的。

”)
另外，我们在本单元向大家提供一篇难得的快速提高高考听力技巧的文章和一篇新教材中的习语分类欣赏（上）的文章，相信它们一定会让你大饱眼福。

3. I\’m afraid there\’s no other places free at the moment . 目前恐怕没有别的空位了。

4. I\’m sorry , sir , the one by the window has been booked by telephone . Would you like to sit over there near the door ?
3. Would you like it rare , medium , or well-done ? 您喜欢做得嫩一点，中等程度还是老一点？
(1) coffee 是不可数名词，通过量词可以具体化。

如：She made me a cup of coffee . 她给我沏了一杯咖啡。

white coffee 加牛奶的咖啡。

black coffee 不
加牛奶的咖啡。

(2) 目前在口语中直接在coffee后加 -s 表示几杯几杯咖啡。

如：Waiter , two coffees , please . 服务员，来两杯咖啡。

It\’s very kind of you to offer me so much help . 你真好，给我提供了这么多的帮助。

They have found a way to prepare them in the form of small tablets . 他们想出办法把它们制成小小的药片。

(3) prepare for 为……做好准备(for 的宾语不一定是准备这一动作的直接承受者)。

prepare sth准备……（宾语必须是这一动作的承受者）
More room will have to be made on the programme for these performers . 节目单上一定要给这些演员多留出一些时间。

测试要点：对比名词与介词的不同， by this means “用这种方法”，with this method “用这种方法”，( in ) this way “用这种方法”。

In the beginning he wasn\’t very interested in school , but as time went by he began to enjoy it .
Because we have airplanes , we can travel from one place to another faster than ever before .
本单元要求复习 unit 1 ——7 中出现过的主要语法，如：定语从句、被动语态和动词的各种时态。

在学习定语从句时，“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句是一个难点，难在何处？感到茫然的同学主要是不知道该选用什么介词。

而介词的选用是有一定规律的，只要掌握了这些规律性的东西，解题就可迎刃而解，举一反三了。

She paid the man from whom she had borrowed some money . ( = She paid the man . She had borrowed some money from him . )（注意：borrow sth . from sb . 这一搭配关系）
In the dark street , there wasn\’t a single person to whom she could turn for help (NMET 92)（注意：turn to sb . for help 这一搭配关系）
The dog died because there was no way in which it could be brought back to the earth .
此句相当于：The dog died . There was no way it could be brought back to earth . （注意：in the way , in this / that way 这一搭配关系）又如：
He will never forget the day on which he joined the Party .（介词 on 与先行词 day 的搭配关系）
China is a large country with a long history of which we are greatly proud .（注意：be / feel proud of 这一习惯搭配）
The two things of which they felt very proud were Jim\’s gold watch and Della\’s hair .（1998年上海高考试题）
I live in this room , the window of which faces south . ( = I live in this room , whose window faces south . )（表示“所有关系”）
There are over 3,000 workers in that factory , eighty-five percent of whom are w omen . ( =There are … , and eighty-five percent of them are women . 表示“整体中的一部分”）
China has hundreds of islands , the largest of which is Taiwan . （表示“整体中的一部分”）
定语从句是中学英语课本中比较复杂的一个语法项目，有些学生对怎样选择关联词不甚清楚，有时会出现错误。

现略举几例加以分析说明。

先比较下面例句。

1 . I\’ll never forget the summer holidays (which / that) I spent on the seashore .
分析：在例1句子中，关联词 which / that 在从句中作及动动词 spent 的宾语，可省略；在例2句中，关联词 when 在从句中作时间状语；在例3中，关联词 which\’that 在从句中作主语，不能省略；在例4句子中，关联词 where 在从句中作地点状语。

结论：定语从句的重点是如何选择关联词(关系代词或关系副词)。

若关联词在从句中作状语，就应使用关系副词；否则就应使用关系代记号。

关系副词 when , where , why 的使用，并不决定于其先行词是表时间、地点或原因的词，而是取决于关联词在从句中充当哪种语法成分。

只有当关联词在从句中作时间、地点或原因状语时，才能分别使用关系副词 when , where , why 或者用 in / at / on which 代替 when , 用 in / at which 代替 where , 用 for which 代替 why；若关联词在从句中作主语、宾语，则应用关系代词 which 或 that。

1 . A on which 可用 when 代替，在定语从句中起时间状语的作用。

2 . D 关系副词 when 在从句中作时间状语，可用 on which 代替。

3 . B 关系代词 that 在定语从中作及物动词 spare 的宾语，可用 which，也可省略。

4 . D 关系副
词 where 在从句中作地点状语，可用 in which 代替。

5 . A 关系代词 which 在从中作主语，可用 that 代替。

6 . A 关系副词 why 在从中作原因状语，可用 for which 代替。

7 . B 关系代词 that 在从句中作及物动词 say 的宾语，可用 which 代替，也可省略。

主动语态变被动语态的“三步曲”是：一、将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语；二、谓语动词改为被动形式；三、如需强调动作的执行者；用介词 by 引出。

那么，下面的三个问题也值得我们重视。

英语中有一些动词，常和表示行为方式的状语连用，可以用主动语态表示在逻辑上似乎应该用被动语态表示的概念。

如：
pen (笔) 怎么能自己 write (写)呢 ? 这有点不合逻辑。

从语法和逻辑角度看，This pen is written well . 似乎更正确。

可英美人很少这样说。

他们一般都说 This pen writes well . 他们认为这样更简略、更自然、更合乎习惯。

1 . 这类动词常见的有 open , look , read , write , smell , taste , sound , cook , wash , fill 等。

如：The door opens to the south . 这道门是朝南开的。

在被动句中有时用 by 词组，有时不用，这是由多种因素决定的。

一般说来，当动作执行者不太清楚，不重要或难以说出时，通常不用 by 词组。

但有时为了强调动作执行者或由于上下文和结构上所需则使用 by 词组。

Even a child can answer this q uestion . →This question can be answered even by a child .
③主动语态中含有复合宾语。

如：I saw him go downstairs . → He was seen to go downstairs .
④主动语态中含有宾语从句。

如：I believe that he will keep his word . → He is believed to keep his word . (=It is believed that he will keep his word . )
英语中，我们多用 be +v . -ed 结构来表示被动含义；但有时也可用动词的主动形式来表示被动意义。

有主动形式表被动意义是一种特殊的语态现象，常见的有：
一、在动词 need , want , require , bear , deserve 等后常用动名词的主动形式表被意义。

例如：
① The civil quality of the whole nation needs improving . 全民族的文化素质需要提高。

一般地，这些动名词都可用不定式的被动结构来代替。

如上述第三例可改为：The river dam wants to be reinforced .
三、有些及物动词在某些特定场合下，常用主动形式表被动含义。

这类动词有write , read , clean , lock , wear , wash , catch , work , cut , draw , start 等。

例如：
四、某些实义动词被当作系动词用时含有被动意义，但不能用被动式。

这类动词有 look , sound , feel , taste , smell , keep , stay 等。

例如：
The theory is too abstract for a child to understand . 这理论太抽象，孩子不能理解。

I don\’t think this so-called big movie is terribly interesting to watch .
我认为这部所谓的巨片并不十分好看。

3 . There be 结构中，作定语的不定式多用主动表被动，但也可用被动式，意义上一般无差别。

例如：
但当句中主语为 something , anything , nothing 时，作定语的不定式用主动或被动式其含义有区别：
4 . 在 be to blame , be to let 等结构中，不定式的主、被动形式都可表达被动含义。

例如：
六、在某些介词后，动名词用主动形式表被动含义。

常见介词有 past , beyond , above 等。

例如：
The question is beyond / above teenagers understanding . 这个问题还不能被十几岁的孩子理解。

最后补充一点。

不及物动词没有被动式，这是我们都知道的.；可是有的同学由于受汉语思维习惯的影响，常将这样一些词或词组用于被动语态。

最易被这样误用的词(组)有 happen , last , spread , end , take place , break out 等。

现举几例，以示其正确用法：
The newly - imported foreign film lasts almost three hours . 这部进口的外国影片几乎要放映三个小时。

Great changes have taken place in the whole world since the end of World War Ⅱ . 第二次世界大战结束以来，整个世界已发生了巨大的变化。

析：虽然finger 后省掉了在定语从句中作宾语的关系代词 that / which ，
但是定语从句中也不能重复先行词，故 it 多余。

析：逗号之后不用关系代词 that 引导定语从句，而用 which 引导非限制性定语从句修饰前面整个句子，并在从句中作主语等。

析：介词或介词短语后的定语从句不用关系代词that 。

若修饰人时关系代词用 whom，修饰物时关系代词用 which 。

如：The knife with which he cut the branch is sharp .
析：上例中 this farm 为主语而非先行词。

因此误句缺少表语 the one ，即缺少后面定语从句的先行词。

析：定语从句部分的谓语形式必须与行词在人称和数上保持一致。

上例中先行词 the (only)one 为单数。

对比：You are one of the girls who dance well. (先行词为 the girls )
析：先行词 the time 在从句中作动词 spent 的宾语，而非时间状语。

因此关系代词which 或that 可省。

析：先行词为 all 时定语从句用 that 引导，且 that 作宾语时可省，此句相当于主语从句 What he said is true . 但 what 不能引导定语从句。

8. 误：Tom , for whose life had once been very hard , has started a company recently .
正：Tom , for whom life had once been very hard , has started a company recently .
析：定语从句中介词 for 提前，life 应是从句部分的主语。

若先行词置于从
句中应为 Life had once been very hard for Tom .
析：主句为 There are a lot of people .先行词 people 在定语从句中做主语，故从句部分缺少关系代词。

析：定语从句中的谓语动词 live 是不及物动词，因此先行词 street 在从句中应作地点状语而非宾语，应用关系副词 where 引导从句，相当于 in which .
“Unless I get a rise , I\’ll have to talk with the (1) , Henry Manley , ”George Strong said to himself . George liked his job and e liked the town (2) he lived , (3) his wife kept telling him that his pay was not enough to (4) the needs of the family . That was (5) he was thinking of taking a job in Birmingham , a nearby city about 50 miles (6) . He had been offered a (7) in a factory there , and the pay was far away .
George lived in Wyeford , a medium-sized town . He (8) liked the place and didn\’t like the(9) of moving somewhere else , but if he took the job in Birmingham , he (10) move his family there .
Henry Manley was the manager of a small (11) producing electric motors . The company was (12) deep trouble because , among other reasons , the Japanese were (13) such things (14) very low prices . (15) , Manley had to (16) his own prices and profits(利润) as well (17) he would not get any (18) at al . Even then , orders were sill not coming in fast enough , so that there was no money for (19) for his workers . Somehow , he had to struggle along and keep his best (20) as well . He sighed (叹息) . Just then the phone rang .
His secretary told him that George Strong wanted to see him as soon as
possible . Manley (21) again . He could guess (22) it was about . Strong was a very young engineer (23) had no future (24) it could attract and keep men like him . Manley rubbed his forehead ; his problems seemed (25) .
〖答案与赏析〗1 . B 见文中第三段第一句。

2 . A where 在此引导定语从句，相当于 in which 作状语，故选 A。

3 . D 据文章意思这里表转折。

4 . C meet ，意为“满足”，常与 needs 搭配使用，meet the needs of 是“满足……的需要”之意。

A . support(支撑)、B . spend(花费)、D . have(拥有)都不合题意。

5 . A 这里表原因。

6 . C A、B、D三个选项中的词均不可与数字连用。

7 . D 由文意决定。

8 . B 不想搬家正是因为 George 确实喜欢这个地方。

9 . B 该句是说 George 不喜欢这一想法，这里并不涉及别人的建议问题，故C不对。

A、D也不合题意。

10 . C 该句是虚拟语气，表示对将来的一种假设，故主句该用would have to。

11 . B 下句有揭示。

12 . B in (deep) trouble 是固定搭配，意为“处于困境中”。

13 . D 这家公司的电动机之所以不好销是由于日本人正在以低价销售这种产品的原因所致，A、B、C不合题意。

14 . D (sell) at low prices 或(sell) at a low price 为固定搭配，意为“以低价(出售)”。

15 .
A 此处表结果。

其它三个选项不符合逻辑。

16 .
B 这里指“降低价格”，符合题意，A、C、D与题意不符。

17 .
C therefore(因此)、however(然而)、and so(表递进)，均不合题意，故选otherwise “否则；要不然的话”。

18 . B 下句有提示。

19 . C 据文章的意思公司是没钱给工人提高工资，而并非连工资都发不下来。

20 . A 要想使公司能正常维持下去，Manley 就必须设法留住最好的工人，后文提到的 George 就是一例。

21 . B 据上下文情景及 again 一词推断。

22 . C what 引导宾语从句，并指代 Strong 所想和 Manley 谈话的内容，语法上做介词 about 的宾语，A、B 项均不能做 about 的宾语，D意思不对。

23 .
D 留不住像 George 这样的好工人，当然首先是公司的前景不妙，且文章第三段第一、二句提示有 the company，故A、B、C项均不合题意。

24 . A unless 表条件，意为“除非……”，在此符合题意。

25 . C 接踵而至的问题，自然让人感到 Manley 的麻烦似乎没完没了，A、B、D项意思正好相反，故均不合题意。

下面是有关新教材中的习语，它们在阅读中具有重要作用，请同学们根据注释理解所给例句的汉语意思。

Please don\’t think I mistrust you, but I would prefer to have our agreement in black and white.
10. be/go purple with rage ---- be/become extremely angry 气得脸色发紫；极其生气：
14. get out of the red ---- get out of debt to a bank 不再欠（银行的）债，不再亏空：
15. catch someone red-handed ---- catch someone in the act of committing
a crime （犯罪时）当场捉住，当场捕获：
The shop detective caught him red-handed as he was slipping a packet of cigarettes into his pocket.
18. tell a white lie -- tell a lie which is regarded as harmless and excusable 讲不怀恶意的谎言：
5. a wolf in sheep\’s clothing---- a person who seems a friend but is really an enemy; a person who disguises his real intentions 披着羊皮的豺狼；伪装友善的敌人：
6. smell a rat ---- suspect that something is wrong 感到有可疑之处，觉得事情不妙：
7. make an ass of oneself----seem foolish, behave so that one is laughed
at 做傻事，使自己出洋相：
9. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush --- something is worth more than a risk which might be profitable 双鸟在林不如一鸟在手；
If you invest this money you might make a fortune; but a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
10. kill two birds with one stone ----achieve two aims at once 一箭双雕；一举两得：
12. a cat-and-dog life ---- (husband and wife) a life full of quarrels （指夫妇）象猫狗一样不和的生活；过着经常争吵的生活：
（注意：lead/live a dog\’s life-- live a miserable life 过着牛马不如的日子，过着悲惨地的日子）
13. count one\’s chickens before they are hatched ---- be over-confident of success 蛋未孵，先取雏；过早乐观：
You think you have won the election, but don\’t count your chickens before they are hatched.
14. as blind as a bat ---- having very poor eyesight 瞎得象蝙蝠一样；眼力不行的；
15. let sleeping dogs lie ---- not disturb someone or something which may give trouble, not to look for trouble 莫。