工程硕士研究生英语基础教程

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[4] Early engineers used such simple machines as the inclined plane, wedge, and wheel and axle. During the Middle Ages, a period in European history that lasted from the A.D. 400s to the 1500s, inventors developed machines to harness water, wind, and animal power. The growing interest in new types of machines and new sources of power to drive them helped bring about the Industrial Revolution of the 1700s and 1800s, during which, their role expanded rapidly.
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[3] 人们发明了农具，设计了精巧的灌溉 网络．建造了初期的城市。公元前26世 纪，在吉扎建造的巨大的埃及金宇塔是古 代最伟大的工程奇迹之一在古罗马，工程 师建造了巨大的水渠，桥梁和许许多多的 公路系统。在公元前3世纪，中国人建立 了雄伟的万里长城的主体部分。
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Giza during the 2500s B.C. was one of
the greatest engineering feats of ancient
times. In ancient Rome, engineers built
large aqueducts and bridges and vast
systems of roads. During the 200s B.C.,
the Chinese erected major sections of
the monumental Great Wall of China. ----------------------------------------------
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[2] Engineers also plan our electric power and water supply systems, and do research to improve automobiles, television sets, and other consumer products. They may work to reduce environmental pollution, increase the world's food supply, and make transportation faster and safer.
from things that were available in nature.
For example, sturdy sticks became
levers to lift large rocks, and logs were
used as rollers to move heavy loads.
of tiny electronic circuits. Engineers may
help produce guided missiles, industrial
robots, or artificial limbs for the
physically handicapped. They develop
often develop new materials. Engineers
have had a direct role in the creation of
most of modern technology—the tools,
materials, techniques, and power
sources that make our lives easier. ----------------------------------------------------------
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[4] The practical steam engine
developed by the Scottish engineer
James Watt in the 1760s revolutionized
and ships. Many roads, railroads, and
canals were constructed to link the
growing industrial cities.
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[4] 由苏格兰的工程师詹姆斯•瓦特在18世纪 60年代开发的实用蒸汽发动机提供了便宜 且有效的动力源，引发了运输和工业的革命。 新的炼铁技术为工程师提供了改善机械与工 具，以及建造轮船和桥梁所需的材料．人们 建造了很多道路，铁道和运河来连接不断发 展的工业城市．
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transportation Байду номын сангаасnd industry by providing
a cheap, efficient source of power. New
ironmaking techniques provided
engineers with the material to improve
machines and tools and to build bridges
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[3] The history of engineering is the
record of human ingenuity through the
ages. Even in prehistoric times, people "
adapted to basic engineering techniques
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[5] Distinct branches of engineering began to develop during the Industrial Revolution. The term civil engineer was first used about 1750 by John Smeaton, a British engineer. Mechanical engineers emerged as specialists in industrial machinery, and mining and metallurgical engineers were needed to supply metals and fuels.
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[3]工程学的历史即是人类世世代代独具 匠心的记录．甚至是在史前时期，人们就 利用自然里可获得的事物作为原始的工程 手段．例如，结实的棍子用作撬起巨大岩 石的杠杆，原木用作移动重物的滚筒。农 业的发展和文明的进步带来了工程学研究 的新浪潮．
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The development of agriculture and the
growth of civilization brought about a
new wave of engineering efforts. ----------------------------------------------------------
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[2] 工程师还为我们规划电力和供水系统， 研究改善汽车，电视机以及其他消费晶。 他们致力于减少环境污染，增加世界粮食 的供应，以及使运输更加快捷和安全。
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[2]工程学领域包括有各种不同的活动， 比如，工程项目涵盖内容可大到水坝的建 设，小到细微的电子线路的设计。工程师 可以帮助生产导弹、工业用机器人或为身 体有残疾的人生产假肢。他们开发复杂的 科学设备来勘探外层空间的范围和海洋的 深度。
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[1]工程学是一门将科学知识适用于实践 的专业．工程师运用科学原理设计建筑物、 机器以及各种各样的产品．他们寻找更好 的方法来使用理存的资源，同时也经常开 发新材料．在大部分使我们生活得更加容 易的现代科技的创新方面，比如：工具、 材料、技术以及能源等，工程师都发挥了 直接作用．
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use. Engineers use principles of science
to design structures, machines, and
products of all kinds. They look for better
ways to use existing resources and
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[4] 早 期 的 工 程 师 使 用 了 有 斜 面 的 刨 子 、 楔 子和轮子和车轴这样闹单的机械。在中世纪 (欧洲历史中，从公元5世纪到16世纪这段时 期)，发明者开发了利用水力、风力和动物 之力的机械．对新型机械和驱动这些机械的 动 力 源 不 断 增 长 的 兴 趣 促 使 他 们 引 发 了 18 和19世纪的工业革命．在工业革命时期， 工程师的作用迅速扩展．
complex scientific equipment to explore
the reaches of outer space and the
depths of the oceans.
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Text A: Engineering
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[1] Engineering is the profession that
puts scientific knowledge to practical
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[2] The field of engineering includes a
wide variety of activities. For example,
engineering projects range from the
construction of huge dams to the design
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Table of Contents
❖1. Text ❖2. Exercise ❖3. Part B: Grammar ❖4. Part C
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[3] People invented farming tools,
designed elaborate irrigation networks,
and built the first cities. The construction
of the gigantic Egyptian pyramids at