句子种类

第十二讲

简单句通常只由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成。简单句一般分为：陈述句、疑问句、感叹句和祈使句四种。

Ⅰ陈述句

用以肯定或否定一件事情或看法的叙述性句子叫陈述句。句末用句号，读时用降调。

Eg:We’ll meet again tomorrow.

Last week we started our trip across this trip.

2.陈述句的否定式

1)在连系动词be,实义动词have,助动词或情态动词后加not,never,…等否定词构成否定式。

Eg:We mustn’t waste any more time.

I’ve never been so afraid in all my life.

当谓语动词是have“有”时，其否定式可以有两种。

Eg:Students usually have not their P.E. lessons on Monday. Students don’t usually have their P.E. lessons on Monday. 2)在行为动词前加do(does,did)not (句中词的行为动词应用原形)构成否定式。

Eg:I didn’t find Chinese easy at first.

Sorry,I don’t know much about him.

He doesn’t like American movies very much.

3)句中若有no,none,little,not,nobody,nothing,neither,nor, never,hardly,scarcely等都否定意义的词，可构成陈述句的否定式，同时不能再用not.

Eg：I had never seen such a good match before that day!

Many of the country people could neither read

nor write.

There was no music or dialogue.

He little knows what may happen.

4)在have作“有”解时的否定结构中，如用not则在宾语前常家a(an),any,many,much等词，如用no,则不用这些词而应紧跟名词，have不作“有”解时，通常按行为动词构成否定式。在美国英语中，have总是按行为动词构成。

Eg:They don’t have any meeting in the afternoon.

Ⅱ疑问句

用来提问的句子叫疑问句，句末句用问号。疑问句主要有四种：一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反义疑问句。

1.一般疑问句

1)一般疑问句的构成

陈述句的谓语动词是动词have或be,构成一般疑问句时只需颠倒主语和动词的语序。

Eg:She is a nurse. Is she a nurse?

He has many friends.

Has he many friends? /Does he have many friends？

陈述句的谓语部分是“助动词/态动词+实义动词”构成一般疑问句时，只将助动词或情态动词移放在主语前面。

Eg:The premier has been to our school.

Has the premier been to our school.

They can do it for us.

Can they do it for us.

陈述句的谓语动词如果是一般实义动词，构成一般疑问句时，要用“Do/Does/Did+主语+动词原形”构成这一结构实际上只用于“现在一般时态和过去一般时态中谓语动词为实义动词”的情况。

Eg:The students read English every morning.

Do the students read English every morning.

She often helps them.

Does she often help them?

He bought a car last month.

Did he buy a car last month?

2)一般疑问句的回答

一般疑问句要升调。一般要用Yes或no来回答；有时，也可用其他表示肯定或否定的词或相应的结构来回答，如:perhaps,certainly,of course,all right,I think so,surely,never, sorry,not yet,certainly not,not at all,I’m afraid not等。

Eg:Do you want to study English?

Yes ,I do.

若表示肯定回答，也可用“Certainly”或“Of course”.

当回答:No,I don’t

还可以回答:Certainly not.

3)一般疑问句的否定形式。

一般疑问句也有否定式，肯定回答时用“Yes,+肯定结构”；否定回答时，用“No,+否定结构”。请注意这种语境中的Yes 和No与汉语的译义逻辑关系。

Eg:Don’t you want to stay with me?

Yes,I do./No,I don’t.

2.特殊疑问句

特殊疑问句是以疑问代词(who,whom,what,which),疑问形容词(which,what,whose)或疑问副词(when,where,how,why)开头。特殊疑问句一般用降调。

1)特殊疑问句的构成

如果疑问代词是问句的主语或以“疑问形容词+名词”为问句的主语，这个问句就用正常的陈述句语序。

Eg:Who is your teacher?

Which team won the championship.

疑问句除作问句的主语或主语的定语外，其余情况一律用“疑问词+一般疑问句”的语序。