国际贸易(第七版 (14)[37页]
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▪ Demonstrate how protection in one market can affect other markets in the economy.
14-2
Consumer Surplus
▪ Consumer surplus (CS) is a measure of the overall well-being of consumers.
government
14-7
Tariffs: Small Country Case
CS falls by area a+b+c+d,
or $656.25.
P
S PS rises by area a, or $393.75.
Revenue rises by area c, or $175.
Deadweight loss is areas b+d,
Chapter 14
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
The Impact of Trade Policies
Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
▪ Illustrate how tariffs, quotas, and subsidies affect domestic markets.
▪ Instead rent will be captured by
• holders of import licenses or • the government if it auctions the
licenses, or • foreign suppliers, if they organize.
▪ However, the DWL is less than would have occurred if an equivalent tariff or quota were used.
14-12
Export Taxes: Small Country Case
▪ Export taxes cause the price in the imposing (i.e., exporting) country to fall, since some of what had been exported is not anymore.
▪ Identify the winners, losers, and net country welfare effects of protection.
▪ Explain how the effects of protection differ between large and small countries.
$6
b
a
c
$5
D
100 120 160 190
Q
14-11
Production Subsidies: Small Country Case
▪ Production subsidies lead to deadweight loss because of the expansion of relatively inefficient production.
▪ CS is the area between the demand curve and the price.
▪ CS varies inversely with the price.
14-3
Consumer Surplus
P
P* D Q
14-4
Producer Surplus
▪ Producer surplus (PS) is a measure of the well-being of producers.
or $87.50.
$1.35
a bcd
$1
D
1000 1250 1750 2000
Q
14-8
Tariffs: Small Country Case
▪ A tariff makes producers better off, but overall, the small country’s welfare falls.
Small Country Case
▪ What happens when a country imposes a tariff? Its domestic price rises.
▪ Therefore, tariffs:
• benefit domestic producers • harm domestic consumers • generate tariff revenue for the
▪ The welfare implications of the quota are otherwise the same as for tariffs.
14-10
Production Subsidies:
Small Country Case
A $1 subsidy has the effect of
14-9
Import Quotas: Small Country Case
▪ Recall that quotas and tariffs can be designed to be equivalent.
▪ The difference is that with quotas there is no revenue collected.
▪ PS is the area between the supply curve and the price.
▪ PS varies directly with priHale Waihona Puke Baidue.
14-5
Producer Surplus
P S
P*
Q
14-6
Trade Restrictions in Partial Equilibrium: The
shifting the supply curve to the right.
P
S S' CS doesn’t change, because
consumers still pay $5.
PS rises by areas a+b
The cost of the subsidy is a+b+c
Deadweight loss is areas c.
14-2
Consumer Surplus
▪ Consumer surplus (CS) is a measure of the overall well-being of consumers.
government
14-7
Tariffs: Small Country Case
CS falls by area a+b+c+d,
or $656.25.
P
S PS rises by area a, or $393.75.
Revenue rises by area c, or $175.
Deadweight loss is areas b+d,
Chapter 14
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
The Impact of Trade Policies
Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
▪ Illustrate how tariffs, quotas, and subsidies affect domestic markets.
▪ Instead rent will be captured by
• holders of import licenses or • the government if it auctions the
licenses, or • foreign suppliers, if they organize.
▪ However, the DWL is less than would have occurred if an equivalent tariff or quota were used.
14-12
Export Taxes: Small Country Case
▪ Export taxes cause the price in the imposing (i.e., exporting) country to fall, since some of what had been exported is not anymore.
▪ Identify the winners, losers, and net country welfare effects of protection.
▪ Explain how the effects of protection differ between large and small countries.
$6
b
a
c
$5
D
100 120 160 190
Q
14-11
Production Subsidies: Small Country Case
▪ Production subsidies lead to deadweight loss because of the expansion of relatively inefficient production.
▪ CS is the area between the demand curve and the price.
▪ CS varies inversely with the price.
14-3
Consumer Surplus
P
P* D Q
14-4
Producer Surplus
▪ Producer surplus (PS) is a measure of the well-being of producers.
or $87.50.
$1.35
a bcd
$1
D
1000 1250 1750 2000
Q
14-8
Tariffs: Small Country Case
▪ A tariff makes producers better off, but overall, the small country’s welfare falls.
Small Country Case
▪ What happens when a country imposes a tariff? Its domestic price rises.
▪ Therefore, tariffs:
• benefit domestic producers • harm domestic consumers • generate tariff revenue for the
▪ The welfare implications of the quota are otherwise the same as for tariffs.
14-10
Production Subsidies:
Small Country Case
A $1 subsidy has the effect of
14-9
Import Quotas: Small Country Case
▪ Recall that quotas and tariffs can be designed to be equivalent.
▪ The difference is that with quotas there is no revenue collected.
▪ PS is the area between the supply curve and the price.
▪ PS varies directly with priHale Waihona Puke Baidue.
14-5
Producer Surplus
P S
P*
Q
14-6
Trade Restrictions in Partial Equilibrium: The
shifting the supply curve to the right.
P
S S' CS doesn’t change, because
consumers still pay $5.
PS rises by areas a+b
The cost of the subsidy is a+b+c
Deadweight loss is areas c.