语义关系
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2) Origins of homonyms
Change in sound and spelling 读音和拼写演变的结果 Borrowing借入外来词的结果 Shortening 词语缩略的结果
3) Differentiation of homonyms from polysemants
6.1 Polysemy一词多义关系
• Polysemy means that one single word has two or more senses at the same time. • 它是指一个单独的词同时有两个或更多的 意义。 • The bulk of English words are polysemantic; one –meaning words are rare and are mainly scientific terms such as hydrogen, molecule, and so on.
2) Dialects and regional English 地域性语言和方言
3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words 词的比喻和委婉用法 4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions 单词与习惯表达在意义上的偶合
• Match the following native terms with their Latin counterparts. Native Latin Friendship maternal Hearty enemy Inner amity Outer acute Motherly cordial Sharp interior Deed action Foe exterior
• In this pattern, native, French, and Latin or Greek words co-exist. Native French Latin/Greek Begin terror trepidation Rise flame interrogate Ask commence ascend Fire firm conflagration Fear question secure Fast mount initiate
•
2. Types of synonyms
1）Absolute synonyms绝对同义词 Absolute synonyms are words whose meaning is fully identical in any context so that one can always be substituted for the other without the slightest change in meaning. This kind of synonyms are rare and may be found in special terminology such as compounding and composition in lexicology, malnutrition and undernourishment in medicine.
1) Types of homonyms
Perfect/absolute homonyms完全同形同音异义词 Homographs同形异义词 Homophones同音异义词 Of the three types, homophones constitute the largest number and are most common.
4) Rhetoric features of homonyms
（1）“Waiter‖ ―Yes, sir‖ ―what‘s this‖ ―It‘s bean soap, sir.‖ ―No matter what it‘s been, what is it now?‖ (2) Why should a man never tell his secrets in a cornfield? Because it has so many ears. (3) Why is the Middle Ages also called the Dark Ages? Because there were so many Knights.
1. Two approaches to polysemy
Diachronic approach历时研究方法 It is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word.一词多义是同一个词的 语义结构历史发展的结果。 The first meaning is the primary meaning原 始意义. Later meanings are called derived meanings派生意义.
• 一般地说，多义词是一词多义，几个意义 之间有历史的或现实的联系，它们都是从 一个基本意义派生出来的，有“同源、同 族”的关系，而同形同音异义词则是同一 拼写或同一发音，但在意义上大多没有任 何历史的或现实的联系，它们非同出一源， 而只是读音和拼写上的偶合。在词典中， 同形同音词通常以独立项分立，而多义词 的各不同义项则全部列在同一词项下。
Take head for example: the head of the school, six pence per head, the head of a page, to come to a head, to lose one’s head, six head of cattle Though these senses have little in common, they all derive from special application of the central idea of head as a part of the body.
在此过程中，本义（也称中心意义）处在中心位 置，次要意义从此处象光线一样朝各个方向辐射。
All the meanings are independent of one another, but can all be traced back to the central meaning. 这些次要词义之间相互独 立，但均可追溯到中心义。
2) Concatenation连锁型
• Concatenation is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.连锁型 是一种语义过程，在此过程中，一个词的意 义象链条一样，通过连续的改变，逐渐从本 义移开，直至最后发展出来的意义和本义没 有了任何关系。
• 例1：board：木板→餐桌→会议桌→董事 会 • 例2：candidate：穿白袍的人→身着白袍申 请职位的人→候选人
6.2 Homonymy同形同音异义关系
• Homonyms are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling. 同形同音异义词是意 义不同、而发音与拼写皆相同或只有拼写 或只有发音相同的词。
2. Two processes of development
1) Radiation辐射型 2) Concatenation连锁型
1) Radiation辐射型
Semantically, radiation is the process which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays. 从语义学上讲，辐射型是这样一种过程，
Chapter 6 Sense Relation
Objectives:
– To discuss the main sense relations among words; – To explain semantic field.
Teaching focus:
– Polysemy 一词多义关系 – Homonymy 同形同音异义关系 – Synonyy 同义关系 – Antonymy 反义关系 – Hyponymy 上下义关系 – Semantic Field 语义场
1) Borrowing借入 正如Baugh所说：“英语同义词之所以丰 富，主要是由于拉丁语、法语和本族语成 分的和谐混合所致。” Words of native origin form many couplets （双词模式） and triplets（三词模式） with those from other languages.
• 2） Relative synonyms Synonyms which denote different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality are called relative synonyms.
3. Sources of synonyms同义词的来源
4. Discrimination of synonyms 同义词的区别
1. Definition of synonyms • Synonyms are words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.同义词是发音和拼写不同 但在意义上极为相似或完全相同的词。 Synonyms share a likeness in denotation as well as part of speech, for a verb cannot have an adjective as its synonym.同义词在外延意 义和词性上要具有相似性。
From the above examples, we can see that homonyms are often employed to create puns for desired effect of humor or irony for stylistic purposes.
6.3 Synonymy同义关系
Synchronic approach共时研究方法 Synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a historical period of time. 从 共时的角度看，在同一个历史时期，同一个 词可以拥有许多不同的意义。 The basic meaning of a word is called the central meaning 中心意义. The derived meanings are secondary in comparison.
2) Origins of homonyms
Change in sound and spelling 读音和拼写演变的结果 Borrowing借入外来词的结果 Shortening 词语缩略的结果
3) Differentiation of homonyms from polysemants
6.1 Polysemy一词多义关系
• Polysemy means that one single word has two or more senses at the same time. • 它是指一个单独的词同时有两个或更多的 意义。 • The bulk of English words are polysemantic; one –meaning words are rare and are mainly scientific terms such as hydrogen, molecule, and so on.
2) Dialects and regional English 地域性语言和方言
3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words 词的比喻和委婉用法 4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions 单词与习惯表达在意义上的偶合
• Match the following native terms with their Latin counterparts. Native Latin Friendship maternal Hearty enemy Inner amity Outer acute Motherly cordial Sharp interior Deed action Foe exterior
• In this pattern, native, French, and Latin or Greek words co-exist. Native French Latin/Greek Begin terror trepidation Rise flame interrogate Ask commence ascend Fire firm conflagration Fear question secure Fast mount initiate
•
2. Types of synonyms
1）Absolute synonyms绝对同义词 Absolute synonyms are words whose meaning is fully identical in any context so that one can always be substituted for the other without the slightest change in meaning. This kind of synonyms are rare and may be found in special terminology such as compounding and composition in lexicology, malnutrition and undernourishment in medicine.
1) Types of homonyms
Perfect/absolute homonyms完全同形同音异义词 Homographs同形异义词 Homophones同音异义词 Of the three types, homophones constitute the largest number and are most common.
4) Rhetoric features of homonyms
（1）“Waiter‖ ―Yes, sir‖ ―what‘s this‖ ―It‘s bean soap, sir.‖ ―No matter what it‘s been, what is it now?‖ (2) Why should a man never tell his secrets in a cornfield? Because it has so many ears. (3) Why is the Middle Ages also called the Dark Ages? Because there were so many Knights.
1. Two approaches to polysemy
Diachronic approach历时研究方法 It is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word.一词多义是同一个词的 语义结构历史发展的结果。 The first meaning is the primary meaning原 始意义. Later meanings are called derived meanings派生意义.
• 一般地说，多义词是一词多义，几个意义 之间有历史的或现实的联系，它们都是从 一个基本意义派生出来的，有“同源、同 族”的关系，而同形同音异义词则是同一 拼写或同一发音，但在意义上大多没有任 何历史的或现实的联系，它们非同出一源， 而只是读音和拼写上的偶合。在词典中， 同形同音词通常以独立项分立，而多义词 的各不同义项则全部列在同一词项下。
Take head for example: the head of the school, six pence per head, the head of a page, to come to a head, to lose one’s head, six head of cattle Though these senses have little in common, they all derive from special application of the central idea of head as a part of the body.
在此过程中，本义（也称中心意义）处在中心位 置，次要意义从此处象光线一样朝各个方向辐射。
All the meanings are independent of one another, but can all be traced back to the central meaning. 这些次要词义之间相互独 立，但均可追溯到中心义。
2) Concatenation连锁型
• Concatenation is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.连锁型 是一种语义过程，在此过程中，一个词的意 义象链条一样，通过连续的改变，逐渐从本 义移开，直至最后发展出来的意义和本义没 有了任何关系。
• 例1：board：木板→餐桌→会议桌→董事 会 • 例2：candidate：穿白袍的人→身着白袍申 请职位的人→候选人
6.2 Homonymy同形同音异义关系
• Homonyms are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling. 同形同音异义词是意 义不同、而发音与拼写皆相同或只有拼写 或只有发音相同的词。
2. Two processes of development
1) Radiation辐射型 2) Concatenation连锁型
1) Radiation辐射型
Semantically, radiation is the process which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays. 从语义学上讲，辐射型是这样一种过程，
Chapter 6 Sense Relation
Objectives:
– To discuss the main sense relations among words; – To explain semantic field.
Teaching focus:
– Polysemy 一词多义关系 – Homonymy 同形同音异义关系 – Synonyy 同义关系 – Antonymy 反义关系 – Hyponymy 上下义关系 – Semantic Field 语义场
1) Borrowing借入 正如Baugh所说：“英语同义词之所以丰 富，主要是由于拉丁语、法语和本族语成 分的和谐混合所致。” Words of native origin form many couplets （双词模式） and triplets（三词模式） with those from other languages.
• 2） Relative synonyms Synonyms which denote different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality are called relative synonyms.
3. Sources of synonyms同义词的来源
4. Discrimination of synonyms 同义词的区别
1. Definition of synonyms • Synonyms are words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.同义词是发音和拼写不同 但在意义上极为相似或完全相同的词。 Synonyms share a likeness in denotation as well as part of speech, for a verb cannot have an adjective as its synonym.同义词在外延意 义和词性上要具有相似性。
From the above examples, we can see that homonyms are often employed to create puns for desired effect of humor or irony for stylistic purposes.
6.3 Synonymy同义关系
Synchronic approach共时研究方法 Synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a historical period of time. 从 共时的角度看，在同一个历史时期，同一个 词可以拥有许多不同的意义。 The basic meaning of a word is called the central meaning 中心意义. The derived meanings are secondary in comparison.