管理学原理第六章名词解释

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Chapter 6 Decision Making: The Essence of the Manager’s Job

1)Decision(决策): A choice from two or more alternatives.

2)Decision-making process(决策制定过程): A set of eight steps that include identifying a

problem, selecting an alternative, and evaluating the decision’s effectiveness.(包括八个基本步骤。整个过程开始于识别决策问题和确定决策标准,以及为每个决策标准分配权重;

然后进入到开发、分析和选择备择方案,这些方案要能够解决问题;接下来是实施备择方案,以及最终评估决策结果。)

3)Problem(问题): A discrepancy between an existing and a desired state of affairs.(现状和

希望状态之间的差异。)

4)Decision criteria(决策标准): Criteria that define what’s relevant in a decision.(管理者必

须决定什么与制定决策有关。)

5)Rational decision making(理性决策): Decision-making behavior where choices are

consistent and value-maximizing within specified constraints.(管理者所制定的决策时前后一致的,是追求特定条件下价值最大化的。)

6)Bounded rationality(有限理性): Decision-making behavior that’s rational, but

limited(bounded) by an individual’s ability to process information.(管理者理性地作出决策,但同时也受到自身信息处理能力的限制。)

7)Satisficing: Accepting solutions that are “good enough”.(由于管理者不可能分析所有决策

方案的所有信息,因此他们只是制定满意的而不是是目标最大化的决策。换言之,他们所接受的决策方案只能是足够好的,他们的理性受到他们信息处理能力的限制。)

8)Escalation of commitment(承诺升级): An increased commitment to a previous decision

despite evidence that it may have been wrong.(这是一种在过去决策的基础上不断增加承诺的现象,尽管有证据表明,已经作出的决策是错误的。)

9)Intuitive decision making(直觉决策): Making decisions on the basis of experience, feelings,

and accumulated judgment.(它是一种潜意识的决策过程,基于决策者的经验以及积累的判断。)

10)Structured problems(结构良好问题): Straightforward, familiar, and easily defined problems.

(一目了然的,决策者的目标是清楚的,问题是熟悉的,有关问题的信息容易定义和收集。)

11)Programmed decision(程序化决策): A repetitive decision that can be handled by a routine

approach.(这是一种重复性决策,运用常规方法就能处理所面临的问题。)

12)Procedure(程序): A series of interrelated sequential steps that can be used to respond to a

well-structured problem.(指相互关联的一系列顺序的步骤,管理者遵循这些步骤对结构良好问题做出回应。)

13)Rule(规则): An explicit statement that tells managers what they can or cannot do.(明确

的陈述,它高速管理者能做什么和不能做什么。)

14)Policy(政策): A guideline for making decisions.(知道程序化的指南。)

15)Unstructured problems(结构不良问题): Problems that are new or unusual and for which

information is ambiguous or incomplete.(新颖的、不经常发生的、信息模糊和不完整的问题。)

16)Nonprogrammed decisions(非程序化决策): A unique decision that requires a custom-made

solution.(是具有唯一性和不可重复性的决策,要求量身定制解决方案。)

17)Certainty(确定性): A situation in which a manager can make accurate decisions because all

outcomes are known.(在这种情况下,管理者可以制定出精确地决策。)

18)Risk(风险性): A situation in which the decision maker is able to estimate the likelihood of

certain outcomes.(决策者在这种条件下能够估计出每一种备择方案的可能性。在风险性条件下,管理者所具有的历史数据能使他们给不同的决策方案分配概率。)

19)Uncertainty(不确定性): A situation in which a decision maker has neither certainty nor

reasonable probability estimates available.(不能肯定决策的结果并且不能对概率作出合理的估计。)

20)Business performance management(BPM) software(企业绩效管理软件): IT software that

provides key performance indicators to help managers monitor efficiency of projects and employees.(管理者运用IT的软件工具帮助他们检测项目效率和监督员工的几个重要绩效指标。)

21)Directive style(命令型风格): A decision-making style characterized by low tolerance for

ambiguity and a rational way of thinking.(具有命令性风格的人往往具有较低的模糊承受力,他们思考问题的方式是理性的,他们讲究效率和逻辑性。)

22)Analytic style(分析型风格): A decision-making style characterized by a high tolerance for

ambiguity and a rational way of thinking.(具有分析型风格的决策者比具有命令型风格的决策者具有更大的模糊承受力,他们在制定决策之前试图得到更多的决策信息和考察更多的选择分析型风格的决策者是以谨慎为特征的,具有适应和处理某些特殊情况的能力。)

23)Conceptual style(概念型风格): A decision-making style characterized by a high tolerance for

ambiguity and an intuitive way of thinking.(具有概念型风格的人趋向于具有广泛的看法和愿意考察更多的选择,他们关注决策的长期结果,非常愿意寻求解决问题的创造性方案。)24)Behavioral style(行为型风格): A decision-making style characterized by a low tolerance for

ambiguity and an intuitive way of thinking.(具有行为型风格的人与其他人相处融洽,他们关注周围人的成就并愿意接受其他人的建议,他们通常通过会议方式进行沟通,虽然这可能带来冲突。)

25)Heuristics(启发法): Rules of thumb that managers use to simplify decision making.(简化

决策的制定过程。)

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