英语 美国民权
民权运动背景英文版介绍教案资料

民权运动背景介绍The day is August twenty-eighth, nineteen sixty-three. More than two hundred fifty thousand people are gathered in Washington. Black and white, young and old, they demand equal treatment for black Americans. The nation's most famous civil rights leader, the Reverend Martin Luther King Junior, is speaking. MARTIN LUTHER KING: "I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration of freedom in the history of our nation."1963年8月28日,超过25万美国人在首都华盛顿举行集会。
白人和黑人,年轻的和年长的,他们聚集在一起,为非洲裔美国人争取平等权益。
美国最著名的民权运动领导人马丁.路德.金发表讲话说:“我很高兴今天能够加入你们的行列,这将成为我们历史上最伟大的争取自由的示威。
”Early in its history, black Africans were brought to America as slaves. They were bought and sold, like animals. By the time of America's Civil War in the eighteen sixties, many had been freed by their owners. Many, however, still worked as slaves on the plantations, or large farms, of the South. By the end of the war, slavery had been declared unconstitutional. But that was only the first step in the struggle for equality.最初,非洲人作为奴隶被卖到美国。
反抗压迫的历史事件英语作文

反抗压迫的历史事件英语作文英文回答:Throughout history, there have been numerous events where individuals or groups have risen up against oppression and fought for their rights and freedom. One such event that stands out is the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s.During this time, African Americans in the United States faced widespread discrimination and segregation. They were denied basic human rights, such as the right to vote, equal access to education, and equal opportunities in employment. This systemic oppression led to widespread discontent and a desire for change.One of the key figures in the Civil Rights Movement was Martin Luther King Jr. He advocated for nonviolent resistance and organized peaceful protests, such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955. This boycott was inresponse to the arrest of Rosa Parks, an African American woman who refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a bus. The boycott lasted for 381 days and eventually led to a Supreme Court ruling that declared segregation on public buses unconstitutional.Another significant event in the Civil Rights Movement was the March on Washington in 1963. This was where Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech, calling for racial equality and an end to discrimination. The march brought together hundreds of thousands of people from all walks of life and served as a powerful symbol of unity and resistance against oppression.The Civil Rights Movement not only brought about legal changes, but also changed societal attitudes towards racial equality. It paved the way for the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which outlawed racial segregation and ensured equal voting rights for all citizens.中文回答:在历史上,有许多事件中,个人或团体起来反抗压迫,为自己的权利和自由而战。
介绍美国民权运动英语作文

介绍美国民权运动英语作文The civil rights movement in the United States was a pivotal moment in history. It was a time when people from all walks of life came together to fight for equality and justice. It was a time when brave individuals stood up against oppression and discrimination. The civil rights movement was a powerful force for change, and it paved the way for a more inclusive and just society.The leaders of the civil rights movement were courageous and determined. They faced violence, intimidation, and even death, but they never wavered in their commitment to justice. Their actions inspired millions of people to join the fight for civil rights. The civil rights movement was a grassroots movement, driven by ordinary people who were tired of being treated as second-class citizens. It was a movement that brought together people of all races, backgrounds, and beliefs, united in their desire for a better world.The civil rights movement was marked by powerful acts of resistance and protest. From sit-ins to marches to boycotts, people across the country took a stand against injustice. They demanded an end to segregation, discrimination, and violence. They demanded equal rights and equal opportunities for all. The civil rights movement was a loud and clear message to the world that change was coming, and that justice would prevail.The legacy of the civil rights movement is still felt today. It paved the way for landmark legislation such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. It inspired future generations to continue the fight for justice and equality. The civil rights movement was a turning point in American history, and its impact can still be seen in the ongoing struggle for civil rights and social justice.In conclusion, the civil rights movement was a defining moment in American history. It was a time of courage, determination, and unity. It was a time when people came together to fight for a better future for all. The civilrights movement was a powerful force for change, and its legacy continues to inspire us to this day.。
美国黑人民权运动ppt课件

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• Although the roots of the movement go back to the 19th century, it peaked in the 1950s and 1960s. African American men and women, along with whites, organized and led the movement at national and local levels. They pursued their goals through legal means, negotiations, petitions, and nonviolent protest demonstrations.
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Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr eventually became the leader of the Civil Rights Movement.
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1964
• Congress passed Civil Rights Act declaring discrimination based on race illegal after 75-day long argument.
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Education
• For every $150.000 spent on white children at the "white schools" only $50.000 was spent on African American children at the "black schools."
In 1985, an American company bought this toothpaste company and changed its name.
大学英语视听说,美国民权运动PPT

Main Events (一)
• In 1954, U.S. Supreme Court claimed that schools in the Board of Education which insisted racial discrimination were illegal. • In 1955, in Alabama, Montgomery, black citizens took full strike against the bus segregation of black and white . • In 1960, people generally carried out sitting in public places in southern states, showing that the range of motion is beyond the limits of a city .
• 1963年运动达到高潮。 • 4月,在种族隔离最严重的阿拉巴马州伯明翰市,爆发黑 人抗议示威斗争,迫使当局接受黑人要求。 • 8月,在华盛顿举行该市有史以来规模最大的示威游行, 25万黑人和白人同情者举行争取就业和自由的“自由进军 ”。
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Great pressure in the civil rights movement, the U.S. Congress in 1964 through the "Civil Rights Act," passed in 1965, "Election Rights Act," officially through legislation by the end of African Americans in the voting restrictions and various public facilities in racial discrimination and apartheid. After 1964, the black movement took to the road of armed struggle uprising.
现代大学英语精读5unit 1作者简介及课文背景

------ Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin Luther King
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968)
美国黑人民权运动
The most famous leader of the American civil rights movement a Baptist minister a peacemaker
"Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can
do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can
do that."
The Civil Rights Movement
A historic moment of the civil rights movement was the March on Washington D.C. of August 28, 1963 when Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his speech “I Have a Dream.”
But…
He fought for their Freedom and rights
King was murdered in 1968.During his life ,he put his heart and soul into fighting for equalities and he had already changed the society.
African Americans ,the largest minority in the United States, were suffering from longterm racial discrimination .
关于美国民权运动写一篇英文文章.docx

The America Civil Rights MovementIn March, 1963, person and so on golden pastor organized the demonstration in the south racial segregation extremely serious Birmingham, the request to cancel the entire city isolation system.The demonstration populace receive the brutal suppression, but because golden pastofs persisting is compelled with the US federal state to carry on the intervention, this city racial segregation system is completely can celled.After Birmingham event, civil rights movement troop rapid expansion.On August 2& 1963 organized 250,000 people (1/4 for Caucasian) to march to Washington, the request employment, the request "was free immediately n. Moreover, some cities blacks also develop to the violence cope with the violence the struggle・ In 1964 forced L.B.President J oh nson has signed u Civil rights Law”. But south ZhuZhoureng used each technique to prevent the black voter registration.Thereupon, the golden pastor and so on carries on the black voterregistration movement in the racism extremely rampant Alabama state Selma city, and braved in March, 1965 the danger which beat, kills by Selma to state capital Montgomery to march, the final attendant amounted to 150000. Condemns front the world people, the American government to in the same year in August requested Congress to pass n Voter To ascend Notation'1.South the above two law have not been able actually completely to cancel the racial segregation and the discrimination system, but nor thin fact racial discrimination also has intensifies the potential. In March, 1968, the golden pastor organized the poor to march (called when poor person movement), way Tennessee state Memphis, is gunned down by the racism member. Afterwards the black leaders initiated the national self-determination movement, the black authority movement,the black leopard party movement as well as the black populace's spontaneous large-scale city tumult and so on, all was by in fact the different form opposition in fact racial segregation system, specially got employed the discrimination system civil rights movement continuation.The black American civil rights movement is the modern non- violence movement model, is oppressed in the world in the social class to affect profoundly, it causes the people to see may obtain the democratic right through the legitimate mass movement the possibility,also causes the person to see the world will certainly to move towards the democratic equal the tendencyUntil the nineteen sixties, black people in many parts of the United States did not have the same civil rights as white people. Laws in the American South kept the two races separate. These laws forced black people to attend separate schools, live in separate areas of a city and sit in separate areas on a bus・On December first, nineteen hfty・five, in the southern city of Montgomery, Alabama, a forty-two year old black woman got on a city bus. The law at that time requiredblack people seated in one area of the bus to give up their seats to white people who wanted them. The woman refused to do this and was arrested・This act of peaceful disobedience started protests in Montgomery that led to legal changes in minority rights in the United States. The woman who started it was Rosa Parks. Today, we tell her story.She was born Rosa Louise McCauley in nineteen-thirteen in Tuskegee, Alabama. She attended local schools until she was eleven years old. Then she was sent to school in Montgomery. She left high school early to care for her sick grandmother, then to care for her mother. She did not finish high school until she was twenty-one・Rosa married Raymond Parks in nineteen thirty-two. He was a barber who cut men's hair. He was also a civil rights activist. Together, they worked for the local group of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People・ In nineteen forty-three, Missus Parks became an officer in the group and later its youth leader・Rosa Parks was a seamstress in Montgomery. She worked sewing clothes from the nineteen thirties until nineteen fifty-five・ Then she became a representation of freedom for millions of AfricaAmericans.In much of the American South in the nineteen fifties, the first rows of seats on city buses were for white people only. Black people sat in the back of the bus. Both groups could sit in a middle area. However, black people sitting in that part of the bus were expected to leave their seats if a white person wanted to sit there.Rosa Parks and three other black people were seated in the middle area of the bus when a white person got on the bus and wanted a seat. The bus driver demanded that all four black people leave their seats so the white person would not have to sit next to any of them. The three other blacks got up, but Missus Parks refused. She was arrested ・Some popular stories about that incident include the statement that Rosa Parks refused to leave her seat because her feet were tired・ But she herself said in later years that this was false. What she was really tired of, she said, was accepting unequal treatment. She explained later that this seemed to be the place for her to stop being pushed around and to find out what human rights she had, if any.A group of black activist women in Montgomery was known as the Women's Political Council・ The group was working to oppose the mistreatment of black bus passengers・Blacks had been arrested and even killed for violating orders from bus drivers・ Rosa Parks was not the first black person to refuse to give up a seat on the bus for a white person. But black groups in Montgomery considered her to be the right citizen around whom to build a protest because she was one of the finest citizens of the city.The women's group immediately called for all blacks in the city to refuse to ride on city buses on the day of Missus Parks's trial, Monday, December fifth. The result was that forty thousand people walked and used other transportation on that day.That night, at meetings throughout the city, blacks in Montgomery agreed to continue to boycott the city buses until their mistreatment stopped・They also demanded that the city hire black bus drivers and that anyone be permitted to sit in the middle of the bus and not have to get up for anyone else.The Montgomery bus boycott continued for three hundred eighty-one days. It was led by local black leader E.D. Nixon and a young black minister, Martin Luther King, Junior. Similar protests were held in other southern cities. Finally, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled on Missus Parks's case .It made racial separation illegal on city buses・ That decision came on November thirteenth, nineteen fifty-six, almost a year after Missus Parks's arrest. The boycott in Montgomery ended the day after the court order arrived, December twentieth・Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, Junior had started a movement of non・violent protest in the South・ That movement changed civil rights in the United States forever・Martin Luther King became its famous spokesman, but he did not live to see many of the results of his work. Rosa Parks did.Life became increasingly difficult for Rosa Parks and her family after the bus boycott ・Rosa Parks and President Clinton after he presented her with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1996Rosa Parks and President Clinton after he presented her with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1996She was dismissed from her job and could not find another. So the Parks family left Montgomery. They moved first to Virginia, then to Detroit, Michigan. Missus Parks worked as a seamstress until nineteen sixty-five. Then, Michigan Representative John Conyers gave her a job working in his congressional office in Detroit. She retired from that job in nineteen eighty-eight.Through the years, Rosa Parks continued to work for the NAACP and appeared at civil rights events. She was a quiet woman and often seemed uneasy with her fame. But she said that she wanted to help people, especially young people, to make useful lives for themselves and to help others. In nineteen eighty・seven, she founded the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self-Development to improve the lives of black children.Rosa Parks received two of the nation's highest honors for her civil rights activism. In nineteen ninety-six, President Clinton honored her with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. And in nineteen ninety-nine, she received the Congressional Gold Medal of Honor.In her later years, Rosa Parks was often asked how much relations between the races had improved since the civil rights laws were passed in the nineteen sixties・ She thought there was still a long way to go. Yet she remained the face of the movement for racial equality in the United States.Rosa Parks died on October twenty・fouilh, two thousand five・ She was ninety-two years old. Her body lay in honor in the United States Capitol building in Washington. She was the first American woman to be so honored. Thirty thousand people walked silently past her body to show their respect.Representative Conyers spoke about what this woman of quiet strength meant to the nation. He said: n There are very few people who can say their actions and conduct changed the face of the nation. Rosa Parks is one of those individuals."Rosa Parks meant a lot to many Americans・ Four thousand people attended her funeral inDetroit, Michigan. Among them were former President Bill Clinton, his wife Senator Hillary Rod ham Clinton, the Reverend Jesse Jackson, and Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan.President Clinton spoke about remembering the separation of the races on buses in the South when he was a boy. He said that Rosa Parks helped to set all Americans free. He said the world knows of her because of a single act of bravery that struck a deadly blow to racial hatred.Earlier, the religious official of the United States Senate spoke about her at a memorial service in Washington. He said Rosa Parks's bravery serves as an example of the power of small acts. And the Reverend Jesse Jackson commented in a statement about what her small act of bravery meant for AfricaAmerican people. He said that on that bus in nineteen fifty-five, "She sat down in order that we might stand up... and she opened the doors on the long journey to freedom.This program was written by Nancy Stein bach・ It was produced by La wan Davis. I'm Pat Bodnar.And I'm Steve Ember. Join us again next week for another People in America program on the Voice of America.civil rights movementMovement for racial equality in the U.S. that, through nonviolent protest, broke the pattern of racial segregation in the South and achieved equal rights legislation for blacks.Following the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), African American and white supporters attempted to end entrenched segregationist practices・ When Rosa Parks was an*ested in 1955 in Montgomery, Ala., an African American boycott of the bus system was led by Martin Luther King, Jr., and Ralph Abernathy. In the early 1960s the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee led boycotts and sit-ins to desegregate many public facilities. Using the nonviolent methods of Mohandas K. Gandhi, the movement spread, forcing the desegregation of department stores, supermarkets, libraries, and movie theatres・ The Deep South remained adamant in its opposition to most desegregation measures, often violently; protesters were attacked and occasionally killed. Their efforts culminated in a march on Washington, D.C., in 1963 to support civil rights legislation. Following the assassination of John F・ Kennedy, Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson persuaded Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964, a victory thatwas followed by the Voting Rights Act in 1965・ After 1965, militant groups such as the Black Panther Party split off from the civil rights movement, and riots in black ghettos and King's assassination caused many supporters to withdraw .In the succeeding decades, leaders sought power through elective office and substantive economic and educational gains through affirmative action。
Lesson4 美国黑人民权运动PPT课件

❖ But through non-violent protests, strive for African American people's right of mass
struggle.
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Event background
❖ In 1955, Montgomery, Alabama black for against bus segregation on, insist to boycott the bus movement of for one year, the Supreme Court ruled segregation of the bus was unconstitutional.
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On Thursday, December 1,1995, Mrs. Rosa Park was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white man on a bus.
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Martin Luther King
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• …I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today…14
Civil Rights Movement 美国民权运动PPT

• 1988 -- Congress passes Civil Rights Restoration Act over President Reagan's veto. • 1989 -- L. Douglas Wilder (Virginia) becomes first black elected governor.
• The boycott gained support from black community. • About 50 000 blacks participated
• Since the city’s black population who were the drivers of the boycott were also the main pary of the system‘s ridership. • crippling financial deficit for the Montgomery public transit system
Civil rights movement
• A. What is civil rights movement ? • B. How did it come about? Or what was the background then?
• C. Big events timeline and great figures
Victory
• on November 13, 1956, the Supreme Court ruled that Montgomery racial segregation laws for buses were illegal.
• 1957 -- Arkansas Gov. uses National Guard to block nine black students from attending a Little Rock High School; following a court order, President Eisenhower sends in Federal Troops to ensure compliance.
美国作文之美国民权运动英语作文

美国民权运动英语作文【篇一:the civil rights movement in the united states】 the civil rights movement in the united statesthe civil rights movement in the united states has been a long, primarily nonviolent struggle to bring full civil rights andequality under the law to all americans. the movement has hada lasting impact on united states society, in its tactics, the increased social and legal acceptance of civil rights, and in its exposure of the prevalence and cost of racism.the american civil rights movement has been made up ofmany movements. the term usually refers to the political struggles and reform movements between 1945 and 1970 toend discrimination against african americans and to end legal racial segregation, especially in the u.s. south.this article focuses on an earlier phase of the struggle. two united states supreme court decisions—plessy v. ferguson,163 u.s. 537 (1896), which upheld separate but equal racial segregation as constitutional doctrine, and brown v. board of education, 347 u.s. 483 (1954) which overturned plessy— serve as milestones. this was an era of stops and starts, in which some movements, such as marcus garveys universal negro improvement association, achieved great success butleft little lasting legacy, while others, such as the naacps painstaking legal assault on state-sponsored segregation, achieved modest results in its early years but made steady progress on voter rights and gradually built to a key victory in brown v. board of education.after the civil war, the u. s. expanded the legal rights ofafrican americans. congress passed, and enough states ratified, an amendment ending slavery in 1865—the 13th amendment to the united states constitution. this amendment only outlawed slavery; it did not provide equal rights, nor citizenship. in 1868, the 14th amendment was ratified by the states, granting african americans citizenship. black persons born in the u. s. were extended equal protection under the laws of the constitution. the 15th amendment was ratified in (1870), which stated that race could not be used as a condition to deprive men of the ability to vote. during reconstruction (1865-1877), northern troops occupied the south. together with the freedmens bureau, they tried to administer and enforce the new constitutional amendments. many black leaders were elected to local and state offices, and others organized community groups.reconstruction ended following the compromise of 1877 between northern and southern white elites. in exchange for deciding the contentious presidential election in favor of rutherford b. hayes, supported by northern states, over his opponent, samuel j. tilden, the compromise called for the withdrawal of northern troops from the south. this followed violence and fraud in southern elections in 1876, which had reduced black voter turnout and enabled southern white democrats to regain power in state legislatures across the south. the compromise and withdrawal of federal troops meant that white democrats had more freedom to impose and enforce discriminatory practices. many african americans respondedto the withdrawal of federal troops by leaving the south in what is known as the kansas exodus of 1879.the radical republicans, who spearheaded reconstruction, had attempted to eliminate both governmental and private discrimination by legislation. that effort was largely ended by the supreme courts decision in the civil rights cases, 109 u.s. 3 (1883), in which the court held that the fourteenth amendment did not give congress power to outlaw racialdiscrimination by private individuals or businesses.segregationthe supreme courts decision in plessy v. ferguson (1896) upheld state-mandated discrimination in public transportation under the separate but equal doctrine. while in the 20th century, the supreme court began to overturn state statutes that disfranchised african americans, as in guinn v. united states (1915), with plessy, it upheld segregation that southern states enforced in nearly every other sphere of public and private life.as justice harlan, the only member of the court to dissent from the decision, predicted:if a state can prescribe, as a rule of civil conduct, that whites and blacks shall not travel as passengers in the same railroad coach, why may it not so regulate the use of the streets of itscities and towns as to compel white citizens to keep on one side of a street, and black citizens to keep on the other? why may it not, upon like grounds, punish whites and blacks who ride together in street cars or in open vehicles on a public road or street? . . . .the court soon extended plessy to uphold segregated schools. in berea college v. kentucky, 211 u.s. 45 (1908), the court upheld a kentucky statute that barred berea college, a private institution, from teaching both black and white students in an integrated setting. many states, particularly in the south, took plessy and berea as blanket approval for restrictive laws, generally known as jim crow laws, that created second-class status for african-americans.in many cities and towns, african-americans were not allowed to share a taxi with whites or enter a building through the same entrance. they had to drink from separate water fountains, use separate restrooms, attend separate schools, be buried in separate cemeteries and even swear on separate bibles. they were excluded from restaurants and public libraries. many parks barred them with signs that read negroes and dogs not allowed. one municipal zoo went so far as to list separate visiting hours.【篇二:关于黑人人权的英语作文】a speech script suppose you are an american and an advocate of the civil rights movement in the u.s. you are now invited to speak for about three minutes to a group of overseas students about the movement. do some research, and write a speech script which should cover the following points:1.when were the first black people brought to america? how were they treated in the new land?2. what gave rise to the civil rights movement? who was its leader?3. what has the civil rights movement helped to bring about?4. why is it believed that much remains to be done beforeblack americans enjoy full equality?1619年8月,约20名黑人被一名荷兰船长带到了詹姆斯敦,这是史料记载的第一批到达新英格兰地区的黑人。
Civil Rights Movement 美国民权运动(课堂PPT)

the system of segregation used on Montarks in 1955,
February 4, 1913-24, 2005
(aged 92)
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Trigger of the boycott
one of the pioneers of the civil rights movement
• 1968 -- Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee;
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• 1973 -- Maynard Jackson ,first black elected mayor of a major Southern U.S. city-- Atlanta
ba14BA26C(ps).pdf • /archiver/GMAT_RC/thread
-222352-1.html • / • / • /Detail.aspx?pid=X5ZKbylCSoU%
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Black man was savaged by the police
demonstrator against ra2c2ism
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references
• /wiki/Montgomery_Bus_Boycott • /epublish/node4/node1995/pdf/qn
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• 1991 -- Civil rights museum opens at King assassination site in Memphis.
• 2009 -- Barack Obama took the office of white house in 2009
Civil Rights Movement 民权运动

During
African American Civil Rights Movement
African
American Civil Rights Movement(1955-1968) refers to the movements in the United States aimed at outlawing racial discrimination against African Americans and restoring voting rights to them in the Southern states. It was a long, primarily nonviolent struggle to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all Americans. The movement has had a lasting impact on United States society, in its tactics, the increased social and legal acceptance of civil rights, and in its exposure of the prevalence and cost of racism.
Civil Rights 美国民权运动背景知识

Civil Rights Movement in the United StatesCivil Rights Movement in the United States, political, legal, and social struggle by black Americans to gain full citizenship rights and to achieve racial equality. The civil rights movement was first and foremost a challenge to segregation, the system of laws and customs separating blacks and whites that whites used to control blacks after slavery was abolished in the 1860s. During the civil rights movement, individuals and civil rights organizations challenged segregation and discrimination with a variety of activities, including protest marches, boycotts, and refusal to abide by segregation laws. Many believe that the movement began with the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955 and ended with the Voting Rights Act of 1965, though there is debate about when it began and whether it has ended yet. The civil rights movement has also been called the Black Freedom Movement, the Negro Revolution, and the Second Reconstruction.Segregation“Whites Only” Waiting RoomA black man is ordered out of a “whites only” waiting room. Separate facilities for blacks and whites were maintained throughout the South from the end of the19th century until the 1960s.Segregation was an attempt by white Southerners to separate the races in every sphere of life and to achieve supremacy over blacks. Segregation was often called the Jim Crow system, after a minstrel show character from the 1830s who was an old, crippled, black slave who embodied negative stereotypes of blacks. Segregation became common in Southern states following the end of Reconstruction in 1877. During Reconstruction, which followed the Civil War (1861-1865), Republican governments in the Southern states were run by blacks, Northerners, and some sympathetic Southerners. The Reconstruction governments had passed laws opening up economic and political opportunities for blacks. By 1877 the Democratic Party had gained control of government in the Southern states, and these Southern Democrats wanted to reverse black advances made during Reconstruction. To that end, they began to pass local and state laws that specified certain places “For Whites Only” and others for “Colored.” Blacks h ad separate schools, transportation, restaurants, and parks, many of which were poorly funded and inferior to those of whites. Over the next 75 years, Jim Crow signs went up to separate the races in every possible place.The system of segregation also included the denial of voting rights, known as disfranchisement. Between 1890 and 1910 all Southern states passed laws imposing requirements for voting that were used to prevent blacks from voting, in spite of the 15th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which had been designed to protect black voting rights. These requirements included: the ability to read and write, which disqualified the many blacks who had not had access to education; property ownership, something few blacks were able to acquire; and paying a poll tax, which was too great a burden on most Southern blacks, who were very poor. As a final insult, the few blacks who made it over all these hurdles could not vote in the Democratic primaries that chose the candidates because they were open only to whites in most Southern states.Because blacks could not vote, they were virtually powerless to prevent whites from segregating all aspects of Southern life. They could do little to stop discrimination in public accommodations, education, economic opportunities, or housing. The ability to struggle for equality was even undermined by the prevalent Jim Crow signs, which constantly reminded blacks of their inferiorstatus in Southern society. Segregation was an all encompassing system. Conditions for blacks in Northern states were somewhat better, though up to 1910 only about 10 percent of blacks lived in the North, and prior to World War II (1939-1945), very few blacks lived in the West. Blacks were usually free to vote in the North, but there were so few blacks that their voices were barely heard. Segregated facilities were not as common in the North, but blacks were usually denied entrance to the best hotels and restaurants. Schools in New England were usually integrated, but those in the Midwest generally were not. Perhaps the most difficult part of Northern life was the intense economic discrimination against blacks. They had to compete with large numbers of recent European immigrants for job opportunities and almost always lost.Company E, 4th U.S. Colored InfantryBlack soldiers fought in segregated all-black units, such as this one, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Almost all black soldiers fought for the Union army, and they served in nearly 500 engagements. Twenty-four black soldiers and sailors were awarded the Medal of Honor for bravery, the U.S. military’s highest honor.Segregation and ViolenceKu Klux KlanFormer Confederate soldiers founded the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) after the American Civil War (1861-1865). The KKK used violence and intimidation to prevent blacks from voting and holding office, and to keep them segregated.Throughout the South, segregation had the support of the legal system and the police. Beyond the law, however, there was always the threat of terrorist violence against blacks who attempted to challenge or even question the established order. During Reconstruction, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), the Knights of the White Camellia, and other terrorist organizations murdered thousands of blacks and some whites in order to prevent them from voting and participating in public life. The KKK was founded in the winter of 1865 to 1866 by a former Confederate general to stop both blacks and Northerners from carrying out their government and social reforms. The Klan and other white terrorist groups directed their violence against black landowners, politicians, and community leaders, as well as whites who supported the Republican Party or racial equality. During Reconstruction only the presence of the U.S. Army prevented massive killings; however, there were never enough soldiers to stop the violence. For example, in 1876 and 1877 mobs of whites, led by former Confederate generals, killed scores of blacks in South Carolina to prevent them from voting or holding office.School DesegregationDesegregation in Little RockIn 1957 nine black students desegregated Little Rock, Arkansas’s Central High School, despite strong resistance by many white members of the community. President Dwight Eisenhower called out federal troops to enforce the desegregation and to ensure the safety of the students. Shown here are six of the “Little Rock Nine.” With them, in the center of the picture, are Thurgood Marshall, then a lawyer for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and Daisy Bates, president of the Little Rock NAACP.In the postwar years, the NAACP's legal strategy for civil rights continued to succeed. Led by Thurgood Marshall, the NAACP Legal Defense Fund challenged and overturned many forms of discrimination, but their main thrust was equal educational opportunities. For example, in Sweat v. Painter (1950), the Supreme Court decided that the University of Texas had to integrate its law school. Marshall and the Defense Fund worked with Southern plaintiffs to challenge the Plessy doctrine directly, arguing in effect that separate was inherently unequal. The U.S. Supreme Court heard arguments on five cases that challenged elementary- and secondary-school segregation, and in May 1954 issued its landmark ruling in Brown v. Board of Education that stated thatracially segregated education was unconstitutional.Montgomery Bus BoycottDespite the threats and violence, the struggle quickly moved beyond school desegregation to challenge segregation in other areas. On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a member of the Montgomery, Alabama, branch of the NAACP, was told to give up her seat on a city bus to a white person. When Parks refused to move, she was arrested. The local NAACP, led by Edgar D. Nixon, recognized that the arrest of Parks might rally local blacks to protest segregated buses. Montgomery's black community had long been angry about their mistreatment on city buses where white drivers were often rude and abusive. The community had previously considered a boycott of the buses, and almost overnight one was organized. The Montgomery bus boycott was an immediate success, with virtually unanimous support from the 50,000 blacks in Montgomery. It lasted for more than a year and dramatized to the American public the determination of blacks in the South to end segregation. In November 1956 the Supreme Court upheld a federal court decision that ruled the bus segregation unconstitutional. The decision went into effect December 20, 1956, and the black community of Montgomery ended its boycott the next day.Rosa ParksIn 1955 Rosa Parks was arrested for disobeying a segregation law in Montgomery, Alabama, that required her to give up her seat on a bus to a white person. Her bold action helped to stimulate protests against inequality. The blacks in the community organized a boycott of the bus system. The boycott, which was led by Martin Luther King, Jr., forced city officials to repeal the discriminatory law.Sit-insSit-Ins in Greensboro, North CarolinaIn 1960 four black college students walked into a Woolworth store in Greensboro, North Carolina, and sat down at the lunch counter, which was for white customers only. The students waited to be served until the store closed for the day. For the next six days, a growing number of students joined the sit-ins until Woolworth closed its doors. Then the students decided to suspend the sit-ins for two weeks to give stores in the community the chance to desegregate.Freedom RidersBurned Bus in Anniston, AlabamaFreedom Riders sit by their bus which had been burned by a white mob in Anniston, Alabama. Several of the riders were beaten by the mob. Freedom Riders began traveling through the South in 1961 to try to desegregate Southern bus stations.Civil Rights March, 1963The national civil rights leadership decided to keep pressure on both the Kennedy administration and the Congress to pass the civil rights legislation proposed by Kennedy by planning a March on Washington for August 1963. It was a conscious revival of A. Philip Randolph's planned 1941 march, which had yielded a commitment to fair employment during World War II. Randolph was there in 1963, along with the leaders of the NAACP, CORE, SCLC, the Urban League, and SNCC. Martin Luther King, Jr., delivered a moving address to an audience of more than 200,000 civil rights supporters. His “I Have a Dream” speech in front of the giant sculpture of the Great Emancipator, Abraham Lincoln, became famous for how it expressed the ideals of the civil rights movement.。
Unit 2 Civil-Rights Heroes

• The first lady of civil rights • The Montgomery bus boycott (蒙哥马利巴士抵制运动) in the state of Alabama
1955年12月1日,时年42岁当裁缝的帕克斯在一辆 公共汽车上就座时,司机要求黑人给白人让座。 这无关"尊老爱幼"的美德。在美国内战后种族隔离 依然盛行的美国南方,法律明确规定黑人与白人在 公车、餐馆等公共场所内需分隔,且黑人必须给白 人让座。在北方,法律认可的种族歧视也使黑人被 许多行业和社区拒之门外。 帕克斯拒绝了司机的要求。尽管当年早些时候,蒙 哥马利就有两名黑人妇女因同样遭遇而被捕。这次 也没有例外,帕克斯遭到监禁,并被罚款10美元。
Will Smith Michael Jordan
9
Famous African-American
Toni Morrison Oprah Winfrey奥普拉脱口秀
10
Civil Rights Heroes
11
Pre-reading Tasks
(1) Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865)
3
Civil Rights Movement,United States
• • • • 1861年至1910年:为争取平等普选权而斗争 1911年至1950年:黑人的参政力量不断上升 1951年至1970年:“我有一个梦!” 1971年至2008年:寻求真正的平等
4
• An African-American Civil Rights Activist • The Mother of the Modernday Civil Rights Movement
美国民权运动发言稿

historical origin历史起源African black was first introduced the United States is in order to solve the problem of labor shortage,But due to the low level of education, to survive, they must rely on employment of white life, so the social status are low, and the rights can not be guaranted. This is the cause of the civil rights movement.非洲黑人当初被引进美国是为了解决劳动力短缺的问题,但是由于他们所受的教育程度比较低,迫于生计,他们必须依靠白人的雇佣生活,所以社会地位低下,权利无法得到保障,这就是民权运动的起因。
The struggle for equal suffrage 争取平等普选权For the sake of the American civil war victory,In 1863 Lincoln issued the famous emancipation declaration of the black slaves, the black becoming a free agent in the law. Under pressure, the United States congress successively in 1865, 1868 and 1870, 13, 14, and 15 amendments to the constitution gives liberty, citizenship and the right to vote to black,This period is a milestone in the history of American black suffrage.为了美国内战胜利,林肯在1863年发布了著名的《解放黑人奴隶宣言》,黑人在法律上成为自由人。
美国1964年民权法-英语行业-法律英语-

美国1964年民权法更多英语行业-法律英语-请点击这里获得UNLAWFUL EMPLOYMENT PRACTICESSEC. 2000e-2. [Section 703](a)It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer -(1)to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual,or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation,terms,conditions,or privileges of employment,because of such individual's race,color,religion,sex,or national origin;or(2)to limit,segregate,or classify his employees or applicants for employment in any way which would deprive or tend to deprive any individual of employment opportunities or otherwise adversely affect his status as an employee,because of such individual's race,color,religion,sex,or national origin.(b)It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employment agency to fail or refuse to refer for employment,or otherwise to discriminate against,any individual because of his race,color,religion,sex,or national origin,or to classify or refer for employment any individual on the basis of his race,color,religion,sex,or national origin.(c)It shall be an unlawful employment practice for a labor organization-(1)to exclude or to expel from its membership,or otherwise to discriminate against,any individual because of his race,color,religion,sex,or national origin;(2)to limit,segregate,or classify its membership or applicants for membership,or to classify or fail or refuse to refer for employment any individual,in any way which would deprive or tend to deprive any individual of employment opportunities,or would limit such employment opportunities or otherwise adversely affect his status as an employee or as an applicant for employment,because of such individual's race,color,religion,sex,or national origin;or(3)to cause or attempt to cause an employer to discriminate against an individual in violation of this section.(d)It shall be an unlawful employment practice for anyemployer,labor organization,or joint labor-management committee controlling apprenticeship or other training or retraining,including on-the-job training programs to discriminate against any individual because of his race,color,religion,sex,or national origin in admission to,or employment in,any program established to provide apprenticeship or other training.(e)Notwithstanding any other provision of this subchapter,(1)it shall not be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to hire and employ employees,for an employment agency to classify,or refer for employment any individual,for a labor organization to classify its membership or to classify or refer for employment any individual,or for an employer,labor organization,or joint labor-management committee controlling apprenticeship or other training or retraining programs to admit or employ any individual in any such program,on the basis of his religion,sex,or national origin in those certain instances where religion,sex,or national origin is a bona fide occupational qualification reasonably necessary to the normal operation of that particular business or enterprise,and (2)it shall not be an unlawful employment practice for a school,college,university,or other educational institution or institution of learning to hire and employ employees of a particular religion if such school,college,university,or other educational institution or institution of learning is,in whole or in substantial part,owned,supported,controlled,or managed by a particular religion or by a particular religious corporation,association,or society,or if the curriculum of such school,college,university,or other educational institution or institution of learning is directed toward the propagation of a particular religion.(f)As used in this subchapter,the phrase ``unlawful employment practice'' shall not be deemed to include any action or measure taken by an employer,labor organization,joint labor-management committee,or employment agency with respect to an individual who is a member of the Communist Party of the United States or of any other organization required to register as a Communist-action or Communist-front organization by final order of the Subversive Activities Control Board pursuant to the Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950 [50 U.S.C. 781 et seq.].(g)Notwithstanding any other provision of this subchapter,it shall not be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to fail or refuse to hire and employ any individual for any position,for an employer to discharge any individual from any position,or for an employment agency to fail or refuse to refer any individual for employment in any position,or for a labor organization to fail or refuse to refer any individual for employment in any position,if-(1)the occupancy of such position,or access to the premises in or upon which any part of the duties of such position is performed or is to be performed,is subject to any requirement imposed in the interest of the national security of the United States under any security program in effect pursuant to or administered under any statute of the United States or any Executive order of the President;and(2)such individual has not fulfilled or has ceased to fulfill that requirement.(h)Notwithstanding any other provision of this subchapter,it shall not be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to apply different standards of compensation,or different terms,conditions,or privileges of employment pursuant to a bona fide seniority or merit system,or a system which measures earnings by quantity or quality of production or to employees who work in different locations,provided that such differences are not the result of an intention to discriminate because of race,color,religion,sex,or national origin,nor shall it be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to give and to act upon the results of any professionally developed ability test provided that such test,its administration or action upon the results is not designed,intended or used to discriminate because of race,color,religion,sexor national origin. It shall not be an unlawful employment practice under this subchapter for any employer to differentiate upon the basis of sex in determining the amount of the wages or compensation paid or to be paid to employees of such employer if such differentiation is authorized by the provisions of section 206(d)of title 29 [section 6(d)of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938,as amended].(i)Nothing contained in this subchapter shall apply to any business or enterprise on or near an Indian reservation with respect to any publicly announced employment practice of such business or enterprise under which a preferential treatment is given to any individual because he is an Indian living on or near a reservation.(j)Nothing contained in this subchapter shall be interpreted to require any employer,employment agency,labor organization,or joint labor-management committee subject to this subchapter to grant preferential treatment to any individual or to any group because of the race,color,religion,sex,or national origin of such individual or group on account of an imbalance which may exist with respect to the total number or percentage of persons of any race,color,religion,sex,or national origin employed by any employer,referred or classified for employment by any employment agency or labor organization,admitted to membership or classified by any labororganization,or admitted to,or employed in,any apprenticeship or other training program,in comparison with the total number or percentage of persons of such race,color,religion,sex,or national origin in any community,State,section,or other area,or in the available work force in any community,State,section,or other area.(k)(1)(A)An unlawful employment practice based on disparate impact is established under this title only if-(i) a complaining party demonstrates that a respondent uses a particular employment practice that causes a disparate impact on the basis of race,color,religion,sex,or national origin and the respondent fails to demonstrate that the challenged practice is job related for the position in question and consistent with business necessity;or(ii)the complaining party makes the demonstration described in subparagraph (C)with respect to an alternative employment practice and the respondent refuses to adopt such alternative employment practice.(B)(i)With respect to demonstrating that a particular employment practice causes a disparate impact as described in subparagraph (A)(i),the complaining party shall demonstrate that each particular challenged employment practice causes a disparate impact,except that if the complaining party can demonstrate to the court that the elements of a respondent's decisionmaking process are not capable of separation for analysis,the decisionmaking process may be analyzed as one employment practice.(ii)If the respondent demonstrates that a specific employment practice does not cause the disparate impact,the respondent shall not be required to demonstrate that such practice is required by business necessity.(C)The demonstration referred to by subparagraph (A)(ii)shall be in accordance with the law as it existed on June 4,1989,with respect to the concept of ``alternative employment practice''.(2)A demonstration that an employment practice is required by business necessity may not be used as a defense against a claim of intentional discrimination under this title.(3)Notwithstanding any other provision of this title, a rule barring the employment of an individual who currently and knowingly uses or possesses a controlled substance,as defined in schedules I and II of section 102(6)of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 802(6)),other than the use or possession of a drug taken under thesupervision of a licensed health care professional,or any other use or possession authorized by the Controlled Substances Act [21 U.S.C. 801 et seq.] or any other provision of Federal law,shall be considered an unlawful employment practice under this title only if such rule is adopted or applied with an intent to discriminate because of race,color,religion,sex,or national origin.(l)It shall be an unlawful employment practice for a respondent,in connection with the selection or referral of applicants or candidates for employment or promotion,to adjust the scores of,use different cutoff scores for,or otherwise alter the results of,employment related tests on the basis of race,color,religion,sex,or national origin.(m)Except as otherwise provided in this title,an unlawful employment practice is established when the complaining party demonstrates that race,color,religion,sex,or national origin was a motivating factor for any employment practice,even though other factors also motivated the practice.(n)(1)(A)Notwithstanding any other provision of law,and except as provided in paragraph (2),an employment practice that implements and is within the scope of a litigated or consent judgment or order that resolves a claim of employment discrimination under theConstitution or Federal civil rights laws may not be challenged under the circumstances described in subparagraph (B)。
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1954年联邦最高法院,在“布朗诉教育委员会”(Brown v. Board of 年联邦最高法院, 布朗诉教育委员会” Education)一案,判定种族隔离的学校并未提供黑人学生公平教育,因此 )一案,判定种族隔离的学校并未提供黑人学生公平教育, 公立学校应该要种族混合。 公立学校应该要种族混合。
罗莎事件
帕克斯被捕事件意外地造成了美国历史上一场惊天动 地的人权运动。帕克斯遭到监禁后, 地的人权运动。帕克斯遭到监禁后,很快被一位黑人领袖 保释了出来。第二天,当地黑人领袖召开会议, 保释了出来。第二天,当地黑人领袖召开会议,在了解到 蒙哥马利的公共汽车公司严重依赖黑人乘客之后, 蒙哥马利的公共汽车公司严重依赖黑人乘客之后,他们决 定从12月 日开始抵制所有的公共汽车 发生在1955年 日开始抵制所有的公共汽车。 定从 月5日开始抵制所有的公共汽车。发生在 年 冬天的这一事件也让一个叫做马丁.路德 金的26岁的黑人 路德·金的 冬天的这一事件也让一个叫做马丁 路德 金的 岁的黑人 成为了人权领袖, 成为了人权领袖,当时他正是蒙物哥马利莱克斯特洗礼教 堂的一新到的牧师。他领导人们开始了长达381天的抵制 堂的一新到的牧师。他领导人们开始了长达 天的抵制 公共汽车行动。在这场运动中, 公共汽车行动。在这场运动中,蒙哥马利市 5万黑人团结 万黑人团结 一致,宁愿步行、搭便车、骑自行车甚至骑驴出行,就是 一致,宁愿步行、搭便车、骑自行车甚至骑驴出行, 不坐公共汽车。 不坐公共汽车。
罗莎事件
1955年12月1日,在美国阿拉巴马州(南北 年 月 日 在美国阿拉巴马州(
战争期间美利坚联盟国的首都, 战争期间美利坚联盟国的首都,也是实施种族隔 离制的代表性城市之一。 离制的代表性城市之一。)蒙特马利镇的一辆
罗莎·帕克斯——民权运动之 母
公共汽车上,当时帕克斯只有 岁 公共汽车上,当时帕克斯只有42岁,她与另 外三位同伴一起下班回家,车上很挤, 外三位同伴一起下班回家,车上很挤,汽车 司机要求她与另外三位同伴让座,没有人动; 司机要求她与另外三位同伴让座,没有人动; 后来一位白人乘客要求她们让座, 后来一位白人乘客要求她们让座,她的三个 同伴让了,但她还是继续坐着。 同伴让了,但她还是继续坐着。然后上来了 一位警察,在简单对话后将其逮捕。当时, 一位警察,在简单对话后将其逮捕。当时, 整个美国南方在公共汽车、 整个美国南方在公共汽车、饭店等公共场合 仍实行种族隔离制度。按规定, 仍实行种族隔离制度。按规定,在公共汽车 上黑人必须要给白人让座。 上黑人必须要给白人让座。在那一段帕克斯 与司机的简单对话中,她只是说了几个字: 与司机的简单对话中,她只是说了几个字: 当司机要她让坐时她说: 当司机要她让坐时她说:“不”;当有人要 逮捕她时,她说: 你可以这么做” 逮捕她时,她说:“你可以这么做”。
罗莎事件
天的抗争, 经过381天的抗争,终于迫使蒙哥马利市的巴士取消种 族隔离措施。这次的罢乘公共汽车运动虽然成效有限, 族隔离措施。这次的罢乘公共汽车运动虽然成效有限, 虽然未达全面性废除种族隔离措施, 虽然未达全面性废除种族隔离措施,但对全美各地的 黑人却起了鼓舞作用,并启发他们的灵感,开始一波 黑人却起了鼓舞作用,并启发他们的灵感, 波争取民权的运动。 波争取民权的运动。 1958年的一本书里他写道 年的一本书里他写道: 马丁 •路德 •金在他 1958年的一本书里他写道:帕克斯 被逮捕是事件的催化剂而不是直接的原因。 被逮捕是事件的催化剂而不是直接的原因。事件的原 因深藏于长期以来不公正的司法中。 因深藏于长期以来不公正的司法中。
领导人物:
领导黑人民权运动的灵魂人 物马丁•路德•金博士, 物马丁•路德•金博士,出生 于佐治亚州的亚特兰大市, 于佐治亚州的亚特兰大市, 父亲是教会牧师, 父亲是教会牧师,家境优渥 ,属中产阶级,以接受良 属中产阶级, 好的教育。金于1955年取得 好的教育。金于1955年取得 1955 波士顿大学博士学位, 波士顿大学博士学位,看尽 南方的种族不平等待遇, 南方的种族不平等待遇,使 他在成年后积极投入民权运 动。
美国民权运动:
黑人民权运动
向贫困宣战 女权运动 环保运动
黑人民权运动:
事件起源 领导人物 事件演变 事件影响
事件起源:
非洲黑人最初被引进美国, 非洲黑人最初被引进美国,主要是在南方农场 当农奴,以弥补当地劳动力短缺问题。理论上, 当农奴,以弥补当地劳动力短缺问题。理论上, 林肯总统在1863年的解放宣言中, 1863年的解放宣言中 林肯总统在1863年的解放宣言中,已经让他们获 得了自由。在南北战争结束后, 得了自由。在南北战争结束后,联邦军队占领南 方期间(所谓重建时期1865 1865年 1877年),黑人 方期间(所谓重建时期1865年—1877年),黑人 曾获得解放宣言所赋予的平等权利。 曾获得解放宣言所赋予的平等权利。然而黑人因 为穷困及教育程度较低,为求经济上的生存, 为穷困及教育程度较低,为求经济上的生存,必 须再度依靠白人雇用, 须再度依靠白人雇用,特别是当联邦军队撤出南 方后,黑人顿失联邦法律的保护, 方后,黑人顿失联邦法律的保护,其地位又陷入 类似美国内战前的状况。 类似美国内战前的状况。
Civil Rights Movement,
United States
美国民权运动简介:
美国民权运动,又称非裔美国人民权运动, 美国民权运动,又称非裔美国人民权运动,指 为美国黑人争取全面的平等权利而进行的群众斗争。 为美国黑人争取全面的平等权利而进行的群众斗争。 提高黑人地位的斗争可追溯至殖民地时期, 提高黑人地位的斗争可追溯至殖民地时期,但直到 20世纪50年代才发展成为直接抗议政治 世纪50年代才发展成为直接抗议政治、 20世纪50年代才发展成为直接抗议政治、经济和社 会不平等的群众性行动。 会不平等的群众性行动。
布朗诉教育委员会案
1896年美国联邦最高法院作出“普莱西诉弗格森案”(Plessy v. 年美国联邦最高法院作出“普莱西诉弗格森案” Ferguson)判决,确立对黑人采行“隔离但平等”措施的合法性时,无异 )判决,确立对黑人采行“隔离但平等”措施的合法性时, 有关“ 对南方黑人人权造成严重的打击,最高法院判决中有关 隔离” 对南方黑人人权造成严重的打击,最高法院判决中有关“隔离”的部份被执 行得十分彻底,但有关“平等”的部份则不然, 行得十分彻底,但有关“平等”的部份则不然,导致南方出现更多种族隔离 制度法令,甚至连在工厂、医院及军队都采取种族隔离制度。 制度法令,甚至连在工厂、医院及军队都采取种族隔离制度。 岁的黑人儿童, 琳达 .布朗 (Linda Brown) 是一个 8岁的黑人儿童,正在上三年级,她不得 布朗 岁的黑人儿童 正在上三年级, 不步行1.5公里绕过火车调车场去堪萨斯州托皮卡市 (Topeka, Kansas) 的 不步行 公里绕过火车调车场去堪萨斯州托皮卡市 黑人小学去上学,而她周围的白人朋友们的公立学校却只离家有7条街远 条街远。 黑人小学去上学,而她周围的白人朋友们的公立学校却只离家有 条街远。 托皮卡市的学校体系就是按照不同种族而分开的。按照“隔离但平等” 托皮卡市的学校体系就是按照不同种族而分开的。按照“隔离但平等”的原 这种体系是可以接受的,也是合法的。 则,这种体系是可以接受的,也是合法的。琳达的父母向联邦地方法院起诉 被驳回。随后,布朗夫妇同另外一些家庭向美国最高法院上诉。 被驳回。随后,布朗夫妇同另外一些家庭向美国最高法院上诉。
运动高潮
运动的高峰是在1963年8月,金博士在华盛顿的林肯纪念馆前广 运动的高峰是在1963年 1963 场聚集了二十五万名群众,并发表他著名的演说《我有一个梦想》 场聚集了二十五万名群众,并发表他著名的演说《我有一个梦想》, 这次集会所产生的舆论压力,终于迫使国会在翌年通过民权法案, 这次集会所产生的舆论压力,终于迫使国会在翌年通过民权法案,宣 布种族隔离和歧视政策为非法,成为美国民权运动史的关键事件。 布种族隔离和歧视政策为非法,成为美国民权运动史的关键事件。 百年前林肯虽解放了黑奴, 百年前林肯虽解放了黑奴,但黑人平等的公民权在南方却从未获 落实,直到金博士领导民权运动才获得成功。1960年代 年代, 落实,直到金博士领导民权运动才获得成功。1960年代,美国民权运 动兴起,对其社会及留学生有很大影响, 动兴起,对其社会及留学生有很大影响,当时对少数民族及妇女的权 力均受到重视,开拓了新的视野,金博士也因此获得1964 1964年诺贝尔和 力均受到重视,开拓了新的视野,金博士也因此获得1964年诺贝尔和 平奖。 平奖。
事件影响:
它不仅改变了美国黑人的命运, 它不仅改变了美国黑人的命运,赋予了他们很大程 度上的平等、自由和尊严, 度上的平等、自由和尊严,也深刻影响了所有美国人 的生活与观念。 的生活与观念。 具体来说, 具体来说,民权运动推动联邦政府实行铲除种族隔 离制的改革,最终消灭了公开的白人至上主义, 离制的改革,最终消灭了公开的白人至上主义,为黑 人赢得民权。它把美国从一个容忍种族主义、 人赢得民权。它把美国从一个容忍种族主义、歧视黑 人的社会转变为一个不管肤色与种族, 人的社会转变为一个不管肤色与种族,承认每一个公 民的平等权利的社会,从而深深改变了民众的思想。 民的平等权利的社会,从而深深改变了民众的思想。 不仅如此, 不仅如此,民权运动也激发了新时期美国社会的民 主和自由斗争。现代妇女运动、反战运动、 主和自由斗争。现代妇女运动、反战运动、新左派运 动和其他族裔争取权利的斗争等都受到民权运动的推 动和影响。 动和影响。
民权运动扩大
1960年2月1日,北卡罗来纳州格林斯伯勒城 4个黑人大学生进 年 月 日 个黑人大学生进 入一餐馆,白人服务员命令他们走开,他们静坐不动。 入一餐馆,白人服务员命令他们走开,他们静坐不动。这一英勇行为 立刻得到南部广大黑人学生响应, 立刻得到南部广大黑人学生响应,发展为大规模静坐运动 ,迫使近 200 个城市的餐馆取消隔离制。1961 年 5 月初,种族平等大会又 个城市的餐馆取消隔离制。 月初, 开展自由乘客运动。不久,在学生非暴力协调委员会参与下, 开展自由乘客运动。不久,在学生非暴力协调委员会参与下,得到许 多白人支持,逐渐发展为全国性运动, 多白人支持,逐渐发展为全国性运动,迫使南部诸州取消州际公共汽 车乘坐上的种族隔离制。 车乘坐上的种族隔离制。 1963年3月,金牧师等人在南部种族隔离极严重的伯明翰组织 年 月 示威游行,要求取消全城隔离制。 示威游行,要求取消全城隔离制。示威群众受到残酷镇压 , 但由于 金牧师的坚持和美国联邦政府被迫进行干预, 金牧师的坚持和美国联邦政府被迫进行干预,该城种族隔离制全部被 取消。 取消。 伯明翰事件后,民权运动队伍迅速扩大。 伯明翰事件后,民权运动队伍迅速扩大。1963年8月28日组织 年 月 日组织 25万人 (其中 /4为白人 向华盛顿进军,要求就业,要求“立即自 其中1/ 为白人 向华盛顿进军,要求就业,要求“ 为白人)向华盛顿进军 万人 其中 另外,有些城市黑人还开展以暴力对付暴力的斗争。 由”。另外,有些城市黑人还开展以暴力对付暴力的斗争。1964年 年 迫使L.B.约翰逊总统签署了《民权法》。但南部诸州仍采用各种手法 约翰逊总统签署了《 迫使 约翰逊总统签署了 民权法》 阻止黑人选民登记。于是, 阻止黑人选民登记。于是,金牧师等在种族主义非常猖獗的亚拉巴马 州塞尔马市进行黑人选民登记运动。 州塞尔马市进行黑人选民登记运动。