07 Graph Analysis(图形分析)
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• • • Scatter plots study the relationship between two variables. Open „Scatt39.mtw.‟ In Minitab: Graph>Plot, Y variable is Customer, X variable is Supplier.
Supplier Customer 336 325 418 375 355 367 445 385 365 375 455 395 395 395 405 365 346 355 429 385 (First Ten observations)
420 410 400 390
Customer
380 370 360 350 340 330 320 350 400 450
Six Sigma Champion Training 3
Histogram
• • • Histograms show how data is distributed. Open „Ewma315.mtw.‟ The Output Variable is DBP (used in the production of carbon black.) This represents 6 days of data collection, 12 hours per day. In Minitab: Graph>Histogram, graph variable is DBP. Click “Options...” and specify “Number of intervals” = 8.
104 104
DBP
99
DBP
99 94
Median
94
Q1: 25% lowest point within Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Day
Six Sigma Champion Training
6
Run Chart
• • Run charts are used to view the data as a function of time. Use it to look for trends or patterns. Create a run chart for variable DBP.
Six Sigma Champion Training 10
Check Sheets and SPC
Current Data Week 1
1 4.0 1 3.2
UCL=1 3.38
MU=1 2.70
%P
1 2.4 LCL=1 2.02 1.6 1 1 0.8 1 0.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
– 1. Used to systematically record and compile data as they happen – 2. Creates easy to understand data that comes from a simple, efficient process – 3. Builds with each observation, a clearer picture of “the facts” as opposed to the opinions – 4. Makes patterns in the data become obvious quickly
•
In Minitab: Graph>Time Series Plot, graph variable is DBP.
109
104
DBP
99 94 Index 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Six Sigma Champion Training
7
Control Chart
• •
•
Control Charts are used to monitor process mean and variation over time, and to determine if process is in control. It looks like a run chart, but it also has the process mean and upper and lower control limits plotted. Using the same data set in Minitab: Stat>Control Charts>Individuals, graph variable is DBP.
Measurements
Micrometers
Day
DBP
94 Index
Materials
Alloys
Men
Shifts
Microscopes
Lubricants
Supervisors
Pareto Chart for Defects
1000
Surf ace Flaws
Inspectors
Suppliers
: : : . . : . : . : : : . . . : : : : : : : : . : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : ---+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---DBP 93.0 96.0 99.0 102.0 105.0 108.0
Six Sigma Champion Training 2
In this session, you will learn how to graphically analyze data, using these tools: • • • • • • • • Histogram Dot Plot Box Plot Run Chart Control Chart Scatter Plot Pareto Diagram Cause and Effect Diagram
Now try a Dotplot using Day as the by variable. What Information do you get?
Six Sigma Champion Training 5
Box Plot
• A Box Plot is a simpler way of showing how data is distributed. It is like a histogram, but plotted on its side.
• Graph>Boxplot, graph variable Y is DBP. • Graph>Boxplot, graph variable Y is DBP, variable X is Day.
highest point within Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1)
109 109
Q3: 75%
•
•
In Minitab: Stat>Quality Tools>Pareto Chart, use Chart defects table, Labels in „Defects,‟ Frequencies in `Freqs.‟
DBP 95 100 104 105 108 99 100 104 101 105
Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Day 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
10
Frequency
5
0 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108
(The First Ten Observations)
Supplier
Six Sigma Champion Training
9
Check Sheet
• Check sheets are among the most valuable Diagnostic devices of all the quality tools. • “The Memory Jogger” has a good description of Check Sheets
Graphical Methods
109
10
Measure
109 104
Frequency
104
5
DBP
99
0 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108
94 1 2 3 4 5 6
99
Analyze
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
DBP
Cause-and-Effect Diagram
Individuals by D ay
Reason Change in Variable A header pressure Inconsistent lab results Temperature T/H2O Temp/H2O flow Variable A valves in manual and wide open Rate changes Long lag before lab results return Pressure controller/nent stack problems Valves sticking
Training
Improve
420
Operators
100 80
410 400 390
Speed
Customer
Percent
Brake
Lathes
Count
60 500 40 20 0 0
eig ht D ev . bb Bu Air le lo Co r m for De on ati
380 370 360 350 340 330 320 350 400 450
I Chart for DBP
110 3.0SL=109.6
Individual Value
100
X=100.8
-3.0SL=92.04 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Observation Number
Six Sigma Champion Training
8
来自百度文库
Scatter Plot
1
4 4
2
3
4
5
4
6
7
4 4 4 4
4
4 4
4 4 44 4
Six Sigma Champion Training
11
•
Pareto Diagram
Pareto Diagrams are an essential tool to help prioritize improvement targets. Paretos usually allow us to focus on the 20% of the problems that cause 80% of the poor performance. Open file „Pareto64.mtw.‟
120 12.3 100.0
Champion Training
Six Sigma Champion Training 1
Real World Scenario
• Design: A superconducting magnet designer needs to know the correlation between resistivity and temperature. • Manufacturing: A process engineer is monitoring the cable diameter for ignition wire sets. • Administrative: A customer service manager wants to know the distribution of customer claims as a function of claim value.
Condensation
Engager
Bits
Moisture%
Angle
Sockets
Environment
Methods
Machines
Control
Supplier
Defect
Count Percent Cum %
W
431 44.2 44.2
293 30.0 74.2
132 13.5 87.7
DBP
Six Sigma Champion Training
4
Dot Plot
•
•
A Dot Plot is another way of showing how data is distributed. Minitab displays the plot in the session window. In Minitab: Graph>Character Graphs>Dotplot, variable is DBP.
Supplier Customer 336 325 418 375 355 367 445 385 365 375 455 395 395 395 405 365 346 355 429 385 (First Ten observations)
420 410 400 390
Customer
380 370 360 350 340 330 320 350 400 450
Six Sigma Champion Training 3
Histogram
• • • Histograms show how data is distributed. Open „Ewma315.mtw.‟ The Output Variable is DBP (used in the production of carbon black.) This represents 6 days of data collection, 12 hours per day. In Minitab: Graph>Histogram, graph variable is DBP. Click “Options...” and specify “Number of intervals” = 8.
104 104
DBP
99
DBP
99 94
Median
94
Q1: 25% lowest point within Q1-1.5(Q3-Q1)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Day
Six Sigma Champion Training
6
Run Chart
• • Run charts are used to view the data as a function of time. Use it to look for trends or patterns. Create a run chart for variable DBP.
Six Sigma Champion Training 10
Check Sheets and SPC
Current Data Week 1
1 4.0 1 3.2
UCL=1 3.38
MU=1 2.70
%P
1 2.4 LCL=1 2.02 1.6 1 1 0.8 1 0.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
– 1. Used to systematically record and compile data as they happen – 2. Creates easy to understand data that comes from a simple, efficient process – 3. Builds with each observation, a clearer picture of “the facts” as opposed to the opinions – 4. Makes patterns in the data become obvious quickly
•
In Minitab: Graph>Time Series Plot, graph variable is DBP.
109
104
DBP
99 94 Index 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Six Sigma Champion Training
7
Control Chart
• •
•
Control Charts are used to monitor process mean and variation over time, and to determine if process is in control. It looks like a run chart, but it also has the process mean and upper and lower control limits plotted. Using the same data set in Minitab: Stat>Control Charts>Individuals, graph variable is DBP.
Measurements
Micrometers
Day
DBP
94 Index
Materials
Alloys
Men
Shifts
Microscopes
Lubricants
Supervisors
Pareto Chart for Defects
1000
Surf ace Flaws
Inspectors
Suppliers
: : : . . : . : . : : : . . . : : : : : : : : . : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : ---+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---DBP 93.0 96.0 99.0 102.0 105.0 108.0
Six Sigma Champion Training 2
In this session, you will learn how to graphically analyze data, using these tools: • • • • • • • • Histogram Dot Plot Box Plot Run Chart Control Chart Scatter Plot Pareto Diagram Cause and Effect Diagram
Now try a Dotplot using Day as the by variable. What Information do you get?
Six Sigma Champion Training 5
Box Plot
• A Box Plot is a simpler way of showing how data is distributed. It is like a histogram, but plotted on its side.
• Graph>Boxplot, graph variable Y is DBP. • Graph>Boxplot, graph variable Y is DBP, variable X is Day.
highest point within Q3+1.5(Q3-Q1)
109 109
Q3: 75%
•
•
In Minitab: Stat>Quality Tools>Pareto Chart, use Chart defects table, Labels in „Defects,‟ Frequencies in `Freqs.‟
DBP 95 100 104 105 108 99 100 104 101 105
Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Day 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
10
Frequency
5
0 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108
(The First Ten Observations)
Supplier
Six Sigma Champion Training
9
Check Sheet
• Check sheets are among the most valuable Diagnostic devices of all the quality tools. • “The Memory Jogger” has a good description of Check Sheets
Graphical Methods
109
10
Measure
109 104
Frequency
104
5
DBP
99
0 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108
94 1 2 3 4 5 6
99
Analyze
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
DBP
Cause-and-Effect Diagram
Individuals by D ay
Reason Change in Variable A header pressure Inconsistent lab results Temperature T/H2O Temp/H2O flow Variable A valves in manual and wide open Rate changes Long lag before lab results return Pressure controller/nent stack problems Valves sticking
Training
Improve
420
Operators
100 80
410 400 390
Speed
Customer
Percent
Brake
Lathes
Count
60 500 40 20 0 0
eig ht D ev . bb Bu Air le lo Co r m for De on ati
380 370 360 350 340 330 320 350 400 450
I Chart for DBP
110 3.0SL=109.6
Individual Value
100
X=100.8
-3.0SL=92.04 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Observation Number
Six Sigma Champion Training
8
来自百度文库
Scatter Plot
1
4 4
2
3
4
5
4
6
7
4 4 4 4
4
4 4
4 4 44 4
Six Sigma Champion Training
11
•
Pareto Diagram
Pareto Diagrams are an essential tool to help prioritize improvement targets. Paretos usually allow us to focus on the 20% of the problems that cause 80% of the poor performance. Open file „Pareto64.mtw.‟
120 12.3 100.0
Champion Training
Six Sigma Champion Training 1
Real World Scenario
• Design: A superconducting magnet designer needs to know the correlation between resistivity and temperature. • Manufacturing: A process engineer is monitoring the cable diameter for ignition wire sets. • Administrative: A customer service manager wants to know the distribution of customer claims as a function of claim value.
Condensation
Engager
Bits
Moisture%
Angle
Sockets
Environment
Methods
Machines
Control
Supplier
Defect
Count Percent Cum %
W
431 44.2 44.2
293 30.0 74.2
132 13.5 87.7
DBP
Six Sigma Champion Training
4
Dot Plot
•
•
A Dot Plot is another way of showing how data is distributed. Minitab displays the plot in the session window. In Minitab: Graph>Character Graphs>Dotplot, variable is DBP.