语言学名词解释及知识点(1)

语言学名词解释及知识点

1.Linguistics is the scientific study of language.

ngugage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

3.Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.

(1)Arbitrariness任意性refers that there is no logic or intrinsic固有的relationship between form(sound) and meaning.

(2)Duality双重性means the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are

composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.

(3)Productivity多产性means language is resourceful because of its duality and recursiveness.

(4)Displacement means language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.

(5)Cultural transmission: language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation. The details of the

linguistic system must be learned by each speaker.

(6)Interchangeability互换性means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.

nguage is human unique.

5.Six prmary factors of any speech event and language functions（Closing Statement: Linguistics and Poetics 1960 Jakobson）:

(1)context语境——referential（to convey message and information）

(2)message——poetic（to indulge in language for its own sake）

(3)addresser陈述人——emotive（to express attitudes，feelings and emotions）

(4)addressee受话人——conative（to persuade and influence others through commands and requests）

(5)contact接触方法——phatic（to establish communion with others）

(6)code编码（手语等）——metalingual元语言的（to clear up表达intentions and meanings）

nguage Functions: Informational信息功能；Interpersonal人际功能；Performative施为功能；Emotive；Directive；Phatic communion寒暄功能；Metalingual（the analysis of language itself）；Recreational

7.Scope of Linguistics

(1)Microlinguistics微观语言学: sound: phonetic语音学, phonology音系学; form：morphology形态学, syntax句法学;

meaning: semantics语义学; pragmatics语用学

(2)Macrolinguistics宏观语言学: interdisciplinary交叉学科, sociolinguistics社会语言学, psycholinguistics心理语言学,

applied linguistics应用语言学, anthropological linguistics人类语言学, computational linguistics计算机语言学

8.Key Concepts in Linguistics

(1)Descriptive描写means the linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use.

(2)Prescriptive规定means the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for correct and standard behavior in using

language to tell people what they should say and not say.

(3)Synchronic共时in which languages are treated as self-contained systems of communication at any particular time 时

间点

(4)Diachronic历时in which the changes to which languages are subject in the course of time and treated historically.

时间段

(5)Langue语言is the set of conventions and rules, it is abstract and relatively stable.

(6)Parole言语is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules, it is concrete and varies from

person to person, and from situation to situation.

(7)Competence语言能力is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his or her language.

(8)Performance语言表现is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. (Noam

Chomsky Aspects of the Theory of Syntax in 1965)

9.Phonetics语音学is defined as the scientific study of speech sounds, especially on its production, transmission and perception.

10.Consonants辅音are sounds produced by obstructing the flow of air in the oral cavity.

11.Vowels元音are produced when the air stream meets with no obstruction.

12.Phonology音系学is the study of sound patterns and sound systems of a specific language. It aims to discover the principles that governs the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur.