弗朗西斯·培根
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father’s former office). 掌玺大臣 • 1618 – Made Lord Chancellor and made a peer with the
titles of Baron Verulam 维鲁兰男爵 • 1621—Gained the titles of Baron Viscount St Alban奥尔本
• He presents us a new worldview of materialism, which gets rid of the prejudice and obscuration of scholasticism and theological basis.
<The Advancement of Learning (1605)>
Theory on philosophy
“The real father of English materialism and experimental sciences of modern times in general”
--------Marx
• Bacon’s philosophy emphasizes the belief that people are the servants and interpreters of nature, that truth is not derived from authority, and that knowledge is the fruit of experience.
• 在近代哲学史上具有划时代的意义和广泛的影响，哲学家由 此把他看成是从古代唯物论向近代唯物论转变的先驱。
Mottos by Bacon
• live to learn ,but learn tຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidu live 活着就要学习，学习不是为了活着
• It is a strange desire to seek power and to lose liberty, or to seek power over others and to lose power over a man's self. 为追求权力而失去自由，为追求统治别人的权力而失 去自身的权力，这是一种不可思议的欲望。
• Money is a good servant and a bad master. 金钱是善仆，也是恶主。
• Beauty is like a rich stone, best plain set. 美貌就像宝石，不用装饰最好。
• The sum of behavior is to retain a man's own dignity, without in truing upon the liberty of others. 人的行为准则是，维护自己的尊严而又不妨碍 他人的自由
培根下笔，时而洋洋洒 洒，时而十分简约，潇洒 飘逸，有大将风度，口吻 十分自信、认真。论断分 明，又不失诗人奔驰的想 象。不时用上一句拉丁文， 使他的文章多了一份书卷 气，带上一点古香古色。
培根的散文以准确、清 楚、条理分明著称，加上 他擅长写出饱含人生的经 验和智慧的名言警句，形 成了培根散文的独特风格， 使其能经久不衰。
Warming up The first great modern essayist is Montaigne. The term “essay” was borrowed from Montaigne’s Essais which appeared from 1580 to 1588. Bacon is the first one who introduces this literary style into Britain .
A great tract on education. According to Francis Bacon, knowledge can be divided into two kinds: one is obtained from the Divine Revelation , the other is the knowledge from the workings of human mind. Man’s understanding consists of three parts: history to man’s memory, poetry to man’s imagination and creation, and philosophy to man’s reason.
早期生涯
►Born in London in 1561 in a prominent and wellconnected family, his father Sir Nicholas Bacon, Lord keeper of the Great Seal to the Queen Elizabeth , she called Bacon the “Little Lord keeper ”.
Francis Bacon
1561—1626
Not this one...
Not this one...
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER
知识就是力量
----弗朗西斯·培根
本节重点：
Life Story Works Theory on philosophy Mottos of Bacon
►Educated at home. In 1573, at the age of just twelve, he entered Trinity College, Cambridge
►In 1579, he entered Gray's Inn，and completed his law degree in 1582.
斯子爵
晚期生涯
• He was a admirable judge, but in the course of his rising he has made enemies who finally combined to bring against him charges of bribery and the betrayal of justice .Bacon’s guilt lay less in financial corruption than in too great readiness to allow court influence to affect his legal decisions.
Analysis of Of Studies
Of Studies，是培根58篇随笔中最为知名的 一篇。它是培根400年前撰写的一篇探讨读书问 题的散文杂记，亦是英语文学中妇孺皆知的劝学 名篇。
通篇文风古雅，庄重严谨，似见作者正襟危坐， 谈经论道。论述周全，见解睿智，言语铿锵，畅 达明了，确系大家风范。文章短小精练，言简意 赅，使人诵之难忘，是英语学习中的精品。
• He was convicted, deprived of his office, and banished from London.
• He died in 1626 and spent the remaining years in his literacy and philosophical works.
总结
脱离政治生涯后，培根专心从事学术研究和著述活动，写 成了一批在近代文学思想史上具有重大影响的著作. 另外，他以哲学家的眼光，思考了广泛的人生问题，写出 了许多形式短小、风格活泼的随笔小品。 培根是散文家，唯物主义哲学家，实验科学的创始人，近 代归纳法的创始人，是给科学研究程序进行逻辑组织化的先 驱。 培根是四百年前英国的哲人名士，学富五车，文震朝野， 其散论札记当时亦属上乘之作。在四百多年来的英国文学史 上，培根的文论以其思想精深、艺术精湛和文学精绝而风骚 独领。其在英国文学与思想界之影响，颇似唐宋八大家之在 中国，历久弥新。
• 培根归纳法的目的是要给人们带来新的知识，它是一种认识 的工具
Scientific methodology
• 培根继承了古代唯物主义传统，承认自然界是物质的，认为 构成一切事物的最小单位是真正的分子，千差万别的事物都 是由它的不同排列和组合构成的。
• 他重视科学实验在认识中的作用，认为必须借助于实验，才 能弥补感官的不足，深入揭露自然的奥秘。
Shows the new empirical attitude toward truth about nature
Scientific methodology
• 培根科学归纳法的特点在于，利用排除法可以逐步排除外在 的、偶然的联系，提纯出事物之间内在的、本质的联系。总 之，培根归纳法就是从观察和实验的事实材料出发，通过排 斥法来发现周围现实的各种现象间的因果关系。
Epistemology:认识论
Bacon thought that the sense organ is the only way that can be used by people to know this objective world.
Although he emphasized the importance of sensational experience, he didn’t regard it as the absolute law for the limitations of sense organs.
►In 1584 he was elected to Parliament as a member of the House of Commons.
历任职位
• 1604 – Appointed King’s Counsel. 王室法律顾问 • 1607 – Named Solicitor General. 副检察长 • 1608 – Appointed Clerk of the Star Chamber. 大执法官 • 1613 – Appointed Attorney General. 首席检察官 • 1616 – Made a member of the Privy Council. 枢密院顾问 • 1617 – Appointed Lord Keeper of the Royal Seal (his
Bacon’s famous Works
Literary: Essays (1597) 《随笔》 The New Atlantis (1626) 《新大西岛》 (a utopian novel published in 1610) Philosophical: Novum Organum (1620)《新工具》 The Advancement of Learning (1605)《论学术的进展》 Professional: Maxim of the Law 《法律箴言》 Reading on the Statute of Uses 《谈使用法则》
What do we mean by essay? Any short composition in prose that undertakes to discuss a matter, express a point of view, persuade us to accept a thesis on any subject, or simply to entertain. Essays has been recognized as an important landmark in the development of English prose.
Novum Organum (1620)
The argument is for the use of inductive method(归纳法)or reasoning(推理) in scientific study
Bacon advanced the necessity of acccurate observations & experimentation
titles of Baron Verulam 维鲁兰男爵 • 1621—Gained the titles of Baron Viscount St Alban奥尔本
• He presents us a new worldview of materialism, which gets rid of the prejudice and obscuration of scholasticism and theological basis.
<The Advancement of Learning (1605)>
Theory on philosophy
“The real father of English materialism and experimental sciences of modern times in general”
--------Marx
• Bacon’s philosophy emphasizes the belief that people are the servants and interpreters of nature, that truth is not derived from authority, and that knowledge is the fruit of experience.
• 在近代哲学史上具有划时代的意义和广泛的影响，哲学家由 此把他看成是从古代唯物论向近代唯物论转变的先驱。
Mottos by Bacon
• live to learn ,but learn tຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidu live 活着就要学习，学习不是为了活着
• It is a strange desire to seek power and to lose liberty, or to seek power over others and to lose power over a man's self. 为追求权力而失去自由，为追求统治别人的权力而失 去自身的权力，这是一种不可思议的欲望。
• Money is a good servant and a bad master. 金钱是善仆，也是恶主。
• Beauty is like a rich stone, best plain set. 美貌就像宝石，不用装饰最好。
• The sum of behavior is to retain a man's own dignity, without in truing upon the liberty of others. 人的行为准则是，维护自己的尊严而又不妨碍 他人的自由
培根下笔，时而洋洋洒 洒，时而十分简约，潇洒 飘逸，有大将风度，口吻 十分自信、认真。论断分 明，又不失诗人奔驰的想 象。不时用上一句拉丁文， 使他的文章多了一份书卷 气，带上一点古香古色。
培根的散文以准确、清 楚、条理分明著称，加上 他擅长写出饱含人生的经 验和智慧的名言警句，形 成了培根散文的独特风格， 使其能经久不衰。
Warming up The first great modern essayist is Montaigne. The term “essay” was borrowed from Montaigne’s Essais which appeared from 1580 to 1588. Bacon is the first one who introduces this literary style into Britain .
A great tract on education. According to Francis Bacon, knowledge can be divided into two kinds: one is obtained from the Divine Revelation , the other is the knowledge from the workings of human mind. Man’s understanding consists of three parts: history to man’s memory, poetry to man’s imagination and creation, and philosophy to man’s reason.
早期生涯
►Born in London in 1561 in a prominent and wellconnected family, his father Sir Nicholas Bacon, Lord keeper of the Great Seal to the Queen Elizabeth , she called Bacon the “Little Lord keeper ”.
Francis Bacon
1561—1626
Not this one...
Not this one...
KNOWLEDGE IS POWER
知识就是力量
----弗朗西斯·培根
本节重点：
Life Story Works Theory on philosophy Mottos of Bacon
►Educated at home. In 1573, at the age of just twelve, he entered Trinity College, Cambridge
►In 1579, he entered Gray's Inn，and completed his law degree in 1582.
斯子爵
晚期生涯
• He was a admirable judge, but in the course of his rising he has made enemies who finally combined to bring against him charges of bribery and the betrayal of justice .Bacon’s guilt lay less in financial corruption than in too great readiness to allow court influence to affect his legal decisions.
Analysis of Of Studies
Of Studies，是培根58篇随笔中最为知名的 一篇。它是培根400年前撰写的一篇探讨读书问 题的散文杂记，亦是英语文学中妇孺皆知的劝学 名篇。
通篇文风古雅，庄重严谨，似见作者正襟危坐， 谈经论道。论述周全，见解睿智，言语铿锵，畅 达明了，确系大家风范。文章短小精练，言简意 赅，使人诵之难忘，是英语学习中的精品。
• He was convicted, deprived of his office, and banished from London.
• He died in 1626 and spent the remaining years in his literacy and philosophical works.
总结
脱离政治生涯后，培根专心从事学术研究和著述活动，写 成了一批在近代文学思想史上具有重大影响的著作. 另外，他以哲学家的眼光，思考了广泛的人生问题，写出 了许多形式短小、风格活泼的随笔小品。 培根是散文家，唯物主义哲学家，实验科学的创始人，近 代归纳法的创始人，是给科学研究程序进行逻辑组织化的先 驱。 培根是四百年前英国的哲人名士，学富五车，文震朝野， 其散论札记当时亦属上乘之作。在四百多年来的英国文学史 上，培根的文论以其思想精深、艺术精湛和文学精绝而风骚 独领。其在英国文学与思想界之影响，颇似唐宋八大家之在 中国，历久弥新。
• 培根归纳法的目的是要给人们带来新的知识，它是一种认识 的工具
Scientific methodology
• 培根继承了古代唯物主义传统，承认自然界是物质的，认为 构成一切事物的最小单位是真正的分子，千差万别的事物都 是由它的不同排列和组合构成的。
• 他重视科学实验在认识中的作用，认为必须借助于实验，才 能弥补感官的不足，深入揭露自然的奥秘。
Shows the new empirical attitude toward truth about nature
Scientific methodology
• 培根科学归纳法的特点在于，利用排除法可以逐步排除外在 的、偶然的联系，提纯出事物之间内在的、本质的联系。总 之，培根归纳法就是从观察和实验的事实材料出发，通过排 斥法来发现周围现实的各种现象间的因果关系。
Epistemology:认识论
Bacon thought that the sense organ is the only way that can be used by people to know this objective world.
Although he emphasized the importance of sensational experience, he didn’t regard it as the absolute law for the limitations of sense organs.
►In 1584 he was elected to Parliament as a member of the House of Commons.
历任职位
• 1604 – Appointed King’s Counsel. 王室法律顾问 • 1607 – Named Solicitor General. 副检察长 • 1608 – Appointed Clerk of the Star Chamber. 大执法官 • 1613 – Appointed Attorney General. 首席检察官 • 1616 – Made a member of the Privy Council. 枢密院顾问 • 1617 – Appointed Lord Keeper of the Royal Seal (his
Bacon’s famous Works
Literary: Essays (1597) 《随笔》 The New Atlantis (1626) 《新大西岛》 (a utopian novel published in 1610) Philosophical: Novum Organum (1620)《新工具》 The Advancement of Learning (1605)《论学术的进展》 Professional: Maxim of the Law 《法律箴言》 Reading on the Statute of Uses 《谈使用法则》
What do we mean by essay? Any short composition in prose that undertakes to discuss a matter, express a point of view, persuade us to accept a thesis on any subject, or simply to entertain. Essays has been recognized as an important landmark in the development of English prose.
Novum Organum (1620)
The argument is for the use of inductive method(归纳法)or reasoning(推理) in scientific study
Bacon advanced the necessity of acccurate observations & experimentation