4英语词汇学第四章_词的理据

believe/for?
2.the ideational theory意念论 (mentalist theory表征论) meaning→thought /reference意念
mental image concept
表征representation 信息在头脑中的呈现 方式
3. Behaviorist Theory 行为反应说 主要观点: 意义是某话语产生的刺激,


b. secondary onomatopoea (次要拟声）
sound symbolism语音象征

hassle → wrestle, bustle, tussle -amp stamp tramp clamp -url /-irl curl swirl
2)semantic motivation(语义理据）
R: actual response / hearer’s response
S
r ………s
R
(S)
Jack and Jill are walking on a trail.
Jill is hungry and sees apples on a tree.
She says to Jack, “I like to eat an apple.” (r)
semantic triangle 语义三角
proposed by Ogden / Richards
The meaning of meaning 1923
(The relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct. It is mediated by concept.)
或对某话语的反应, 或者
是刺激和反应的结合。
思想源头或代表人物:
美国语言学家布龙菲尔德
《语言论》(Bloomfield 1933)
S
r ………s
R
S: actual stimulus / speaker’s situation r: linguistic response s: linguistic stimulus


5.the phonetic theory语音论 sound /meaning related chip/little/mini-/bit /booklet /i/=little/small sn- unpleasant sound

5.the stylistic theory语体论 conceptual meaning ? social background / status/education/job… girl maiden lass skirt face countenance mug so good such fun lovely sweet terrific book he?
Chapter IV. word meaning


Main contents/focus: 1.Views on word meaning 2.motivation
aims of learning word meaning 1.facilitate the understanding of English word meaning 2.have a cognitive understanding of English word meaning



根据原有意义推断其新意义(Figurative meaning can be readily understood by those who know the literal meaning.) Figurative usage provides the semantic motivation （umbrella- 雨伞－保护伞)
b. metonymy( 借代，换称）
*

Name sth. by one of its attributes The pen is mightier than the sword. (工具代动作） He has the best stable in the town. (容器代内容） I am not going to let my heart rule my head.(身体 器官代功能） I hate that brass button.(事物特征代事物本身） Hollywood
4) motivation and cultural background
---connection between meaning and culture the heel of Achilles Frankenstein Pygmalion 阿Q

Questions: 1.why do many writers used onomatopoeic words in their writing? Give examples. 2. Are English letters symbolic? Give some examples. 3.Are the meanings of some words closely related with culture? Give some examples.
Hearing the words, Jack climbs on the tree and gets down an apple for her. (R) (s)
Bloomfield 认为: 意义是说话人发 出语言形式时所处的情景和这个形式在 听话人那儿引起的反应。 (Bloomfield 1933; 张志毅 2001:144)
* Meaning of a word is open. divorce? Meaning is given by people . Meaning is unclear.

2.motivation(理据） It deals with the connection between name (word symbol) and sense. Some words are motivated.
4.the contextual theory语境论 meaning / context Malinowski I don’t like her. She is tall and thin and moves like a crane. I like her. She is tall and thin and moves like a crane.


Types of motivation
1)phonetic motivation (onomatopoetic, echoic~) 2) semantic motivation 3)morphologic motivation 4) motivation and cultural background




3)morphologically motivated words
---direct connection between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning *derivation/compound bearer---er (person) collapse—col(together)+lapse(fall)


concept (thought /sense) meaning
mentalຫໍສະໝຸດ Baiduimage/reference
cat

word ------------------ thing
(name/symbol/form signifier) (referent/object/ signified） (when/spirit/as??) mental image?




Views on word meaning 1.the referential theory指称论 Plato meaning→ object /behavior /quality

stone/stand/grey
Words are symbol /name of the objective world.
1) phonetic motivation (onomatopoeaic,echoic~)



Word motivated phonetically, whose pronunciation suggests meaning. a.primary onomatopoea(基本拟声）
Ducks quack. Frogs croak. Horses neigh.

I love potatoes cooked in their jackets.


a. metaphor Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of a fire. The boy wolfed down the food .