初中英语语法—介词

2）on, over, above
on表示一物放在另一物上面，两者紧贴在一起； over表示一种越过，即“在……上方”；above 表 示一般的“高于……”，“在……之上”，一种垂 直关系
如：The book is on the table. 书在桌子上。 Is there any bridge over the river? 河上有桥吗？ There was an electric clock above his bed. 他床头上有只电子钟。
5）across, through, over, past
across着重于“从一头或一边到另一头或另一边”； through强调“穿越”；over多表示从“上方越过”；past表 示从“面前经过”。 如： She went across the street to make some purchases. 她穿过街道去买东西。 The sunlight was coming in through the window. 阳光透过窗户进来了。 He failed to go over the mountain; he had to go round it. 他没能越过那座山，只有绕过去． Someone has just gone past the window. 有人从窗前走过．
３）at, in, on, by表示时间的区别
at表示特定的时间、节日、年龄: 如：at dawn/ at night/at noon/at midnight/ at forty /at Christmas in表示一天中某段时间，指年、月、季节、周次： 如：in the morning/in 2002/in May/in the second week of July / in winter on表示某一天或星期几，指明具体的时间： 如：on Sundays/on her birthday/on Friday evening /on the first by(的时候、到、等到…已经) 用在天、时间： 如： by day 白天(的时候)/by 2 o‘clock 到两点钟/by this time 等到现在(已经)…
1.We lay down ____ a tree to rest. Baidu Nhomakorabea. under B. over C. above D. below 2.There is a book____ the chair. A. under B. over C. above D. below 3. This place is _____ sea level. A. under B. over C. above D. below 4. The boat is passing_____ bridge. A. under B. over C. above D. below
2、作定语 跟在所修饰的名词后面，作后置定语。 eg: They have rented a flat of three rooms. 他们租了一套三居室的公寓。 The lady in red is my sister-in-law. 穿红衣服的那位女士是我嫂子。
3、作表语 eg: Sally is in the language lab with Tom 莎莉和汤姆在语音室。 What he said is of great help to learners of English. 他刚才的话对英语学习者很有帮助。
4、作宾语补足语 eg: What makes you in such a hurry? 什么事使你这样匆匆忙忙？ The duty of the police is to keep the country in order. 警察的职责是维持国家秩序。
1、地点介词
三、部分介词用法辩异
1）at, in, by
1.I have lived here __ about 1 year. A. for B. since C. during D. at 2. _____ last term, I was learning English in Highbird all the time. A. for B. since C. during D. at 3. I had lived in London _____ last year. A. for B. since C. during D. at 4. She stood here _____ several hours. A. for B. since C. during D. at
二、介词短语的作用
介词不单独作句子成分，其后跟名词、代词、 数词、副词、短语、从句等作它的宾语，构成介词 短语。 1、作状语 通常位于句首或句尾，表时间、地点、原因、结 果、方式、比较等。 eg: Everybody understood except me. 除我之外，大家都理解了。 I came here for my briefcase. 我来这里拿公文包。
介词的用法
介词(preposition)：也叫前置词。在英 语里，它的搭配能力最强。但不能单独 做句子成分,需和名词或代词（或相当于 名词的其他词类、短语及从句）构成介 词短语，才能在句中充当成分。
一、介词的种类
（1）简单介词：about, across, after, against, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beside, but, by, down, during, for, from, in, of, on, over, near, round, since, to, under, up, with 等等。 （2）合成介词：inside, into, outside, throughout, upon, without, within （3）介词短语：according to, along with, apart from, because of, in front of, in spite of, instead of, owing to, up to, with regard to等等。
4）after, behind
after多用于表时间先后，而behind多半表 位置或方向的前后。
如：She stood behind a tree. 她站在一棵树后。 We shall leave after breakfast. 我们早饭后动身。
1.There are some flowers ____ the house A. behind B. after C. below D. above 2. The school is ___ the post office. A. behind B. after C. below D. above 3.We came to Bei Jing _____ 6:00 in the morning. A. behind B. after C. below D. above 4._____having the bath, we watched TV. A. behind B. after C. below D. above
by the fire 在炉边 a path by the river 沿河道路
by the seaside 在海边 by the nearest road 走近路
1.There is a bookstore ____ the other side of the street. A. in B. on C. for D. at 2. Mrs Green has lived ____ London ____ ten years. A. at, for B. in, since C. in, for D. on, by 3. The little girl saw a beautiful bird ____ the tree. A. on B. in C. into D. at 4. He arrived ____ Shanghai ____ January 5 ____ 10:00. A. in, on, in B. at, on, on C.in, on, at D. in, on, by
at 表示把地方、地点、位置当作一个“点”, in 则把地方、地点、位 置当作一个范围或一个封闭的空间。此外，at用于表示在某一单位、机关 较抽象；in 则较具体。by 用在表示位置(有在旁、贴近、靠近之意) 。 如：He works at the post office. 她在邮局上班。 In the rain we were sheltering in the post office. 我们在邮局里面避雨。 I live in England, at London. 我住在英国伦敦。(England大过London)
3）under, below
under与below分别是over与above的反义词， 即“在……下方”；below 表示一般的“低 于……”，“在……之下”。
如：They were seen under the tree. 有人看到他们在树下。 Shall I write my name on, above or below the line? 我该把名字写在线上、还是线的上方或下方？
２、时间介词
１）for, since, during
for指“时间段”，since指“时间点”，during强调时 间过程。during与for的区别：during所指的时间起止分明； 如果一段时间不明确，就用for. 如：I haven’t seen her for years. 我很多年没见过她了。 He swims every day during the summer. 整个夏天他每天游泳。 They have been in Hawaii since the war. 战后他们一直住在夏威夷。
1.There is a bridge ____ the river. A. on B. at C. below D. over 2. The light was hanging_____ his head. A. above B. on C. over D. across 3. After supper Father always sits ____ a chair, reading newspapers. A. above B. on C. over D. across 4. The plane has just flown ____ my head. A. on B. over C. above D. at
２）“在...之后” in, after
in + 一段时间（用于一般将来时） after + 一段时间（用于一般过去时） after + 一点时间（常用于一般将来时） 如：The baby stopped crying after half an hour. 那个婴儿半小时后停止了哭泣。 The baby will stop crying in half an hour. 那个婴儿将在半小时后停止哭泣。 They will visit their teacher after Friday. 周五以后他们将去拜访他们的老师。
1.She swam _____the river. A. through B. across C. on D. above 2. Yesterday I went_____the forest. A. through B. across C. on D. above 3.----Who was going____me just now? ----Jim A. through B. across C. past D. above 4. The bird flew _____ the building A. through B. across C. on D. over