第1章 分子生物学发展简史2

Avram Hershko Israel
Irwin Rose USA
"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation“
（泛素介导的蛋白质降解）
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1993 “for their discovery of split genes In 1978”
（断裂基因——对基因概念的新的理解）
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993
"for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method"
丹麦 哥本哈根
剑桥大学 Cavendish Lab. Francis Crick (35y)
1953年4月，沃森和克里克在《自然》杂志发表了不足千字的短文-—《核 酸的分子结构-—脱氧核糖核酸的一个结构模型》，报告了这一改变世界的 发现。
闫春霞等.詹姆斯· 沃森与弗朗西斯· 克里克.遗传.2003，25（3）：C001
分子生物学 Molecular Biology
淮海工学院海洋学院 陈国强 chengq113@163.com 2011年秋季
What is Molecular biology? The term has more than one definition Define in broadly:
to understand biological phenomena in molecular terms
Robert Holley(46y)
H. Gobind Khorana(46y)
tRNAphe cloverleaf structure
How to synthesize triplet RNA
Marshall Nirenberg(41y)
Genetic coden
（遗传密码的破译）
（反转录酶）
1975. Howard Temin (41y) David Baltimore (37y)
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980 "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"
Paul Berg Stanford University
（DNA双螺旋结构）
1965
Francois Jacob (44y)
Jacques Monod (55y)
(French)
1：Lac. Operon Theory 2：Concept of mRNA
（操纵子理论、mRNA理论）
1968
R. Holley Nirenberg H.G. Khorana M.
Leland H. Hartwell
发现了控制细胞周 期的一类特异基因
R. Timothy (Tim) Hunt
Paul M. Nurse
细胞周期的一个关键调节 物质ＣＤＫ（细胞周期蛋 白依赖激酶)
发现了细胞周期蛋白 （cyclins）--调节ＣＤＫ 功能的蛋白质
2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
（狭义的分子生物学）
第一章 分子生物学发展简史

分子生物学是研究核酸、 蛋白质等生物大分子的结 构与功能，并从分子水平 上阐述蛋白质与核酸、蛋 白质与蛋白质之间相互作 用的关系及其基因表达调 控的机理的学科。
2000年6月 HGP提前完成
功能基因组时代到来 1859-2009
1859 Darwin < 物种的起源-第1版> 1944 Avery 肺炎球菌转化试验 对基因的概念、结构与功能的认识发生了质的飞跃 一夜间销售而空 1973年 斯坦福大学 Cohn 加州大学 Boyer 重组DNA技术 DNA是遗传信息的载体
（基因学说）
Thomas Hunt Morgan
The The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946
James Batcheller Sumner
"for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized"
（核酸测序）
Walter Gilbert Biological Laboratories Cambridge, MA, 1932 -
Frederick Sanger MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Cambridge, Great Britain 1918 -
发现限制与修饰现象； 1928 - 1999 用II型内切酶切割DNA 分离出I型内切酶
分离出II型内切酶
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980
"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"
患有库鲁病的小孩
"for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection" （朊病毒）
discovered key regulators of the cell cycle The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2001
1926 -
（DNA重组技术）
1983. Barbara McClintock (86y)
DNA transposable element
（转座子）
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989 "for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA Ribozyme"
Paul C. Lauterbur USA
Peter Mansfield UK
"for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging" （核磁共振成像的研究）
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2004
Aaron Ciechanover Israel
中国步入世界 生命科学强国
经典遗传学理论 Modern Genetics
1900. -1926.
1952 J .Watson and F. Crick
近半个世纪以来
医学，化学中重大突破与成就者
Nobel Prize
Nobel medal Half a pound of 23-karal gold. 2.5 inches across
Sidney Altman
Yale University New Haven, CT, USA 1939 -
Thomas R. Cech
University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
1947
（核酶：具有催化作用的RNA）
Richard J. Roberts
Phillip A. Sharp
Reverse transcription
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978
"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"
分子生物学发展的
里程碑与主要内容
in Physiology or Medicine 1933 Nobel Prize
"for his discoveries concerning the role played by the Chromosome in heredity ,
demonstrated that genes are on the chromosome"
Richard Axel USA
Linda B. Buck USA
"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system" （近1000种嗅觉基因）
（内切酶）
Werner Arber Biozentrum der Universitä t Switzerland 1929 Daniel Nathans Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, USA Hamilton O. Smith Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, USA 1931 -
Beadle & Tatum
Phage transduction
1958 J.Lederberg (33y)
采用大肠杆菌的营养缺陷型发现 了细菌的遗传重组
1：一个基因一个酶假说（揭示了基因的基本功能）
2：营养缺陷型研究方法（生化遗传）
分子生物学的重要里程碑
1951 James Watson (23y)
(difficult to distinguish from biochemistry) Define in restrictively:
to study gene structure and function at the molecular level
Gene concept Gene structure Gene replication Gene expression Gene recombination Gene mutation Molecular Biology of the Gene
"for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958
Frederick Sanger Cambridge University 1918 -
“for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin“ （两度获诺贝尔化学奖）
Kary B. Mullis 1944 -
（PCR技术）
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1997
Stanley B. Prusiner University of California, School of Medicine, USA 1942 -
H. Robert Horvitz USA
Sydney Brenner UK(开创用线虫做 生物学研究材料)
John Sulston UK
Programmed Cell Death (PCDFra Baidu bibliotek and development
（细胞的程序性死亡与发育：细胞凋亡）
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003
1951. King’s Lab. London University UK M. H. F. Wilkins & Rosalind Frankin
X~ray photograph of DNA with high quality (核糖与磷酸连接成的扭曲绳子，每一节上都有
配对的碱基)
1962
James Watson (34y) Francis Crick (46y) Maurice Wilkins (46y) DNA Double Helix model 1953
Cornell University 1887 - 1955
John Rockefeller Institute USA Howard Northrop 1891 - 1987
Wendell Meredith Stanley Rockefeller Institute USA 1904 - 1971