文学名词解释

文学名词解释
文学名词解释

1. Modernism(现代主义)

1)Modernism was a complex and diverse international movement in all creative arts, originating about the end of the 19th century.

2)rising out of skepticism and disillusionment of capitalism, which made writers and artists search for new ways to express their understanding of the world and the human nature. The French Symbolism, appearing in the late, 19th century, became the forerunner of modernism.

3)It provided the greatest renaissance of the 20th century.

4)It means a departure from the conventional criteria or established values of the Victorian age. It took the irrational philosophy and theory of psychoa/nalysis as its theoretical base.

5)Major themes: the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, man and himself.

6) It was made up of many facets, such as symbolism, surrealism, stream of consciousness , expressionism, futurism, etc. Alienation and loneliness are the basic themes of modernism. Modernism also touched upon visual arts, music, dance and the other fields of social life.

7)The major figures that were associated with this movement were Kafka, Picasso, Pound, Eliot, Joyce and Virginia Woolf, etc.

2.Streams of consciousness (意识流)

(1)is a term to describe the flow of thoughts of the waking mind.

(2)Now it is widely used to describe the unspoken thoughts and feelings of the characters, without resorting to objective description or conventional dialogue.

(3)It was adapted and developed by Joyce, Virginia Woolf, and others.

(4)The ability to represent the flux of a character’s thought, impressions, emotions, or reminiscences, often without logical sequence or syntax, marked a revolution in the form of novel at that time.

(5)The order of our study must be analytic.

(6)It begins the introspective study of the adult consciousness itself.

3. Renaissance (文艺复兴)

A. a great bourgeois cultural movement in Europe, which began in the 14th century and continued to the mid-17th century.

B. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture and literature and then spread all over Europe.

C. the term means “rebirth” or “revival”.

D. Humanism is the essence of the renaissance.

E. representatives: Dante, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare

F. It marked the beginning of bourgeois revolution

4. Humanism(人文主义)

A.it is a system of beliefs upheld by writers and artists of the renaissance period in their fighting against medieval a/sceticism禁欲主义.

B.It states that man is able to find truth, goodness and beauty, and that man is in control of the present life rather than being controlled by God.

C.Briefly, humanism puts man at the center of their beliefs and takes man to be the

measure of everything

D.They introduce new ideas, call for man’s freedom in thinking, praise man’s worldly aspirations渴望, and de/nunciate (公开谴责)the feuda/listic control of man’s thought.

E.In England, Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.

F. it is the essence of the Renaissance Period.

5. Gothic Novel(哥特式小说)

1)It is a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late 18th century

2)Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural.

3)Mostly stories of mystery and horror took place in some haunted or dilapidated /deserted Middle Age castles.

4) gothic heroes and heroines tend to the equally mysterious, emphasis on the irrational and dark side of human nature: the imaginative, the supernatural, the discarded Medieval castles against the rigid rationality principle

5) They emphasize story line and setting over character and characterization.

6) Representatives: Horace Walpole–The Castle of Otranto;Ann Radcliff---- The Mysteries of Udolpho

6. Realism(现实主义)

1)Realism is the determination to face facts and deal with them practically, without being influenced by feelings or false ideas.

2)In literature, realism is a way of writing about people and events as they actually are.

3)in art, an attempt to describe human behavior and surroundings or to represent figures and objects exactly as they act or appear in life.

4)Representative writers: Daniel Defoe; Joanthan Swift; Henry Fielding, etc.

7.Enlightment:The Enlightment movement

(1),it was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in france and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.(2)the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.(3)its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.(4)they believed that reason or rationality become standards for measurement of everything. (5)they held the common faith in human rationality and the possibility of human perfection through education.

(6)representatives:Alexander Pope, Richard Steele,

8,Critical Realism批判现实主义

It is the main trend of the literary thoughts in the 19th century. It reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of cash upon human nature. Critical realists criticize capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint of bourgeoisie reality. The major contribution made by the 19th century critical realists lies in their perfection of novels. They make use of the from of novel for full and detailed representations of social and political events, and of the fate of individuals and of whole social classes.

文学理论名词解释大全

文艺学:研究文学及其规律的学科。 文学活动:把文学理解为一种活动,由作品、作家、世界、读者等要素组成,是人类的一种高级的特殊的精神活动。 文学理论:对文学的原理、文学的范畴和判断标准等问题的研究。 文学批评:以文学理论所阐明的基本原理概念、范畴和方法为指导,专门地去具体分析和评论一个个作家、作品。 文学史:是一门以研究主流文学为对象的,清理并描述文学演变过程,探讨其发张规律的一门学科。 马克思主义文学理论:是马克思主义整体中的有机组成部分。是马克思、恩格斯在批判地继承德国古典哲学、美学、文艺学的基础上创立的。 中国特色:必须以中国特有的历史文化和现实经验作为土壤去培植马克思主义文学理论。必须吸收中国传统的文学理论遗产,寻求马克思主义文学理论与中国传统文学理论的结合点。 当代性:必须在研究中国当代文学发展情况的基础上,概括当代社会主义文学实践的新经验,回答当代社会主义文学运动提出的新问题。必须面对世纪西方文论的挑战。随着科学的发展,世纪出现了许多新的学科,诸如符号学、解释学、现象学、价值学、信息论等。 生活活动:是以生产活动为基础的,人类生存、繁衍和发展的活动系统的总称。本质力量的对象化:在生产劳动中,人改造了自然,使自然变化了人化的自然;同时,人在改造自然的过程中也改造了自己,使自己被自然所丰富所改造。 文学活动的“四个要素”:作者、世界、作品、读者 文学活动的对话性结构:指文学活动不同要素之间的互动关系。围绕作品这个中心,作者与世界、读者之间建立起来的是一种话语伙伴关系。其中,分别够成了若干对主体间性关系,包括自我与自我、自我与现实他者、自我与超验他者以及自我与潜在他者。在文学活动中,主体和对象的关系始终处于发展与变化之中。一方面是主体的对象化,另一方面是对象的主体化,正是在主体对象化和对象主体化的互动过程中,才生动地显示出了文学所特有的社会的和审美的本质属性。文学本体论:英美新批评强调文学作品的本体地位提出这一观点,代表人物是兰塞姆,认为文学活动的本体在于文学作品而不是外在的世界和作者。 劳动说:文学原始发生的主要学说之一,把劳动作为文学的起点。劳动提供了文学活动的前提条件,劳动产生了文学活动的需要,劳动构成了文学描写的主要内容,劳动制约了早期文学的形式。 物质生产与精神生产的“不平衡关系”:指文学进程、发展与经济的发展并不总是同步的。有时甚至是反方向的发展。这种不平衡有两种典型的体现:一是某些文艺类型只能兴盛在生产发展相对低级的阶段随生产力的发展,它的繁荣阶段也就过去了。另一种情况是艺术生产与物质生产的发展水平并不是呈正比例,经济落后的国家或地区可能在文学艺术上反而领先。 文学的含义:简言之,文学是一种语言艺术,是话语蕴籍中的审美意识形态。当然文学的含义是变化发展的。 话语:话语是一种具体的社会存在形态,是指与社会权利关系相互缠绕的具体言语方式。是特定社会语境中人与人之间从事沟通的具体言语行为,即一定的说话人与受话人之间在特定社会语境中通过文本而展开的沟通活动, 话语蕴籍:是指文学活动的蕴蓄深厚而又余味深长的语言与意义状况,表明文学作为社会话语实践蕴涵着丰富的意义生成可能性。

北京自考汉语言文学古文史一名词解释复习课程

二、名词解释: 1、赋、比、兴:《诗经》在艺术上对后代文学影响最大的是赋、比、兴的表现手法。“赋、比、兴” 是诗的表现手法。“赋”是直陈其事,描述一件事情的经过。“比”是打比方,用一个事物比喻另一个事物。“兴”是从一个事物联想到另外一件事物。赋者,敷陈其事而直言之也;比者,以彼物比此物也;兴者,先言他物以引起所咏之辞也。赋是《诗经》中运用最多的表现手法。赋从本质上讲,就是直接描绘,直接抒情,直接铺叙。《诗经》中使用赋法较多的是“雅”、“颂”,而“国风”里也不乏用赋法写出的优秀篇章,例如:《静女》、《七月》。比,即比喻,例如:《氓》用桑树由繁茂到凋落比喻女子由风华正茂到年老色衰,也比喻夫妇间爱情的变化。兴即起头、开端,借外物以引出所歌咏的对象和所抒发的感情,有的甚至能起到比的作用,例如:《关雎》用“雎鸠”的鸣叫起兴,引出诗人即景生情的联想。 2、《春秋》:本是先秦时期各国史书的通称。现在我们所见到的《春秋》是一部鲁国的编年史,上起鲁隐公元年,下至鲁哀公十四年。《春秋》的记事极为简略,在记事中体现出鲜明的思想倾向。《春秋》以一字为褒贬的写法和微婉含蓄的风格,对后代散文有不小的影响。 3、《国语》:是一部按国别记载的史书,它的成书大约在战国初年,一般认为是春秋末年左丘明所作,以记言为主,故称《国语》。书中既尊礼,又崇德;既敬神,又重民。 4、《左传》:原名《左氏春秋》,是独立的编年体史书,成书约在战国初年。《左传》的记事起于鲁隐公元年,止于鲁哀公二十七年。此外,还附录了鲁悼公四年至十四年韩、魏、赵三家灭智氏的史实。 5、《战国策》:是一部战国时期的史料汇编,西汉后期,刘向校理群书,得三十三篇,按国别分为十二国策,定其名为《战国策》。书中主要记载了当时谋臣策士的言行。 6、《论语》:是一部记载孔子及其弟子言行的书。此书约成于战国初年,是孔子的弟子和后学编纂而成的。传至汉代,出现了鲁《论语》、齐《论语》和古文《论语》三种不同的本子。今天我们见到的《论语》是在鲁《论语》的基础上,参考齐《论语》和古文《论语》而形成的,共包括《学而》、《为政》等二十篇。 7、浩然之气:是孟子提出的道德修养方法,孟子非常重视道德修养,他还说:“吾善养吾浩然之气”,所谓浩然之气,通过“义”的积累而养成,它“至大至刚”,“充塞于天地之间”,表现为崇高的无所畏惧的精神境界和心理状态。 8、楚辞:“楚辞”是战国后期楚国屈原等人创造的诗歌,是当时产生的一种富有南方地方特色的新诗体。西汉末年,刘向辑录屈原、宋玉等人的作品,散篇的“楚辞”才被编辑成书,定名为《楚辞》。从此,“楚辞”又成为一部诗歌总集的名称。 9、《离骚》:司马迁《史记·屈原列传》说:“离骚者,犹离忧也。”班固《离骚赞序》又说:“离,犹遭也;骚,忧也。明己遭忧作辞也。”所以“离骚”就是遭受忧愁。 10、《九歌》:是屈原在楚国民间祭神乐歌的基础上加工创作而成的祭歌,总共包括《东皇太一》、《东君》、《云中君》、《湘君》、《湘夫人》、《大司命》、《少司命》、《河伯》、《山鬼》、《国殇》、《礼魂》等十一篇作品。诗中借助人与神,或神与神的爱情故事展开抒情,间接地表现了作者的理想、追求。

中国现代文学史名词解释

名词解释题目录 1.1.文学研究会 1.2.创造社 1.3.语丝社 1.4.美文 1.5.语丝文体 1.6.小诗 1.7.新月诗派 1.8.象征诗派 1.9.春柳社 1.10.《终身大事》 1.11.爱美剧 1 .12.湖畔诗社 1.13.南囤社 1.14.乡土文学 2.1.左联 2.2.社会剖析派小说 2.3.东北作家群 2.4.京派作家群 2.5.新感觉派 2.6.中国诗歌会 2.7.上海艺术剧社 2.8.中国左翼戏剧家联盟 2.9.国防戏剧 3.1.七月诗派 3.2.九叶诗派 3.3.荷花淀派 4.1.“三突出”创作原则 4.2.“根本任务论” 4.3.“黑八论” 4.4.“主题先行论” 5.1.“朦胧诗” 5.2.新写实小说 5.3.“四川诗群” 5.4.“上海诗群” 名词解释题答案 1.1.文学研究会:是中国新文学运动中第一个纯文学团体,成立于1921年1月,发起人有茅盾、周作人、郑振铎、叶绍钧等人,以《小说月报》为阵地,积极倡导文学革命。其主要理论家茅盾提出文学要老老实实表现人生,尤其应描绘被压迫的人民,在创作方法上,他主要提倡现实主义,反对唯美主义和浪漫主义。文学研究会作家的成就,主要表现在小说创作上,如茅盾的《蚀》三部曲、叶绍钧的《倪焕之》,许地山的《缀网劳蛛》、冰心的《超人》等均以对现实的细致描绘、深入剖析,显示出现实主义特色而成为文学研究会这个现实主义文学流派的力作。 1.2.创造社:1921年7月成立于日本,成员主要有郭沫若、郁达夫等,是“五四”以后的一个重要的浪漫主义文学社团。创办《创造》季刊、《创造周报》、《创造日》、《洪水》等刊物,主张“为艺术而艺术”,强调文学必须忠实地表现作者自己“内心的要求”,重视文学的美感作用。创造社成员的作品大都侧重自我表现,带有浓厚的个人主观抒情色彩。 1.3.语丝社:得名于1924年11月在北京创刊的《语丝》周刊,由《语丝》主要撰稿人组成,主要代表人物有周作人、鲁迅、林语堂、钱玄同、孙伏园、俞平伯、刘半农等。它是中国现代文学史上最早以散文创作为主的刊物,主要发表杂感、短评、小品等。语丝社作家的散文创作形成了独具风格的“语丝”文体,这种文体在思想内容上任意言谈,斥旧促新,在艺术上以文艺性短论和随笔为主要形式,泼辣幽默,讽刺强烈。以鲁迅为代表的尖锐泼辣的杂文和以周作人、林语堂为代表的幽雅的小品形成了该社散文创作的两大类,对散文发展有重要影响。 1.4.美文:周作人1921年发表《美文》一文,提倡多写“记述的”、“艺术性”的美文,王统照、胡适等起而应和,冰心、朱自清、郁达夫、俞平伯等进行创作实践,美文作为一种独立的文体的地位遂得以在文学史上确立。 1.5.语丝文体:因语丝社成员创作的具有共同特征的散文而得名。《语丝》发表的主要是散文,在创作上,尽管语丝社同仁的思想和艺术主张不尽一致,但在针砭时弊方面形成了共同的风格:排旧促新,放纵而谈,古今并论,庄谐杂出,简

美国文学名词解释

1. Transcendentalism The origin of it is a philosophical and literary movement centered in Concord and Boston, which marks the summit of American Transcendentalism. 19th-century movement of writers and philosophers in New England who were loosely bound together by adherence to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation, the innate goodness of man, and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. The major features of American Transcendentalism are:It emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. It stressed the importance of the individual. To them the individual was the most important element of society. It offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. 2.Romanticism The Romanticism period stretches from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil War. It is a term associate with imagination boundlessness, and in critical usage is contrasted with classicism which is commonly associated with reason and restriction. The features of Romanticism are: American Romanticism was in a way derivative: American romantic writing was some of them modeled on English and European works. American romanticism was in essence the expression of "a real new experience "and contained"an alien quality".Representatives:William Cullen Bryant; Henry Longfellow and James Cooper, Washington Irving. 3.Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.The representatives are Howells, James, and Mark Twain. 4. Naturalism American naturalism was a new and harsher realism, it had come from Europe. Naturalism was an outgrowth of realism that responded to theories in science, psychology, human behavior and social thought current in the late nineteenth century. The background of naturalism are: In the last decade of the nineteenth century, with the development of industry and modern science, intelligent minds began to see that man was no longer a free ethical being in a cold, indifferent and essentially Godless universe. In this chance world he was both helpless and hopeless.Major Features of it are:Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment.The universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires.Representatives of it such as Stephen Crane, Frank Norris and Theodore Dreiser. 5.New Criticism The New Criticism as a school of poetry and criticism established itself in the 1940s as an academic orthodoxy in the United States. The school has its beginning in the 1920s. It focus on the analysis of the text rather paying attention to external elements such as its social background, its author's intention and political attitude, and its impact on society. Then it explores the artistic structure of the work rather than its author's frame of mind or its reader's responses. It also see a literary work as an organic entity, the unity of content and form, and places emphasis on the close reading of the text. These New Critics included T.S. Eliot,I.A.Richards,John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate and some other critics. The New Criticism has tended to divorce criticism from social and moral concerns, which was to become one salient feature of the movement. 6.Imagism: Between 1912 and 1922 there came a great poetry boom in which about 1000 poets published over 1000 volumes of poetry. Indeed ,to express the modern spirit, the sense of fragmentization and dislocation, was in large measure the aim of quite a few modern literary movements, of which Imagism was one.The first Imagist theorist, the English writer T.E.Hulme. Hulme suggests that modern art deals with expression and communication of momentary phases in the poet's mind. The most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of dominant image.It is a literary movement launched American poets early in the 20th century that advocated the use of free verse, common speech patterns, and clear concrete images as a reaction to Victorian sentimentalism. The representatives are Ezra pound, William Carlos Williams and some other poets.

文学理论名词解释汇总情况(2)

文学理论名词解释汇总(2) 叙述声音:体现叙述者叙述动作的口气或基本态度。显在叙述者、隐在叙述者。 三分法:把文学作品为成三大类:叙事作品、抒情作品、戏剧作品。 抒情作品:表现传达作者以情感为核心的内在心性的文学作品。 情感:人对与之人发生关系的客观事物的态度的体验。 情绪:人对客观事物是否符合自己需要而产生的体验。人对外界刺激带有特殊色彩的主观态度。 审美情感:审美主体对客观审美对象是否符合自己需要所作出的一种心理反应、态度和体验。 艺术情感:对客观现实与表现对象持特定审美态度的一种情感体验。 表现论:认为艺术的本质在于表现情感,又称情感论。 托尔斯泰传达论:借助“外在符号”“传达”“感情” 诗可以兴、可以观、可以群、可以怨:兴,抒发情感;观,反映社会生活;群,沟通人与人;怨,批评时政。 抒情原则:在创作过程中,处理情感与理性、现实、语言等关系问题上,有意无意遵循的原则。 古曲主义:拥护王权;理性绝对化,否定感情的意义;

运用民族规范语,恪守“三一律”;明显的保守性。 灵感:文思敏捷、思维活跃、注意力高度集中的很顺利的创作心境。 抒情策略:创作时,在语法或修辞采用某种方法和手段以达到抒情的目的并强化抒情效果。 原型意象:在某种抒情传统中长期反复使用并因之产生了固定内涵的模式化意象。 抒情母题:在某种抒情传中基于某种原型意象而形成的内涵相对固定的大型主题。 抒情小品文:一种短小而富有抒情意味的散文。 抒情的语法策略:从语言的结构方式这一角度强化抒情效果的方法和手段。 抒情的修辞策略:运用各种修辞方式强化抒情效果的方法和手段。 文学风格:作家的创作个性在文学作品的有机整体和言语结构中所显示出来的、能引起读者持久的审美享受的艺术独创性。 创作个性:作家的气质禀赋、世界观、艺术观、审美趣味、艺术才能、审美追求等主观因素综合而的一种习惯性的行为方式。在日常个性的基础上升华。它支配着文学风格的形成和显现。

汉语言文学文学概论知识点整理

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成艺术构思和艺术传达的过程。(这也是一部文学作品从在心理体验到外在形式的形成过程。) 语言呈现:是作家将构思成熟的艺术形象用语言表达出来的过程。(eg:眼中之竹到胸中之竹到手中之竹。眼中之竹山是指客观存在的竹子,而胸中之竹则是艺术构思过程中的艺术形象,至于手中之竹,已经是经过艺术传达之后的竹子,是画在纸上的画图,是最终完成的作品。) 国维的隔与不隔:“隔”意思则是指艺术技巧使用的很拙劣,以致不能有效地调动读者情感,并使之升华为艺术情感。“不隔”第一层含义是说文字运用得恰到好处,是读者能够直接体会到诗词中蕴含的涵而感不到丝毫的文字障碍。第二层含义是指用直书其事的式作诗,不堆砌典故,使人不劳猜想就直接感知诗中蕴含的情感。(池塘生春草不隔,“家池上,江淹浦畔”,隔) 文学创作过程(创作动因、艺术构思、语言呈现)、文学创作心理机制(艺术直觉、艺术情感、艺术想象、艺术理解)、文学创作的主体条件和追求(作家与生活体验、思想道德修养与文化艺术素养、创作个性与独创性、创作自由和社会责任) 创作动因:创作动因是指作家生活体验积累到一定程度时产生的创作驱力,包括创作动机和创作冲动。这是文学创作的开端。 9.创作动机:创作动机是指作家从事具体创作活动的目的。作家有某种思想感情需要传达,或要赞美、批评某种现存事物,或要互换某种新的社会变革等,心中有所积郁,不吐不快,于是产生了创作动机。

现代文学名词解释

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美国文学名词解释

Allegory is a narrative that serves as an extended metaphor. Allegories are written in the form of fables, parables, poems, stories, and almost any other style or genre. The main purpose of an allegory is to tell a story that has characters, a setting, as well as other types of symbols, that have both literal and figurative meanings. One well-known example of an allegory is Dante’s The Divine Comedy.In Inferno, Dante is on a pilgrimage to try to understand his own life, but his character also represents every man who is in search of his purpose in the world. Alliteration is a pattern of sound that includes the repetition of consonant sounds. The repetition can be located at the beginning of successive words or inside the words. Poets often use alliteration to audibly represent the action that is taking place. Aside is an actor’s speech, directed to the audience, that is not supposed to be heard by other actors on stage. An aside is usually used to let the audience know what a character is about to do or what he or she is thinking. Asides are important because they increase an audience's involvement in a play by giving them vital information pertaining what is happening, both inside of a character's mind and in the plot of the play. Gothic is a literary style popular during the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th. This style usually portrayed fantastic tales dealing with horror, despair, the grotesque and other “dark” subjects. Gothic literature was named for the apparent influence of the dark gothic architecture of the period on the genre. Also, many of these Gothic tales took places in such “gothic” surroundings. Other times, this story of darkness may occur in a more everyday setting, such as the quaint house where the man goes mad fro m the "beating" of his guilt in Edgar Allan Poe's “The Tell-Tale Heart.”In essence, these stories were romances, largely due to their love of the imaginary over the logical, and were told from many different points of view. CATHARSIS is an emotional discharge that brings about a moral or spiritual renewal or welcome relief from tension and anxiety. According to Aristotle, catharsis is the marking feature and ultimate end of any tragic artistic work. IMAGERY: A common term of variable meaning, imagery includes the "mental pictures" that readers experience with a passage of literature. It signifies all the sensory perceptions referred to in a poem, whether by literal description, allusion, simile, or metaphor. Surrealism is an artistic movement doing away with the restrictions of realism and verisimilitude that might be imposed on an artist. In this movement, the artist sought to do away with conscious control and instead respond to the irrational urges of the subconscious mind. From this results the hallucinatory, bizarre, often nightmarish quality of surrealistic paintings and writings. Sample surrealist writers include Frank O'Hara, John Ashberry, and Franz Kafka.

文学名词解释 整理版

1、潜在写作:指17年和文革期间,许多被剥夺了正常写作权利的作家们的创作,包括他们当时不能发表的作品和本无发表预期的日记、书信等。如丰子恺的《缘缘堂续笔》,食指的诗,沈从文的家书等。“潜在写作”的相对概念是公开发表的文学作品,两者一起构成了时代文学的整体。潜在写作(又称为地下写作):为了说明当代文学创作的复杂性,即有许多被剥夺了正常写作权力的作家在哑声的时代里,依然保持着对文学的挚爱和创作的热情,他们写作了许多在当时客观环境下不能公开发表的文学作品。一种是作家们自觉的创作,如丰子恺写的《缘缘堂续笔》和食指的诗;另一种是作家们在非常时期不自觉的写作,如日记、书信、读书笔记等。 三突出原则:指的是“文革时期”特定的文学创作原则。根据江青的指示,开始由于会泳在《让文艺舞台永远成为宣传毛泽东思想的阵地》一文中提出的,“在所有人物中突出正面人物来,在正面人物中突出主要英雄人物来,在主要英雄人物中突出中心人物来”的三突出创作原则。后来有姚文元改定为“在所有人物中突出正面人物,在正面人物中突出英雄人物,在英雄人物中突出主要英雄人物”。这种创作原则是企图严格维护的社会政治等级在文学结构上的体现。 2、反思文学:是继“伤痕文学”之后出现的文学现象,因表现出对于社会历史痛定思痛的反思特点而得名。其把揭露与批判的文学承担前溯至五十年代甚至更前,具有较深邃的历史纵深感和较大的思想容量。但理想主义的理性色彩,使反思文学失去了“伤痕文学”刻骨铭心的忏悔与绝望,在某种程度上回避了揭露文化大革命的灾难性实质。代表作家作品有:茹志鹃《剪辑错了的故事》,王蒙的《布礼》、《蝴蝶》,方之的《内奸》等。 3.朦胧派:一九八○年开始,诗坛出现了一个新的诗派,被称为“朦胧派”。以舒婷、顾城、北岛等为先驱者的一群青年诗人,从一九七九年起,先后大量发表了一种新风格的诗。这种诗,有三四十年没有出现在中国的文学报刊上了。最初,他们的诗还仿佛是在继承现代派或后现代派的传统,但很快地他们开拓了新的疆域,走得更远,自成一个王国。朦胧派诗人无疑是一群对光明世界有着强烈渴求的使者,他们善于通过一系列琐碎的意象来含蓄地表达出对社

2017年汉语言文学考试真题以及答案解析(一)

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二、简答(40分) 1、简述语音的社会属性 语音的社会属性是语音的本质属性。语音的社会属性表现在多方面。 1、从语音的地方特征和民族特征来看,普通话有翘舌音,而方言却没有;英语有齿间音,汉语却没有。 2、从语音表示意义的社会性来看,用什么声音跟表示什么意义没有必然的联系,而是随着社会不同而不同,由全体社会成员约定俗成。同样的语音形式可用来表示不同的意义,同样一个意义又可以有多种语音形式。 3、从语音的系统性来看,汉语里送气、不送气区别词义,英语不能;英语里清音、浊音区别词义,汉语普通话不能;语音的组合上,汉语的l只在音节开头出现,英语既可以在开头,也可以在末尾。 2、举例简述四种造字法 ⑴所谓象形法,就是描绘实物的形状或特征的一种造字法。象形字当中,也有一些不是直接用来表示具体实物,而是用来表示与实物有关的概念。例如:“大”字,原来是像一个正面直立的人的形状,手足展开,就表示“大”的意思了。这种从名词推广到形容词的造字法,是后来发展出来的。象形字虽然起源最早,但数量却最少。因为宇宙间的事物很多,不可能按每一事物的特征都造一个象形字,很多抽象的概念根本画不出来,而且即使画得出,这种依样画葫芦的造字法也太笨了。后来为了克服象形字的局限性,以适应社会发展的需要,就又发明了另一种造字法指

现代文学名词解释

- 名词解释 1930 年“中国左翼作家联盟”的简称,中国共产党领导的革命文学组织,【左联】 3 于 月2 日在上海成立,会议选举鲁迅、沈端先、冯乃超、钱杏邨、郑伯奇、洪灵菲七人为常务 “左联”的委员。创办《前哨》、《世界文化》、《文学导报》、《北斗》、《文学月报》等刊物。 培养革成立,对于团结进步作家反击国民党反动派的文化“围剿”和推进革命文学运动,命介绍和宣传马克思主义文艺理青年作家队伍,繁荣无产阶级革命文学,论,做出了积极的贡献。1936 年在共产国际的干预下宣布自动解散。日成立于汉口。由郭沫3 月27 的简称,1938 年“中华全国文艺界抗敌协】【文协 若,会”茅盾、丁玲、胡风、夏衍等任理事,周恩来为名誉理事之一,老舍任总务部主任,负责“文“文协”的机

关刊物是抗战期间坚持时间最久的《抗战文协”的日常工作。艺》。“文协”在成立后提出了“文章下乡,文章入伍”的口号。提倡抗战文艺的通俗化,要求文艺紧密地与“文协”的成立标志着文艺界抗日民族统一战线的最终形抗日斗争相结合。成。月,由特务头子陈立夫、陈果夫兄弟策年6 【民族主义文学】指由1930 划,并纠集一帮政客、帮闲、特务和反动文人,发起的反革命文学运动。其主要成员有潘公展、朱应鹏、范争黄震遐等国民党上海市党部委波、王平陵、傅彦长、 国民党御用文人、上海市政府委员、员,、《前锋月刊》等。在《民族主义文学运动宣言》中鼓国民党军官等。出版刊物《前锋周报》 。攻击左翼文艺运动导致了吹“文艺的中心意识”,声称“文艺的最高主义,就是民族主义” “新文艺的危机”。妄图以封建意识和法西斯思想的混合物来冒充民族意识,以此来抹煞阶级斗争,否定阶级意识,进而否定“左联”提倡的无产阶级革命文学,并创作“杀人放火”的“屠夫文学”与左翼文学对抗。 【现代诗派】“现代派”因施蛰存在1932 年5 月出版《现代》杂志而得名。施蛰存在《现代·发刊词》中写道:“《现

美国文学名词解释

American Dream: American dream means the belief that everyone can succeed as long as he/she works hard enough. It usually implies a successful and satisfying life. It usually framed in terms of American capitalism(资本主义), its associated purported meritocracy,(知识界精华)and the freedoms guaranteed by the U.S. Bill of Rights. American Puritanism清教主义: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the protestant church who wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrines of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. American literature in the 17th century mostly consisted of Puritan literature. Puritanism had an enduring influence on American literature. It had become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, so much a part of national cultural atmosphere, rather than a set of tenets. Transcendentalism 超验主义: Transcendentalism was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early to middle 19th century. Transcendentalists spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society. It placed emphasis on spirit, or the Over soul, as the most important thing in the world. It stressed the importance of individual and offered a fresh perception nature ad symbolic of the spirit of God. Prominent transcendentalists included Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thorough. American Naturalism自然主义: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. The naturalists attempt to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by environment and heredity. It emphasized that the world was amoral, the men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. The pessimism and deterministic ideas naturalism pervaded the works of such American writers as Stephen Crane and Theodore Dreiser. American Naturalism(美国自然主义文学):The American naturalists accepted the more negative interpretation of Darwin’s evolutionary theory and used it to account for t he behavior of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces.2) naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.3>Dreiser is a leading figure of his school. The Gilded Age镀金时代:the Gilded Age refers to the era of rapid economic and population growth in the United States during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction eras of the late 19th century. The term "Gilded Age" was coined by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner in their 1873 book, The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today.The Gilded Age is most famous for the creation of a modern industrial economy. The end of the Gilded Age coincided with the Panic of 1893, a deep depression. The depression lasted until 1897 and marked a major political realignment in the election of 1896. After that came the Progressive Era. The Lost Generation: The Lost Generation is a group of expatriate American writers residing primarily in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s. The group was given its name by the American writer Gertrude Stein, who used “a lost generation” to refer to expatriate Americans bitter about their World War I experiences and disillusioned with American

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