德国历史英文介绍【精品】

Bertold Brecht (1898-1956)
Emmanuel Kant (1724-1804)
Martin Heidegger (1889-1976)
Geprge Grosz (1893-1959)
Module Themes



The Making of the modern German state and society. Germany‟s transformation from maverick to model state. Diversity. Germany‟s „Special Path‟ (Sonderweg).
HI136 The History of Germany Lecture 1
Germany’s ‘Special Path’
What comes to mind when you think of Germany and the Germans?
J. S. Bach (1685-1750)
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)
Germany’s ‘special path’ (Deutscher Sonderweg)
Distinctive German way to modernity which contrasts with the standard (West European, British, French) way Industrialization: belated industrial revolution, several decades after that of England Failed bourgeois revolution in Germany (defeat of the democratic revolution of 1848) German unification not a result of the success of a liberal and democratic movement but created by the militarist Prussian state (born in war) Weimar republic not accepted by large part of the population, seen as a result of the defeat and forced onto Germany by the victorious Entente Continuous dominance of antidemocratic, reactionary elites (ostelbian agrarians, estate owners and “big business”) Traditions of Prussian militarism Culminating in: Third Reich, seen as logical result of the German “special path”
The Holy Roman Empire in 1789
The French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars, 1789-1815
The Holy Roman Empire, 800-1806





ຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidu
The „loose association of territories that preceded the creation of the modern German state.‟ (Tim Kirk) Usually considered to have come into being with the coronation of Charlemagne as „Emperor of the Romans‟ in 800, but the term Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (Heiliges Römisches Reich deutscher Nation) was formally adopted in 1512. At its greatest extent it encompassed modern-day Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Holland, Belgium and parts of France and Italy. After the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) which ended the Thirty Years War there were still 234 territories and 51 „Imperial Cities‟. The territories that made up the HRE were self-governing, but their sovereigns owed allegiance to the Emperor, who was elected by 7 Elector-Princes (3 ecclesiastical, 4 secular). Rudolf von Habsburg, Duke of Austria, became Emperor in 1273. His descendents ruled the Empire off and on until it was abolished. From the 15th Century there were no non-Habsburg Emperors. The Holy Roman Empire was formally dissolved on 6 August 1806 by the Treaty of Pressburg, after the defeat of Austria by Napoleon.